Illinois Official Reports
Supreme Court
In re A.A., 2015 IL 118605
Caption in Supreme In re A.A., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v.
Court: Matthew A., Appellant (Caitlin S., Appellee)).
Docket No. 118605
Filed November 19, 2015
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Fifth District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, the Hon.
Timothy R. Neubauer, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Appellate court judgment affirmed.
Counsel on Edwin J. Anderson and L. James Hanson, of Mt. Vernon, for
Appeal appellant.
Douglas R. Hoffman, State’s Attorney, of Mt. Vernon (Patrick
Delfino, Stephen E. Norris and Jennifer Camden, of the Office of the
State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of counsel), for the People.
E. Joyce Randolph, of Mt. Vernon, for appellee Caitlin S.
Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Carolyn E. Shapiro,
Solicitor General, and Diane M. Potts, Deputy Attorney General, of
Chicago, of counsel), for amicus curiae Illinois Department of
Healthcare and Family Services.
Camilla B. Taylor and Kyle A. Palazzolo, of Chicago, and Omar
Gonzalez-Pagan, of New York, New York, for amicus curiae Lambda
Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc.
Robert F. Harris, Kass A. Plain and Christopher Williams, of the
Office of the Cook County Public Guardian, of Chicago, for amicus
curiae Cook County Public Guardian.
Sharee S. Langenstein, of Murphysboro, for amicus curiae
Family-PAC.
Winter D. Campanella, of Carterville, for amicus curiae Larry and
Gloria H.
Justices JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Garman and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride,
Karmeier, and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 This appeal arises from an order of the circuit court of Jefferson County which granted a
petition filed by the guardian ad litem (GAL) for the minor, A.A., to vacate a voluntary
acknowledgement of paternity (VAP) signed by respondents Matthew A. and Caitlin S. with
regard to A.A. The appellate court affirmed and held that after DNA testing established that
Matthew was not the biological father of A.A., the trial court was not required to make a
“best interests of the child” determination prior to granting the petition. 2014 IL App (5th)
140252. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Following the birth of A.A. on April 26, 2013, Matthew and Caitlin signed a VAP
pursuant to section 6(a) of the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (Parentage Act) (750 ILCS
45/6(a) (West 2012)). Caitlin, A.A.’s mother, had been married to Jakob S., who signed a
denial of paternity as to A.A.
¶4 On June 10, 2013, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship in juvenile court
following an investigation by the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) into
the conditions of the home where A.A. was living with Caitlin, Matthew, and Caitlin’s three
other children, J.S., A.S., and P.S. The State alleged neglect and injurious environment based
upon inadequate supervision, lack of cleanliness in the home, and hygiene issues concerning
the four children.
¶5 On June 13, 2013, the trial court entered an agreed order which awarded temporary
custody of the four minors to the guardianship administrator of DCFS. At the same hearing,
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the court ordered DNA testing to determine if Matthew or Jakob was the biological father of
P.S.
¶6 On August 1, 2013, a status hearing was held without a court reporter present. The docket
record entry sheet indicates that the trial court ordered DNA testing on that date to determine
whether Matthew was the biological father of A.A. The record is silent on whose motion this
DNA testing was ordered. At the time of the hearing, A.A. and P.S. had been placed together
in one foster home while J.S. and A.S. were living together in another foster home.
¶7 On September 23, 2013, Kathy Bass, a DCFS representative, testified at a review hearing
that Caitlin had identified Cort H., who had died the previous month, as the possible
biological father of A.A. Bass testified that DNA testing of A.A. and Matthew would be done
that day. The State informed the court that DNA testing indicated that Jakob was not the
father of P.S.
¶8 On November 15, 2013, an adjudicatory hearing was held. Caitlin and Matthew were
represented by the same attorney and Sean Featherstun appeared as the GAL for the four
minors. At the hearing, DCFS representatives testified about troublesome conditions in the
home, with the house and children being filthy and unkempt, and about the children being
left alone on occasion. Matthew testified that he is the father of P.S., but unfortunately had
learned that he was not A.A.’s father.
¶9 Following the adjudicatory hearing, the trial court found the State proved the allegations
of neglect and injurious environment against Caitlin and Matthew. The trial court also
ordered DNA testing to determine if Cort was A.A.’s biological father. Because Cort was
deceased, this would be accomplished through DNA testing of Cort’s parents, Gloria H. and
Larry H. Thereafter, on January 21, 2014, the docket entry indicates that the court had been
advised by Caitlin and Matthew’s attorney that the couple “broke up.” The docket entry
further indicates that the court was advised that the DNA test results showed that Matthew
was not the biological father of A.A. The trial court at that time appointed a separate attorney
to represent Matthew.
