IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA 15-300
Filed: 5 January 2016
Alamance County, Nos. 11 CRS 56248, 12 CRS 2841, 12 CRS 2842
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JAMES NATHANIEL RICKS, JR., Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered on 14 February 2013 by Judge
James E. Hardin, Jr. in Alamance County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 24 September 2015.
Attorney General Roy Cooper, by M. Denise Stanford, Assistant Attorney
General, for the State.
Staples Hughes, Appellate Defender, by Constance E. Widenhouse, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
HUNTER, JR. Robert N., Judge.
James Nathaniel Ricks, Jr. (“Defendant”) appeals from a jury verdict
convicting him of common law robbery, and obtaining property by false pretenses.
Defendant pled guilty to obtaining habitual felon status. Defendant contends the
trial court erred by instructing the jury on the lesser included offense of common law
robbery. Defendant also contends the indictment charging him with obtaining
property by false pretenses is fatally defective. We find no error.
I. Factual and Procedural History
STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
On 3 January 2012, Defendant was indicted for robbery with a dangerous
weapon. On 26 March 2012, a grand jury indicted Defendant for obtaining property
by false pretenses. On 24 September 2012, the grand jury issued a superseding
indictment for habitual felon status against Defendant.
Defendant’s jury trial began on 11 February 2013. Judge James E. Hardin, Jr.
presided over Defendant’s trial in Alamance County Superior Court. The State’s
evidence, in part, tended to show the following.
The State called Martin Hugo Bermudez Amaya (“Amaya”) to testify. Amaya
along with his wife and children live at the Family Car Wash. Amaya was at the
business on 6 October 2011, around lunch time when Defendant’s car, a gold, four-
door Cadillac, parked on the premises and Defendant emerged. Amaya described his
interaction with Defendant:
He say he got a 50 inch TV and he want to sell it. And in
that moment I don't even have a TV in my place. That's
the reason I say, I want to see that TV . . . Because I don't
have a TV in that moment for my kids . . . Well, he say
about $400. I say I don't have the $400. I just got $100.
After Amaya told Defendant he only had $100, and after a phone call, Defendant
asked Amaya when he could get the rest of the money. Amaya told Defendant he got
paid every Friday. Defendant made a second phone call and told Amaya “his buddy
told him that would be okay.”
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Opinion of the Court
Next, Amaya got in the front passenger seat of Defendant’s car. Defendant
told Amaya they were going to Defendant’s house to retrieve the TV. Amaya asked
Defendant:
[C]an I take another person with me in the back of his car.
He say, no, you and me and my buddy can put it in the car.
And I say that -- I mean, that TV don't want to fit in your
car because he told me it was a 50 inch TV. And he said he
got a truck to put it in.
While traveling to get the television, Amaya and Defendant engaged in small
talk. Amaya was not scared at that point. Then, Amaya explained another person
entered Defendant’s car. Next, Amaya described what happened to him:
[Defendant] told me that -- you see that truck right there
and I said, yes. And he, that's where I got the TV. And then
I start -- I don't feel in that moment comfortable because
he was telling me he got a TV in his house and I know that
business because I do electrical job and I know those guys
right there and that business and as I told him, you lied to
me. As soon as I say that, you lied to me, he just do like
what, what do you say. And then when I say those words I
feel like something is pulling on this side of my body [left
side] and that man just told me, give me what you got. The
guy that was behind me [said give me what you got]. I just
look like this and I -- I like -- I mean, I look at him and I
say, you know how much I got and I just got the money and
I throw it on [Defendant’s] leg.
Amaya described what he saw and believed to be a gun:
Well, when I do like this I saw the gun . . . It was like a
gun, black colored gun . . . Actually, I don't see how big it
was but I see the gun when he point it to me in this part . .
. it was dark. Like a black color . . . It was -- I mean, when
I see I look like it was a gun to me . . . All I know is I saw
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
the gun. I mean, I don't have chance to say, yeah, that's
real or fake . . . Well, I was scared. I was scared and I kind
nervous. . .
After Amaya threw the money on Defendant’s leg, Amaya was told to get out
of Defendant’s car. Defendant and the other person drove off. As the car drove away,
Amaya took a pen from his pocket and wrote down the license plate number.
