IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA15-247
Filed: 15 December 2015
Alexander County, Nos. 11 JT 64-65
IN THE MATTER OF: M.C. and A.C.
Appeal by respondent-father from orders entered 1 December 2014 and 19
December 2014 by Judge L. Dale Graham in District Court, Alexander County.
Heard in the Court of Appeals 28 October 2015.
Kimberly S. Taylor for petitioner-appellee mother.
Blackburn & Tanner, by James E. Tanner III, for respondent-appellant father.
No brief filed for guardian ad litem.
STROUD, Judge.
Respondent appeals from an adjudication order and a disposition order
terminating his parental rights to his biological child A.C. (“Amy”).1 Respondent also
appeals an adjudication order concluding that he is not the biological, legal, or
adoptive father of, and thus has no parental rights to, M.C. (“Mandy”) and a
disposition order regarding Mandy. Because the children resided in Washington
1 Pseudonyms are used throughout to protect the identity of the children.
IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
state at the time of the filing of the petition for termination of parental rights, the
trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the action to terminate
parental rights and, we vacate all of the orders on appeal.
I. Background
Petitioner is the biological mother of Amy and Mandy (collectively, “the
children”). Mandy was born 9 April 2002. Buddy Bentley (“Bentley”), Mandy’s
biological father, is not a party to this appeal. Petitioner and respondent were
married on 2 November 2002. Amy was born to the marriage in December 2004 and
respondent is Amy’s biological father.
Petitioner joined the United States Army in July 2005 and arranged for the
children to live with her parents during her basic training. Beginning in December
2005, while petitioner was deployed to South Korea, the children lived with
respondent, respondent’s girlfriend, and her eleven-month-old child, Cara. On 9
February 2006, DSS in Rowan County filed two juvenile petitions with respect to
Amy, Mandy, and Cara. The Rowan County trial court entered an order adjudicating
Amy and Mandy neglected and adjudicating Cara both neglected and abused.
Respondent appealed the Rowan County adjudication of Mandy, Amy and Cara
as neglected juveniles. This Court affirmed the neglect adjudication as to all three
children. In re C.J., M.C., and A.C., 181 N.C. App. 605, 640 S.E.2d 448 (2007)
(unpublished).
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Opinion of the Court
On 17 July 2006, while the neglect adjudication order for Mandy, Amy and
Cara was still pending on appeal before this Court, the Rowan County trial court
entered several orders granting the physical and legal custody of Mandy and Amy to
petitioner and initially granting respondent supervised visitation with both children,
and later, when petitioner and the children moved to Washington state, telephonic
visitation. Petitioner and respondent were divorced on 28 September 2006. On 4
July 2007, petitioner married her current husband and moved to the State of
Washington with both children. Since 2007, the children have lived with petitioner
and her new husband in Washington.
During 2009 and 2010, respondent filed several motions in Rowan County
regarding visitation and contempt, and the Rowan County court entered orders
addressing these issues. On 1 June 2010, the Rowan County court entered its final
review order and order terminating jurisdiction of the juvenile court and converting
the matter to a Chapter 50 action under N.C.G.S. § 7B-911. The court found that
respondent had been exercising his telephonic visitation with the children after
petitioner moved to Washington and that there were no changes in circumstances
since the May 2006 hearing which would support a change in custody.
On 17 October 2011, in Alexander County, petitioner filed petitions to
terminate respondent’s parental rights to Mandy and Amy on the grounds of neglect,
dependency, and abandonment. The first paragraph in both petitions alleges that
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
“the Petitioner and minor child are citizens and residents of Washington State and
have been citizens and residents of Washington State for more than six (6) months
preceding the filing of this action.” The petitions were initially returned unserved,
with a note that respondent lived in Iredell County. Nearly two years later, on 16
August, 2013, an alias and pluries summons was issued to respondent, and the
summons and petition were served on respondent on 20 August 2013. On 29 August
2013, respondent filed an answer to the petition and alleged various defenses,
including that petitioner would not permit him to exercise his telephonic visitation
as required by the Rowan County order and that he had offered to pay child support
but petitioner refused to accept it. On 4 November 2013, respondent filed a motion
to dismiss the petition to terminate his parental rights based upon a lack of
jurisdiction, alleging that the court did not have jurisdiction under the Uniform Child
Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”).
