MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Oct 30 2015, 8:35 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ruth Johnson Gregory F. Zoeller
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Appellate Division
Tyler G. Banks
Indianapolis, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Michael C. Borschel Indianapolis, Indiana
Fishers, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Keith Wolfe, October 30, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1504-CR-226
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Kurt Eisgruber,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49G01-1401-FB-3334
Kirsch, Judge.
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[1] Keith Wolfe was convicted after a jury trial of operating a vehicle causing death
with a controlled substance or its metabolite in the body1 as a Class B felony,
possession of cocaine or a narcotic drug2 as a Class D felony, and possession of
marijuana3 as a Class A misdemeanor and was sentenced to an aggregate ten-
year sentence. He appeals and raises the following restated issues for our
review:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it refused
Wolfe’s tendered jury instruction on the presumption of
innocence;
II. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
instructed the jury as to the causation element of the operating a
vehicle causing death with a controlled substance or its
metabolite in the body statute; and
III. Whether sufficient evidence was presented to support
Wolfe’s conviction for operating a vehicle causing death with a
controlled substance or its metabolite in the body.
[2] We affirm.
1
See Ind. Code § 9-30-5-5(b)(2). We note that, effective July 1, 2014, a new version of these criminal statutes
was enacted. Because Wolfe committed his crimes prior to July 1, 2014, we will apply the statutes in effect at
the time he committed his crimes.
2
See Ind. Code § 35-48-4-6(a).
3
See Ind. Code § 35-48-4-11.
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Facts and Procedural History
[3] On October 2, 2012 at approximately 2:00 p.m., Maurice Barr was driving an
empty school bus on his way to pick up students when he exited Interstate 70
West and proceeded to the bottom of the exit ramp where he planned to turn
left onto Rural Street. Barr made a complete stop at the red light at the bottom
of the ramp and waited for the light to turn green. When the light turned to
green, Barr accelerated and entered into the intersection to make a left turn. As
Barr was about halfway through his left turn, Wolfe, driving a black Ford
Taurus with Everett McNeal in the front passenger seat, failed to stop at the
cross-street’s red light and crashed the Taurus into the middle of the school bus.
At the time of impact, Wolfe was traveling fifty-one miles per hour in a thirty-
five miles-per-hour zone and made no attempt to stop before hitting the bus.
The force of the impact caused the Taurus to be wedged underneath the bus,
which cause both Wolfe and McNeal to be trapped inside the Taurus.
[4] Multiple calls were made to 911 reporting the accident, and police and
emergency medical personnel arrived at the scene of the accident and extricated
the occupants of the Taurus from the vehicle. Both Wolfe and McNeal were
transported to the hospital. Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department
Officer Matthew Earley followed the ambulance transporting Wolfe. At the
hospital, police attempted to identify Wolfe by searching his pockets for
identification. Although no identification was found, Officer Earley did find
marijuana and a hydrocodone pill in Wolfe’s pants pockets. Other officers
searched the Taurus at the scene of the accident and found marijuana on the
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driver’s seat, as well as “cigarellos,” which are frequently emptied and rolled-up
with marijuana inside to smoke. Tr. at 114. Wolfe’s blood was drawn shortly
after the accident pursuant to a search warrant, and a toxicological analysis
determined that Wolfe had both active and inactive amounts of THC in his
blood. Wolfe recovered from his injuries sustained in the accident, but McNeal
died from his injuries on November 6, 2012.
[5] On January 22, 2014, the State charged Wolfe with operating a vehicle causing
death with a controlled substance or its metabolite in the body as a Class B
felony, possession of cocaine or a narcotic drug as a Class D felony, and
possession of marijuana as a Class A misdemeanor. During the jury trial,
Wolfe tendered the following jury instruction concerning the application of the
presumption of innocence when faced with conflicts in the evidence:
If the evidence in this case is susceptible of two constructions or
interpretations, each of which appears to you to be reasonable,
and one of which points to the guilt of the Accused, and the other
to his/her innocence, it is your duty, under the law, to adopt that
interpretation which is consistent with the Accused’s innocence,
and reject that which points to his/her guilt.