Then, Amaya walked to City Electric and used their telephone to call his wife.
Amaya told his wife what happened. Amaya’s wife picked him up and drove him back
to the car wash.
Once Amaya returned to the car wash, Herman Elliott (“Elliott”) came and
spoke to him. Elliott had a lawn mower repair shop next to Amaya’s car wash
business and shared a parking lot with Amaya. Amaya explained to Elliott what
happened. Elliott called the police. Shortly after, Corporal Joey Surles (“Officer
Surles”) and Officer Gary Scott Elliott (“Officer Elliott”) arrived at Amaya’s business.
Later that day, at a show-up, Amaya described who he saw.
[Defendant] was standing up out of his car talking to officer
and then I was -- I was in the back of the officer car and he
told me if I saw someone to I know, he told me, like, if that's
the man to do -- stole your money and I say, yes, sir, he is .
. . The officer asked me if I know that man. I said, yes, that's
the man that stole me . . . Well, I say, yes, 100% sure he is.
The State called a number of officers to testify. Officer Surles testified first.
On 6 October 2011, Officer Surles was employed by the Burlington Police Department
as an officer and working in that capacity when he and Officer Elliott responded to a
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
robbery call. Amaya gave Officer Surles a statement regarding what happened.
Officer Surles recounted his interview with Amaya during his testimony.
When he got [to the intersection of Church and O’Neal in
front of City Electricity Supply]—[the second black male]
got into the vehicle he said he sat directly behind him and
as they turned right on to O'Neal the second suspect
produced a firearm and pointed it at his lower left side . . .
it was a black handgun. He was not sure if it was a
revolver, whether it was a revolver or semi-automatic or
what brand or make or anything like that.
Then, Officer Surles explained to Amaya that a show-up would take place and
that the person who robbed him may or may not be the one at the police department.
After Amaya positively identified Defendant as the person who robbed him,
Defendant was read his rights and placed under arrest. Defendant waived his rights
and agreed to be interviewed by the police officers. Officer Elliott primarily
interviewed Defendant, Officer Surles sat in. Officer Surles described the interview
with Defendant.
Mr. Ricks [Defendant] stated that he went to 1412 East
Webb Avenue to get his car washed. He stated that Mr.
Martin [Amaya] asked if he had a TV to sell and Mr. Ricks
told him, yes, he had one and for $90. Ricks stated that
Martin wanted to see the TV or Mr. Amaya wanted to see
the TV before he bought it and so he took him to look at the
TV. He stated that he didn't want to take Martin to his
house so he took him to the Aldi foods and he said he took
the $90 and told him that he would be right back . . . After
that conversation Mr. Ricks advised that he did try to scam
Mr. Amaya by telling him that he had something to sell but
really did not. [Defendant] advised [Officer Elliott] that
[Defendant] was actually not planning to return the money
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
. . . [Defendant] continuously stated that there was no
robbery and no gun.
Next, the State called Officer Elliott to testify. Officer Elliott, a patrol officer
for the Burlington Police Department, assisted Officer Surles with the robbery call.
Amaya gave Officer Elliott the license plate number which was run through the
search system. The search revealed that the license plate number was registered to
a gold, Cadillac four door, sedan Deville. Officer Elliott further concluded that the
vehicle associated with that license plate number belonged to Defendant. Officer
Elliott contacted Defendant and arranged for Defendant to come by the police
department.
Then, Officer Elliott described his initial interactions with Defendant.
[Defendant] started recanting his story about that he gave
a Hispanic male a ride to go buy a TV. However, the sale
was not completed . . . [Defendant] reached into his left
pocket and said here's the money, if I give him the money,
can I go home . . . I confirmed this is the money that, in
fact, the victim gave you and you kept it until now and he
said, yes . . .
Next, Officer Elliott explained what happened at the show-up and Defendant’s
subsequent interview:
Mr. Ricks was instructed just to stand near me. He was not
in any type of restraints . . . We both stood there and Officer
Surles notified me that it was 100 percent identification.
Based on the results of the show-up and the fact that he
had the victim's money in his pocket, he was subsequently
arrested.