On 5 February 2014, the Alexander County court entered an order denying
respondent’s motion to dismiss. The trial court found that the Rowan County court
had issued its first order regarding custody of the minor children in 2006. Although
the County court had issued an order in June 2010 terminating jurisdiction, it had
only terminated jurisdiction of the juvenile court and had converted the matter to a
Chapter 50 case under N.C.G.S. § 7B-911(b). The Alexander County court concluded
that North Carolina had “exclusive continuing subject matter jurisdiction” under
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Opinion of the Court
UCCJEA, since respondent continued to reside in North Carolina.
On 17 September 2014, respondent filed an amended answer to the petition,
in which he alleged that he had filed an acknowledgement of paternity of Mandy on
1 July 2004 in Iredell County. He also acknowledged that he was not Mandy’s
biological father but denied that this fact would be a basis for termination of his
parental rights.
On 1 December 2014, the trial court entered an order terminating the parental
rights of Bentley, Mandy’s biological father, and on the same day, the court entered
another order which found that respondent is not “the biological, legal, or adoptive
father of the minor child [Mandy]” and concluded that “the respondent has no
parental right to the minor child [Mandy]” and decreed that “Respondent has no
standing to contest a petition for termination of his parental rights to [Mandy] . . .
and any objection to termination by this Respondent is dismissed with prejudice.”
The court also entered adjudication and disposition orders as to Amy. On 19
December 2014, the trial court terminated respondent’s parental rights to Amy on
the grounds of neglect, failure to pay a reasonable portion of her cost of care, and
abandonment. Respondent filed notices of appeal from all four orders.
II. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
Respondent argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter its orders
terminating respondent’s parental rights to Amy and concluding he had no parental
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
rights to Mandy. Respondent argues that the Rowan County court had jurisdiction
over custody under the UCCJEA but that “the Alexander County court was not
statutorily authorized to exercise such jurisdiction.” Although respondent’s proposed
legal basis for the absence of jurisdiction is incorrect, he is correct that the trial court
did not have subject matter jurisdiction over termination of parental rights. Even
though respondent did not argue the correct statutory basis for the lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, “[i]t is well-established that the issue of a court’s jurisdiction over
a matter may be raised at any time, even for the first time on appeal or by a court
sua sponte.” State v. Webber, 190 N.C. App. 649, 650, 660 S.E.2d 621, 622 (2008).
We review the issue of subject matter jurisdiction de novo:
Whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a
question of law, reviewed de novo on appeal. Subject-
matter jurisdiction involves the authority of a court to
adjudicate the type of controversy presented by the action
before it. Subject-matter jurisdiction derives from the law
that organizes a court and cannot be conferred on a court
by action of the parties or assumed by a court except as
provided by that law. When a court decides a matter
without the court’s having jurisdiction, then the whole
proceeding is null and void, i.e., as if it had never happened.
Thus the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction may be
challenged at any stage of the proceedings.
Rodriguez v. Rodriguez, 211 N.C. App. 267, 270, 710 S.E.2d 235, 238 (2011) (citation
omitted).
Respondent’s argument is based upon the UCCJEA, which addresses the
jurisdiction of a particular state to enter orders regarding child custody; it does not
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
address which county or district within a state has jurisdiction. But North Carolina
has a specific statute which governs subject matter jurisdiction over cases involving
termination of parental rights. The relevant portion of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101, which is
entitled “Jurisdiction,” provides that:
The court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear
and determine any petition or motion relating to
termination of parental rights to any juvenile who resides
in, is found in, or is in the legal or actual custody of a county
department of social services or licensed child-placing
agency in the district at the time of filing of the petition or
motion. The court shall have jurisdiction to terminate the
parental rights of any parent irrespective of the age of the
parent. Provided, that before exercising jurisdiction under
this Article, the court shall find that it has jurisdiction to
make a child-custody determination under the provisions
of G.S. 50A-201, 50A-203, or 50A-204. The court shall have
jurisdiction to terminate the parental rights of any parent
irrespective of the state of residence of the parent.