Appellant’s App. at 154. The trial court refused to give the instruction because it
was covered by the court’s existing instruction.
[6] The State tendered the following proposed jury instruction on the definition of
causation, which was an element of the charge of operating a vehicle causing
death with a controlled substance or its metabolite in the body:
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In order to prove the defendant caused the death of another
person, the State is required to prove that the defendant’s
operation of a motor vehicle was a “substantial cause” of the
resulting death, not merely a “contributing cause.”
Id. at 163. Wolfe objected to this instruction, arguing that the term “substantial
cause” could cause the jury to shift the burden of proof from the State to him.
Tr. at 316. The trial court overruled Wolfe’s objection and included the
proposed instruction in the final jury instructions.
[7] At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Wolfe guilty of all three charged
offenses. At sentencing, the trial court imposed an aggregate ten-year executed
sentence. Wolfe now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
I. Denial of Jury Instruction
[8] Wolfe argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused his
tendered jury instruction on the presumption of innocence, particularly as it
applies to conflicting evidence. He contends that the proposed instruction was
a correct statement of the law and that the evidence presented at trial supported
giving the instruction as there was testimony from a witness that contradicted
other witnesses’ statements that Wolfe ran the red light. Wolfe also claims that
the substance of his tendered instruction, particularly as it applies to conflicting
evidence, was not covered by the other instructions given to the jury.
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[9] Instructing the jury lies within the sole discretion of the trial court. Eberle v.
State, 942 N.E.2d 848, 861 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied. We review a trial
court’s decision to give or refuse to give an instruction for an abuse of
discretion. Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 630 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). An
abuse of discretion occurs where the decision is clearly against the logic and
effect of the facts and circumstances before the trial court. Eberle, 942 N.E.2d at
861. In determining whether a trial court abused its discretion by declining to
give a tendered instruction, we consider (1) whether the tendered instruction
correctly states the law, (2) whether there was evidence presented at trial to
support giving the instruction, and (3) whether the substance of the instruction
was covered by other instructions that were given. Fry v. State, 25 N.E.3d 237,
249 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.
[10] Here, Wolfe tendered the following proposed instruction to the trial court,
which the trial court refused:
If the evidence in this case is susceptible of two constructions or
interpretations, each of which appears to you to be reasonable,
and one of which points to the guilt of the Accused, and the other
to his/her innocence, it is your duty, under the law, to adopt that
interpretation which is consistent with the Accused’s innocence,
and reject that which points to his/her guilt.
Appellant’s App. at 154. In Simpson v. State, 915 N.E.2d 511 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009), trans. denied, the defendant tendered an almost identical instruction,
which was refused by the trial court. Id. at 518. A panel of this court affirmed
the trial court’s refusal to give the instruction, holding that the instruction was
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an incomplete statement of the previously-approved instruction in Robey v. State,
454 N.E.2d 1221 (Ind. 1983). Simpson, 915 N.E.2d at 520. In Simpson, this
court agreed with the State that the defendant’s tendered instruction was
incomplete because it failed to inform the jury that it could in fact conclude that
one of the two opposing conclusions was unreasonable. Id. Given that Wolfe
tendered an instruction that was almost identical to the one found to be
properly refused in Simpson because it was an incomplete and incorrect
statement of the law, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in refusing his proposed instruction. See Duren v. State, 720 N.E.2d 1198, 1205
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (“When an instruction does not fully and accurately state
the law and thus, tends to mislead or confuse the jury, the instruction is
properly rejected.”), trans. denied.
[11] Further, the substance of Wolfe’s proposed instruction was covered by other
instructions given by the trial court. Instruction 15 informed the jury that if
there was a conflict in the evidence, the jury “should reconcile the evidence on
the theory that the defendant is innocent if you can do so.” Appellant’s App. at
146. Instruction 7 discussed the presumption of innocence and instructed the
jury that “a person charged with a crime is presumed to be innocent” and to
“overcome the presumption of innocence, the State must prove [Wolfe] guilty
of each element of the crime charged, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 138.