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Opinion of the Court
[Officer Elliott] confirmed again with [Defendant] that he
did intentionally -- unlawfully and intentionally take the
$100 from the victim. [Defendant] said, yes . . . He
confessed to planning to deprive the victim of money,
taking the money from the victim . . . I probably said, did
he intentionally willing to deprive someone of money. He
said yes.
The State of North Carolina rested following testimonies by other witness. The
Defense made a motion to dismiss both charges at the close of State’s evidence. The
ground for Defense’s motion was based on insufficiency of the evidence. In the court’s
discretion, the motion was denied.
The Defense’s evidence, in part, tended to show the following. James Ricks,
Jr. (“Defendant”) testified on his own behalf. Defendant described the incident of 6
October 2011:
On October the 6th, when I went [to the Family Car Wash]
I told him [Amaya], I said, I needed my car washed. He
asked me did I have a TV for sale. I said, I got one at home,
it don't work that good. He said, no, he just wanted to play
videos on it with his kids. So I said, okay. I said, let's go get
it. He jumps right in the car, just like he said, and we drove
and got it. So on the way there I said, well, my wife is sick.
I don't want to worry her to death . . . And on the way there
I said, well, I'm going to stop here and run and get the TV.
He said that would be good. I'll get some tater chips and a
grape soda for the kids to play videos and I went on home .
. . I went to the telephone . . . So I answered the telephone
. . . Burlington police. He said this is Officer Elliott. I need
you to come down so that I can show you a line-up.
Defendant explained his interactions with the police officers:
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
I said, what you mean, sitting in the back seat of my car.
He said, well, a guy been robbed at gun point out of $100. I
said, man, nobody been robbed . . . I say I don't know
nothing about that and that's all I said. I don't know
nothing about that. I don't know nothing about nobody
being robbed.
Defendant denied anyone else being in the car. Defendant denied a gun being
in his car. The Defense rested after Defendant’s testimony. The State did not present
a rebuttal argument. At the close of all the evidence, Defense renewed its motion to
dismiss the armed robbery charge and also the obtaining property by false pretenses
charge based on insufficiency of the evidence. The motion was denied.
At the charge conference, the trial court said it would instruct on the lesser
included offense of common law robbery. The State responded to a jury instruction
that included common law robbery.
Well, he says it didn't happen at all. So the evidence is an
armed robbery. The victim testified a gun was presented to
him and he threw the money down. [Defendant] says that
didn't happen at all. So I would say that there is not
common law robbery. But whatever Your Honor thinks
best.
Defense counsel objected to a jury instruction pattern that gave instruction on
the lesser included offenses of armed robbery with a dangerous weapon. Defense
counsel stated “[a]gain, I'm not asking for any lesser included. I think it's either
armed robbery or it's not.” The trial court decided to instruct on all the lesser included
offenses of robbery with a dangerous weapon.
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
The jury found Defendant guilty of common law robbery and obtaining
property by false pretenses. Defendant pled guilty to habitual felon status. The
convictions were consolidated. On 14 February 2013, the trial court sentenced
Defendant, as a Level III offender, to a prison term of ninety-six to one-hundred and
twenty-five months. On 26 June 2014, this Court granted Defendant’s Petition for
Writ of Certiorari for the purpose of reviewing the 14 February 2013 judgment.
II. Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (2013),
which provides for an appeal of right to the Court of Appeals for any final judgment
of a superior court.
III. Standard of Review
We review the issues on appeal under two different standards of review. “As
to the issue of jury instructions, we note that choice of instructions is a matter within
the trial court’s discretion and will not be overturned absent a showing of abuse of
discretion.” State v. Nicholson, 355 N.C. 1, 66, 558 S.E.2d 109, 152, cert. denied, 537
U.S. 845, 154 L. Ed.2d 71 (2002). “An instruction on a lesser-included offense must
be given only if the evidence would permit the jury rationally to find defendant guilty
of the lesser offense and to acquit him of the greater.” State v. Millsaps, 356 N.C.
556, 561, 572 S.E.2d 767, 771 (2002). Further, “[an] error in jury instructions is
prejudicial and requires a new trial only if ‘there is a reasonable possibility that, had
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
the error in question not been committed, a different result would have been reached
at the trial out of which the appeal arises.’” State v. Castaneda, 196 N.C. App. 109,
116, 674 S.E.2d 707, 712 (2009) (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (2007)).