¶ 10 On February 10, 2014, Gloria and Larry filed a petition to intervene, asserting that the
DNA testing revealed that they are A.A.’s biological grandparents, and that if the court
terminated the rights of A.A.’s parents, they desired to adopt A.A.
¶ 11 On February 18, 2014, a dispositional hearing was conducted. Guardianship of the four
minors remained with DCFS, and a service plan for Caitlin and Matthew was put in place.
On the same day, the GAL sought leave to file a petition to declare the nonexistence of a
parent-child relationship between A.A. and Matthew and to vacate the VAP signed by
Matthew and Caitlin. The GAL’s motion was filed in family court and was consolidated with
the neglect proceeding in juvenile court.
¶ 12 On February 21, 2014, the trial court allowed the GAL, over Matthew’s objection, to file
the petition to declare the nonexistence of a parent-child relationship. The trial court
postponed consideration of Gloria and Larry’s petition to intervene until the GAL’s petition
was decided. Although Matthew recognized that the GAL had standing to challenge the VAP
on behalf of A.A., and that the DNA test results identified Cort as A.A.’s biological father, he
advanced that it would not be in A.A.’s best interests to vacate the VAP. Matthew also filed a
motion to dismiss Gloria and Larry’s petition to intervene.
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¶ 13 On March 17, 2014, a multiday hearing began on the GAL’s petition. Caitlin testified that
she knew Cort was A.A.’s father and that it contributed to their break up after he denied it.
Caitlin was still married to Jakob when A.A. was conceived. She believed that someone had
to acknowledge paternity before she could leave the hospital with A.A. Matthew signed the
VAP after she was unable to reach Cort. Caitlin further testified that it was Matthew’s intent
to raise A.A. as his own. Caitlin admitted having some trouble with Gloria and Larry in the
past, but felt they should take placement of A.A. if A.A. could not be with her. Caitlin
testified that Matthew should not be considered A.A.’s father, stating that “there is no
emotional attachment” and that although Matthew loves A.A., he still hates Cort. Caitlin
acknowledged that Matthew provided financially for A.A. and assisted in parenting.
¶ 14 Matthew testified that he works full-time for a subcontractor of a tire company. He and
Caitlin had been together for four years, including at the time when A.A. was conceived. He
testified that they also have a biological son, P.S., who was born in 2011. He learned that
Caitlin was seeing Cort during her pregnancy with A.A., but remained with her, including
when A.A. was born. When Matthew signed the VAP he believed that he might be A.A.’s
father. He further testified that A.A. and P.S. live in the same foster home and that he visits
with both of them. A court appointed special advocate (CASA) volunteer testified that she
had been assigned to A.A.’s case.1 Although she had several meetings with Caitlin and
Matthew, she only once observed Matthew with A.A. She witnessed “a lot of affection”
between them. She testified that as long as Matthew continues services with DCFS he should
remain as A.A.’s legal father.
¶ 15 Carrie Donnen, a caseworker with DCFS, testified that she worked with Caitlin and the
family from January to June 2013 and had seen Matthew interact with A.A. on numerous
occasions. She opined that it would not be in A.A.’s best interest to remove Matthew as his
legal father.
¶ 16 On May 8, 2014, the trial court entered an order declaring the nonexistence of a
parent-child relationship between Matthew and A.A. based on the DNA test results that
established Cort was A.A.’s biological father. The trial court vacated the VAP and declared a
parent-child relationship between Cort and A.A. The trial court subsequently granted the
petition of Gloria and Larry to intervene and stayed further proceedings pending the
disposition of Matthew’s appeal.
¶ 17 The appellate court affirmed the order of the trial court and remanded for further
proceedings. 2014 IL App (5th) 140252, ¶ 33. In doing so, the appellate court rejected
Matthew’s claim that the trial court was required to make a best interests of the child
determination before granting the GAL’s petition. See id. ¶ 30. The appellate court held that
before the best interests standard can be applied to determine a parent’s rights to custody,
visitation, and support, the party must first be a parent. Id. Although the appellate court
recognized that a man who signs a VAP is presumed to be the child’s father, the DNA test
results in this case established that Cort is A.A.’s father. Id. ¶ 31. The appellate court further
recognized that establishing Cort as A.A.’s biological father will have future implications,
1
For privacy purposes, the CASA volunteer is identified in the record only by her first name,
Amanda.