Wolfe’s proposed instruction essentially set forth that conflicts in the evidence
should be resolved in favor of the presumption of innocence. We find that
other instructions given to the jury instructed it as to the substance contained in
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Wolfe’s proposed instruction. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
refusing to give the instruction.
[12] Additionally, Wolfe argues that, in light of our Supreme Court’s opinion in
McCowan v. State, 27 N.E.3d 760 (Ind. 2015), the trial court erred in instructing
the jury. We disagree. First, McCowan was decided after Wolfe’s trial had
concluded. Given that ambiguity existed in the law concerning the
presumption of innocence and the exact concepts to be included in jury
instructions at the time of Wolfe’s trial, a trial court cannot be expected to
anticipate future Supreme Court holdings to shape its jury instructions. Id. at
767. Second, the proposed jury instruction that Wolfe tendered to the trial
court did not reflect the holding in McCowan, which held that every criminal
defendant is entitled to the following jury instruction upon request: “The
presumption of innocence continues in favor of the defendant throughout the
trial. You should fit the evidence to the presumption that the defendant is
innocent if you can reasonably do so.” Id. at 762. Wolfe did not propose such
language or request such an instruction and cannot, therefore, assert that the
trial court’s non-compliance with McCowan was error. Lastly, the instructions
given in the present case were practically identical to the instructions given
under the facts of McCowan, which the Supreme Court upheld as being
consistent with the then-existing standard enunciated in Robey. Id. at 767. The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give Wolfe’s proposed
instruction.
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II. Jury Instruction on Causation
[13] Wolfe contends that the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury
as to causation when it overruled his objection to the State’s tendered jury
instruction. He asserts that the State’s tendered instruction was misleading and
confusing because it allowed the jury to find that his actions substantially
caused the accident that resulted in McNeal’s death “at a standard less than
needed to establish proximate cause beyond a reasonable doubt.” Appellant’s
Br. at 17. Wolfe argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State’s
instruction because it failed to inform the jury that proximate cause was the
standard by which his conduct needed to be evaluated and failed to define
proximate cause or how the term “substantial cause” incorporates the
“principles of proximate cause.” Id. at 19.
[14] The trial court has broad discretion regarding the manner by which it instructs
the jury, and we generally review that discretion only for abuse. McCowan, 27
N.E.3d at 763. In doing so, “we consider the instructions ‘as a whole and in
reference to each other’ and do not reverse the trial court ‘for an abuse of that
discretion unless the instructions as a whole mislead the jury as to the law in the
case.’” Helsley v. State, 809 N.E.2d 292, 303 (Ind. 2004) (quoting Carter v. State,
766 N.E.2d 377, 382 (Ind. 2002)).
[15] In the present case, the State tendered the following proposed jury instruction
on the definition of causation:
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In order to prove the defendant caused the death of another
person, the State is required to prove that the defendant’s
operation of a motor vehicle was a “substantial cause” of the
resulting death, not merely a “contributing cause.”
Id. at 163. Wolfe objected, arguing that the term “substantial cause” could
cause the jury to shift the burden of proof from the State to him. Tr. at 316.
The trial court overruled Wolfe’s objection, and the instruction was included in
the final jury instructions.
[16] The causation instruction given by the trial court was a correct statement of the
law. In many previous cases, the exact language of the instruction given by the
trial court has been upheld as properly explaining the required proof that the
defendant’s operation of a motor vehicle was the substantial cause of the
resulting death and not merely a contributing cause. Abney v. State, 766 N.E.2d
1175, 1177 (Ind. 2002); Rowe v. State, 867 N.E.2d 262, 268 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007);
Radick v. State, 863 N.E.2d 356, 358 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). Although Wolfe is
correct in his assertion that it is a “well-settled rule” that the evidence must
show that the defendant’s conduct was a “proximate cause of the victim’s injury
or death,” our Supreme Court in Abney approved the approach that the State
must prove the defendant’s operation of a motor vehicle was the “substantial
cause” of the resulting death and not merely a contributing cause. Abney. 766
N.E.2d at 1177-78. Therefore, the use of substantial cause as the level of
causation required to be proven by the State has been upheld by both the
Supreme Court and this court, and the instruction given by the trial court was a
correct statement of the law.