This Court reviews the sufficiency of an indictment de novo. State v. McKoy,
196 N.C. App. 650, 652, 675 S.E.2d 406, 409, disc. rev. denied, appeal dismissed, 363
N.C. 586, 683 S.E.2d 215 (2009). “An attack on an indictment is waived when its
validity is not challenged in the trial court.” State v. Wallace, 351 N.C. 481, 503, 528
S.E.2d 326, 341, cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1018, 148 L.Ed. 2d 498 (2000). “However,
where an indictment is alleged to be invalid on its face, thereby depriving the trial
court of its jurisdiction, a challenge to that indictment may be made at any time, even
if it was not contested in the trial court.” Id., 528 S.E.2d at 341.
IV. Analysis
A. Jury Instruction
“An instruction on a lesser-included offense must be given only if the evidence
would permit the jury rationally to find defendant guilty of the lesser offense and to
acquit him of the greater.” State v. Millsaps, 356 N.C. 556, 561, 572 S.E.2d 767, 771
(2002). However, “where the State’s evidence is positive as to each element of the
offense charged and there is no contradictory evidence relating to any element, no
instruction on a lesser included offense is required.” Id. at 562, 572 S.E.2d at 772.
The necessity for instructing the jury as to a lesser included crime arises only when
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Opinion of the Court
there is evidence from which the jury could find that the included crime of lesser
degree was committed. State v. Tarrant, 70 N.C. App. 452, 320 S.E.2d 291, 294
(1984).
“Common law robbery is a lesser included offense of armed robbery or robbery
with a firearm or other dangerous weapon and an indictment for armed robbery will
support a conviction of common law robbery.” Id. at 451, 320 S.E.2d at 293–94 (1984).
The primary distinction between armed robbery and common law robbery is that “the
former is accomplished by the use or threatened use of a dangerous weapon whereby
the life of a person is endangered or threatened. State v. Frazier, 150 N.C. App. 416,
418, 562 S.E.2d 910, 912–13 (2002). In deciding whether a particular instrument is
a dangerous weapon, “the determinative question is whether the evidence was
sufficient to support a jury finding that a person's life was in fact endangered or
threatened.” Id. at 419, 562 S.E.2d at 913.
On appeal, Defendant contends the instruction on common law robbery was
not supported by the evidence. Defendant further contends that the trial court erred
in including common law robbery when defense counsel asked the court for no
instruction on any lesser included offense. We are not persuaded.
Choice of jury instruction is within the trial court’s discretion when there is
some evidence of the lesser offense. At trial, the State’s evidence, in part, tended to
show through Amaya’s testimony, that a gun was used. Amaya stated that he saw a
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Opinion of the Court
black gun when he was told to give the $100. Amaya further testified that he did not
know whether or not the gun was real or plastic but that he saw the gun. Amaya also
stated that he was scared and “kind nervous.” Amaya told multiple people after the
incident that a gun was pointed at him.
Some evidence was presented that would allow a jury to conclude on a lesser
offense of common law robbery. During Defendant’s testimony, Defendant denied
that he had picked anyone up for a ride at the time of the incident. Defendant also
denied that a gun had been used.
Armed robbery requires the crucial element of a dangerous weapon whereas
common-law robbery does not. The victim, Amaya, testified that a he saw a black
gun when he was demanded to give the money. The officers testified Defendant
denied that a robbery had occurred, or that a gun was ever used. Defendant, in his
testimony, denied that there was ever a gun, or a dangerous weapon. Therefore, the
contradictory evidence as to one of the elements of armed robbery was enough to
permit the jury to rationally find Defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of
common law robbery.
For the foregoing reasons, there is no showing that the trial court abused its
discretion in instructing on the lesser included offense. Instruction on the lesser
included offense of common law robbery was proper and within the trial court’s
discretion. Therefore, we find no error in the jury instructions.
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Opinion of the Court
B. Indictment Sufficient
An indictment must charge the “essential elements of the offense.” State v.
Snyder, 343 N.C. 61, 65, 468 S.E.2d 221, 224 (1996) (citation omitted). “[T]he
evidence in a criminal case must correspond with the allegations of the indictment
which are essential and material to charge the offense.” State v. Walston, 140 N.C.