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noting that A.A. should be able to receive social security benefits through his deceased
father. Id. ¶¶ 31-32.
¶ 18 This court allowed Matthew’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. July
1, 2013). This court also allowed Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc., and the
Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services to file briefs amici curiae in support
of Matthew. Ill. S. Ct. R. 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010). Additionally, we allowed Larry and
Gloria, the Cook County Public Guardian, and the Family-PAC to file briefs amici curiae in
support of A.A. Id.
¶ 19 ANALYSIS
¶ 20 The sole issue raised by Matthew for our review is whether a best interests of the child
determination was required prior to the trial court granting the GAL’s petition to declare the
nonexistence of a parent-child relationship between Matthew and A.A.
¶ 21 This argument requires us to construe the Parentage Act. Statutory construction presents
a question of law which we review de novo. First American Bank Corp. v. Henry, 239 Ill. 2d
511, 515 (2011). The primary objective of this court in construing a statute is to ascertain and
give effect to the legislature’s intent. In re Donald A.G., 221 Ill. 2d 234, 246 (2006). The
plain language of a statute is the most reliable indication of the legislature’s intent. In re
Christopher K., 217 Ill. 2d 348, 364 (2005). Where the statutory language is clear and
unambiguous, we will enforce it as written and will not read into it exceptions, conditions, or
limitations that the legislature did not express. Id.
¶ 22 In enacting the Parentage Act, our legislature created a statutory mechanism that serves to
legally establish parent and child relationships in Illinois. J.S.A. v. M.H., 224 Ill. 2d 182, 198
(2007). Section 1.1 of the Parentage Act declares that the purpose of this statutory enactment
is to further the public policy of Illinois to “recognize[ ] the right of every child to the
physical, mental, emotional and monetary support of his or her parents under this Act.” 750
ILCS 45/1.1 (West 2012). Pursuant to the Parentage Act, a father-child relationship may be
established in a number of different ways: by presumption (750 ILCS 45/5(a) (West 2012));
by consent (750 ILCS 45/6 (West 2012)); or by judicial determination (750 ILCS 45/7 (West
2012)).
¶ 23 Relevant to the instant case, pursuant to section 6(a) of the Parentage Act, “[a] parent and
child relationship may be established voluntarily by the signing and witnessing of a voluntary
acknowledgement of parentage [by the biological mother and a man claiming to be the
child’s father].” 750 ILCS 45/6(a) (West 2012). Paternity established in that way has the full
force and effect of a judgment entered under the Paternity Act. 750 ILCS 45/6(b) (West
2012). “A judicial or administrative proceeding to ratify paternity established in accordance
with subsection (a) is neither required nor permitted.” 750 ILCS 45/6(c) (West 2012). Here,
it is undisputed that Matthew and Caitlin signed, in accordance with section 6(a), a VAP with
regard to A.A. shortly after the child’s birth on April 26, 2013.
¶ 24 Section 7 of the Parentage Act details the requirements for bringing an action to
determine the existence of a parent and child relationship or, as in this case, declare the
nonexistence of a parent and child relationship. 750 ILCS 45/7 (West 2012). Pursuant to
section 7(b), “[a]n action to declare the non-existence of the parent and child relationship
may be brought by the child, the natural mother, or a man presumed to be the father.” 750
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ILCS 45/7(b) (West 2012). If any party is a minor, the statute provides that he or she may be
represented by his or her GAL. 750 ILCS 45/7(c) (West 2012). Consequently, section 7 of
the Parentage Act specifically recognizes that a child, through his or her GAL, may challenge
a VAP. That is what occurred here.
¶ 25 Section 11(a) of the Parentage Act then provides that in any action brought under section
7 to determine the existence of the father and child relationship or to declare the nonexistence
of the parent-child relationship, the trial court is authorized to order genetic testing. 750 ILCS
45/11(a) (West 2012). “If the court finds that the conclusion of the expert or experts, as
disclosed by the evidence based upon the tests, is that the alleged father is not the parent of
the child, the question of paternity shall be resolved accordingly.” 750 ILCS 45/11(f)(1)
(West 2012). The parties before us do not dispute that the DNA test results established that
Matthew is not the biological father of A.A. and that instead Cort is the biological father.
¶ 26 Matthew claims that the appellate court incorrectly minimized the significance of the best
interests of the child determination under which the court and the GAL must act, and that the
court failed to recognize the important interests of nonbiological parents. Matthew’s
arguments before this court, however, are not tied to any language in the Parentage Act.