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[17] Wolfe’s argument that the term substantial cause was not clear or precise
enough and, thus, allowed the jury to use its own definition of the term that
may not have met the standard of reasonable doubt lacks merit. First, his
contention ignores that numerous instructions informing the jury that every
element of the crime, including causation, must be proven beyond a reasonable
doubt. See Appellant’s App. 138-41, 145. Second, the instruction did not leave
the jury with a complete lack of guidance as to the meaning of substantial
cause; it instructed the jury that a substantial cause was not merely a
contributing cause. Lastly, his argument mistakes a perceived ambiguity in the
definition of substantial cause with a lessening of the State’s burden of proof.
No one at trial alleged that the State’s burden of proof was less than beyond a
reasonable doubt, and Wolfe has not presented any authority to support his
contention. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in giving the State’s
proposed instruction on causation.
III. Sufficient Evidence
[18] The deferential standard of review for sufficiency claims is well settled. When
we review the sufficiency of evidence to support a conviction, we do not
reweigh the evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses. Cunningham v.
State, 870 N.E.2d 552, 553 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). We consider only the
evidence most favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences that can be
drawn from this evidence. Fuentes v. State, 10 N.E.3d 68, 75 (Ind. Ct. App.
2014), trans. denied. We will not disturb the jury’s verdict if there is substantial
evidence of probative value to support it. Id. We will affirm unless no
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reasonable fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. Tooley v. State, 911 N.E.2d 721, 724-25 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009),
trans. denied. As the reviewing court, we respect “the jury’s exclusive province
to weigh conflicting evidence.” McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind.
2005).
[19] Wolfe argues that insufficient probative evidence was presented to support his
conviction for operating a vehicle causing death with a controlled substance or
its metabolite in the body. Specifically, he contends that the evidence was open
to two reasonable interpretations as to whether he was “speeding and/or ran a
red light” that resulted in the Taurus crashing into the school bus. Appellant’s
Br. at 20. Wolfe, therefore, claims that the element of causation, whether he
operated the vehicle in such a manner that substantially caused McNeal’s
death, was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
[20] In order to convict Wolfe, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that he, while being at least twenty-one years of age, caused the death of
McNeal when operating a vehicle with a controlled substance or its metabolite
in his blood, in this case THC. Ind. Code § 9-30-5-5(b)(2); Appellant’s App. at
21. Wolfe’s contention focuses on the causation element of the crime.
Although the State is required to prove that Wolfe’s conduct was the proximate
cause of McNeal’s death, the conduct to be looked at in the analysis is “the
driver’s act of operating the vehicle, not the particular manner in which the
driver operates the vehicle.” Rowe, 867 N.E.2d at 268 (citing Spaulding v. State,
815 N.E.2d 1039, 1042 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004)).
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[21] In the present case, considering the evidence most favorable to the verdict as we
are required to do, the evidence presented showed that, at the time of the
accident, Wolfe was driving his vehicle with McNeal as a passenger. As he
approached the intersection, Wolfe was driving fifty-one miles per hour in a
thirty-five miles-per-hour zone and instead of slowing down as he approached
the red light, the evidence showed that he did not display any brake lights, and
there were no skid marks at the scene. Tr. at 67, 229. Two 911 callers, an
eyewitness at the accident scene, and the bus driver, Barr, all testified that
Wolfe ran the red light; additionally, an expert witness testified that Wolfe was
at fault for the accident. Id. 48-49, 64, 234; State’s Ex. 7. We, therefore,
conclude that sufficient evidence was presented to support Wolfe’s conviction
for operating a vehicle causing death with a controlled substance or its
metabolite in the body as a Class B felony. Wolfe’s assertion that there was
insufficient evidence presented to support his conviction because his witnesses
testified that the light was green when Wolfe went through the intersection is
merely an invitation to reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do.
Cunningham, 870 N.E.2d at 553.
[22] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
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