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 (2013) (emphasis added).
Our courts have long recognized the statutory jurisdictional requirement that
the juvenile must reside in or be found in the district in which the petition is filed, or
must be in the legal or actual custody of the department of social services or a licensed
child-placing agency at the time of the filing of the petition to terminate parental
rights. See In re D.D.J., 177 N.C. App. 441, 442-43, 628 S.E.2d 808, 810 (2006) (“In
other words, there are three sets of circumstances in which the court has jurisdiction
to hear a petition to terminate parental rights: (1) if the juvenile resides in the district
at the time the petition is filed; (2) if the juvenile is found in the district at the time
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
the petition is filed; or (3) if the juvenile is in the legal or actual custody of a county
department of social services or licensed child-placing agency in the district at the
time the petition is filed.” (emphasis in original)). In In re Leonard, this Court
addressed the interplay between the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act2 and
the statute granting jurisdiction over termination of parental rights. See In re
Leonard, 77 N.C. App. 439, 441, 335 S.E.2d 73, 74 (1985). In Leonard, the petitioner-
mother left the state of North Carolina on 10 June 1984 to move to Ohio to join her
new husband and took the parties’ son with her. Id. Four days later, she filed a
petition in Randolph County to terminate the father’s parental rights. Id. Because
the child resided in Ohio on the date of the filing of the termination petition, this
Court vacated the termination order for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under
N.C.G.S. § 7A-289.23.3 Id. at 441, 335 S.E.2d at 74. The Leonard court noted that
the court must have jurisdiction under both the UCCJEA and this jurisdictional
statute to have the power to adjudicate termination of parental rights.
Before determining parental rights, the court must find
under G.S. § 50A–3 that it has jurisdiction to make a child
custody determination. G.S. § 7A–289.23. The court
concluded that it would have jurisdiction to determine
Michael Leonard’s custody under G.S. § 50A–3 and this
conclusion has not been contested. While a determination
of jurisdiction over child custody matters will precede a
2 The UCCJA was later renamed the Uniform Child-Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement
Act and recodified as N.C.G.S. Chapter 50A, Article 2. The relevant provisions for the purposes of this
case have not been changed.
3 N.C.G.S. § 7A-289.23 was later recodified and is now N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101, the current statute.
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
determination of jurisdiction over parental rights, it does
not supplant the parental rights proceedings. The language
of the statute is that it shall not be “used to circumvent”
Chapter 50A, not that it shall “be in conformity with”
Chapter 50A.
The result in this case is not absurd, but it is nonetheless
unfortunate.
Id.
In this case, the very first allegation in the petitions to terminate parental
rights is that the children “are citizens and residents of Washington State.” This fact
alone establishes the lack of subject matter jurisdiction for termination of parental
rights. Respondent’s answers admitted this allegation and all of the evidence and
prior orders entered in Rowan County confirm its truth. Both children have resided
in Washington state with petitioner since 2007; they did not reside in and were not
found in Alexander County when the petition was filed on 17 October 2011. The
children have never been in the legal or actual custody of the Alexander County
Department of Social Services or any child-placing agency. The Alexander County
court did not have subject matter jurisdiction over the petition for termination of
parental rights under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101, and the orders on appeal must be vacated.
III. Conclusion
Because we must vacate the four orders on appeal, both the adjudication and
disposition orders as to Amy and Mandy, for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, we
need not address the other issues raised by respondent’s brief.
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IN RE: M.C. & A.C.
Opinion of the Court
VACATED.
Judges CALABRIA and DAVIS concur.
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