App. 327, 334, 536 S.E.2d 630, 635 (2000). The purpose of an indictment is to give
defendant reasonable notice of the charges against him so that he may prepare for
his upcoming trial. State v. Campbell, __ N.C. __, __, 772 S.E.2d 440, 443 (2015)
(citing State v. Sturdivant, 304 N.C. 293, 308, 283 S.E.2d 719, 729 (1981)).
The elements of obtaining property by false pretenses are “(1) a false
representation of a subsisting fact or a future fulfillment or event, (2) which is
calculated and intended to deceive, (3) which does in fact deceive, and (4) by which
one person obtains or attempts to obtain value from another.” State v. Ledwell, 171
N.C. App. 314, 317, 614 S.E.2d 562, 565 (2005).
In this case, the indictment states:
. . . the defendant named above unlawfully, willfully and
feloniously did knowingly and designedly with the intent
to cheat and defraud obtain and attempt to obtain a
quantity of U.S. currency from [Amaya]. . . . The Defendant
representing that he had a television to sell for a quantity
of U.S. Currency, when in fact the Defendant did not have
a television to sell for a quantity of U.S. Currency and
never intended to have a television to sell for a quantity of
U.S. Currency.
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STATE V. RICKS
Opinion of the Court
Defendant challenges the indictment for obtaining property by false pretenses
based on the use of “U.S. Currency” instead of a more specific description of the
property. The indictment provided no description of the number or denomination of
the bills and also did not specify the amount of money at issue. Citing Smith and
Reese, Defendant says that the indictment must contain the amount of money at
issue. Based on what Defendant contends is a flawed indictment, Defendant asks
this Court to reverse his conviction for obtaining property by false pretenses for lack
of jurisdiction. We are not persuaded.
We look to a line of North Carolina Supreme Court cases beginning in 1880 to
respond to Defendant’s arguments. First, State v. Reese involved a bill of indictment
charging defendant with obtaining goods and money by false pretenses. 83 N.C. 637,
638, 1880 WL 3420, 1 (1880). The indictment described the fraudulently obtained
property as “goods and money . . . to the value of fifty dollars.” Id., 1880 WL at 1.
The Supreme Court decided the bill was too vague, saying “the money obtained
should have been described at least by the amount, as for instance so many dollars
and cents.” Id., 1880 WL at 1.
However, the opinion goes on to explain the indictment in that case was issued
before 1877, when the legislature enacted a new statute to address bills of indictment
in larceny cases. Id., 1180 WL at 1. Generally, the same degree of certainty must be
used to describe the goods in indictments for obtaining property by false pretenses as
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Opinion of the Court
in indictments for larceny. Id. at 639, 1880 WL at 1. The new statute, cited as the
act of 1876-77, ch.68 stated:
That in every indictment in which it shall be necessary to
make any averment as to the larceny of any money, or
United States treasury note, or any note of any bank
whatsoever, it shall be sufficient to describe such money,
or treasury note, or bank note, simply as money, without
specifying any particular coin, or treasury note, or bank
note; and such allegation, so far as regards the description
of the property, shall be sustained by proof of any amount
of coin or treasury note, or bank note, although the
particular species of coin, of which such amount was
composed, or the particular nature of the treasury note, or
bank note, shall be proven.
N.C. Sess. Laws 1876-77 Ch.68. That act is still in effect today. N.C. Gen. Stat. §15-
149 (2013).
Following the adoption of the act of 1876-77, Freeman interpreted the statute
as it relates to the denomination of the money taken. In Freeman, the defendant was
charged with larceny of a purse, a key, and “thirty dollars in money.” 89 N.C. 469,
470, 1883 WL 2553, 1 (1883). Defendant contended there was a fatal variance in the
bill of indictment because the indictment said “thirty dollars” instead of describing
the exact currency stolen as three ten dollar bills. Referencing the act of 1876-77,
codified at that time as § 1190, our Supreme Court responded, “All that is necessary
in a bill of indictment for the larceny of money or United States treasury notes, or
any note of any bank whatever, is to describe it as money . . .” Id. at 471–472, 1883
WL at 2 (emphasis in original.). The Court went on to explain indictments “shall be
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Opinion of the Court
sustained by proof of any amount of coin or treasury note . . . .” Id. at 472, 1883 WL
at 2 (emphasis added).