¶ 27 We find the statutory language to be clear and unambiguous. An action brought under the
Parentage Act on behalf of a minor to declare the nonexistence of a parent and child
relationship does not provide for the court to consider the best interests of the child prior to
granting the petition. We decline to read into the Parentage Act, as Matthew’s argument
would require us to do, language that is not expressed by the legislature. In re D.L., 191 Ill.
2d 1, 9 (2000). Where a party’s objections “pose what are essentially questions of policy
[they] are more appropriately directed to the legislature than to this court.” Hayen v. County
of Ogle, 101 Ill. 2d 413, 420-21 (1984).
¶ 28 Matthew, in making his argument that he has parental rights that must be respected and
not set aside based on genetics alone, primarily relies upon two cases from our appellate
court, In re Custody of C.C., 2013 IL App (3d) 120342, and In re Parentage of G.E.M., 382
Ill. App. 3d 1102 (2008). In C.C., the appellate majority, while not commenting on the
parental status of the VAP father, stated that the parental rights of such an “adjudicated
parent” do not become void because a child is not genetically linked to him. C.C., 2013 IL
App (3d) 120342, ¶¶ 63-64. In G.E.M., the appellate court addressed the limits placed on the
mother’s right to challenge a VAP in the context of a VAP father who was not contesting his
paternity and had been allowed to remain the legal father of the child. G.E.M., 382 Ill. App.
3d at 1112-13. The facts of both appellate cases are distinguishable and do not shed light on
whether a best interests determination is required prior to granting a minor’s petition to
extinguish a father-child relationship under section 7(b).
¶ 29 In contrast, our decision in In re Parentage of John M., 212 Ill. 2d 253 (2004), is
instructive and consistent with our holding today. In John M., a biological father brought a
petition under section 7(a) of the Parentage Act to establish a parent-child relationship
between himself and a child born during the marriage of the mother to another man. Id. at
256. The presumed father from the marriage argued, among other claims, that there should be
a best interests hearing prior to allowing the biological father’s petition to proceed. Id. at 257.
¶ 30 In rejecting this argument, we recognized that legal determinations regarding the
father-child relationship are governed by section 7 of the Parentage Act. Id. at 263. Therein, a
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“father-child relationship may be established pursuant to section 7(a), or disestablished
pursuant to sections 7(b) and 7(b-5).” (Emphases omitted.) Id. We explained that “a man
alleging himself to be the biological father of a child has standing to bring an action to
establish his relationship to the child, without regard to whether another man is already
presumed to be the child’s father pursuant to section 5(a) of the Act.” Id. at 264.
Additionally, “once a petition to establish parentage is filed with the court, the court,
pursuant to section 11(a) of the Act, ‘may, and upon request of a party shall, order or direct
the mother, child and alleged father to submit to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tests to
determine inherited characteristics.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. (quoting 750 ILCS 45/11(a)
(West 2002)). “If the results of paternity testing obtained pursuant to this section show that
the presumed father is not the biological father, the presumption in section 5 is rebutted.” Id.
¶ 31 This court in John M. specifically acknowledged that the Parentage Act “contains no
express requirement that a court consider the best interests of the child before any testing is
conducted or a legal determination of paternity is made.” Id. Instead, the first step in the
proceeding is to establish or disestablish parentage. This court further recognized that once
parentage has been established, then the trial court is charged with the responsibility of
deciding other issues which surround paternity, including custody and visitation, where the
best interests of the child are of paramount concern. Id. at 264-65; see also 750 ILCS 45/14
(West 2012) (any decisions regarding custody and visitation “shall [be] determine[d] in
accordance with the relevant factors set forth in the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of
Marriage Act and any other applicable law of Illinois, to guide the court in a finding in the
best interests of the child”).
¶ 32 Finally, we held in John M. that section 7(a) is not facially unconstitutional because it
does not require a best interests determination before allowing a biological father to file a
petition to declare the existence of a parent-child relationship where a presumed father
already exists. John M., 212 Ill. 2d at 270. In doing so, this court recognized that “when a
best interests hearing is required prior to some action, it is for the protection of the child” and
not of the rights of the presumed father. (Emphasis added.) Id.
¶ 33 CONCLUSION
¶ 34 For the above stated reasons, we conclude that the trial court was not required to make a
best interests of the child determination prior to granting the GAL’s petition to disestablish
paternity between Matthew and A.A. The judgment of the appellate court is therefore
affirmed.
¶ 35 Appellate court judgment affirmed.
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