The principle that the item obtained in a false pretense crime and the thing
stolen in larceny must be described with the same degree of certainty was reaffirmed
in 1915. State v. Gibson, 169 N.C. 318, 85 S.E. 7, 8 (1915). The item must be
described with “reasonable certainty” and “by the name or term usually employed to
describe it.” Id., 85 S.E.2d at 8. Gibson involved an indictment describing the falsely
obtained property as “money” when, in fact, it was a promissory note. Id., 85 S.E. at
8–9. The Court held the trial court should have dismissed the indictment because it
did not accurately describe the thing obtained. Id., 85 S.E. at 9.
In 1941, our Supreme Court again considered an indictment in a false
pretenses case, this time the defendant was charged with obtaining “goods and things
of value.” State v. Smith, 219 N.C. 400, 400, 14 S.E.2d 36, 36 (1941). Evidence tended
to show defendant fraudulently obtained $150. Id., 14 S.E.2d at 37. The Court
explained “goods and things” was too vague and uncertain a description of the
property obtained to be sufficient. Quoting Reese, the Court said the money “should
have been described at least by the amount, as, for instance, so many dollars and
cents.” The Court also cited to Gibson for the same proposition, but that case involved
whether describing a promissory note as “money” was proper, not whether money had
to be described in dollars and cents.
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Opinion of the Court
The Court failed to look to the statute when deciding Smith. The Court quoted
Reese, but failed to follow Reese as a whole by not considering the statute governing
the description of money in indictments. This faulty citation to Reese, quoting one
sentence no longer applicable due to the new statute, led our Court to the incorrect
conclusion again in Jones.
The Supreme Court’s most recent decision on point is State v. Jones. 367 N.C.
299, 758 S.E.2d 345 (2014). The indictment charged that Jones obtained “services”
by false pretenses. Id. at 307, 758 S.E.2d at 351. The Court mentioned Reese and
Smith, saying that “money” is insufficient to describe the property without going into
further detail. Id., 758 S.E.2d at 351. The decision rested on the term “services” and
not any description of money, thus the mention of the previous holdings was merely
dicta and not necessary for the holding in that case. Even so, the statement rested
on the faulty precedent of Smith which did not rely on N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149.
In our decision we cannot ignore a statute directly on point. As codified today,
the statute originally passed in 1877 states:
In every indictment in which it is necessary to make any
averment as to the larceny of any money, or United States
treasury note, or any note of any bank whatsoever, it is
sufficient to describe such money, or treasury note, or bank
note, simply as money, without specifying any particular
coin, or treasury note, or bank note; and such allegation, so
far as regards the description of the bank note, although
the particular species of coin, of which such amount was
composed, or the particular nature of the treasury note, or
bank note, shall not be proven.
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Opinion of the Court
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 (2013) (emphasis added). And, while we understand the
statute says it applies to larceny, indictments for larceny and obtaining property by
false pretenses are required to have the same degree of certainty. Reese, 83 N.C. at
639, 1880 WL at 1; Gibson, 169 N.C. 318, 85 S.E. at 8. Additionally, shortly after the
passage of the statute, our Supreme Court thought it would have applied to a false
pretenses case had the timing of the indictment followed the enactment of the statute.
Thus, we now look to the statute to determine whether the indictment in this
case, describing the property obtained as “a quantity of U.S. Currency” is sufficient
to uphold the indictment. The statute which says describing money simply as
“money” is sufficient suggests that term is enough to put a defendant on notice of the
property obtained in order to prepare for his or her trial. Here, we have an indictment
describing the property as “U.S. Currency,” a term more specific than money.
We find it persuasive that an indictment charging defendant with obtaining
“beer and cigarettes” by false pretenses is sufficient to put defendant on notice of the
charges against him. State v. Perkins, 181 N.C. App. 209, 638 S.E.2d 59 (2007). “Beer
and cigarettes” is specific enough to enable a defendant to prepare his defense. Id. at
215, 638 S.E.2d 595–596. The indictment was upheld despite a lack of value of the
beer and cigarettes or a number of cases or packages of those items taken.
In light of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149, we see no reason to treat currency
differently than beer or cigarettes. “Money,” as the statute explains, is a sufficient
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Opinion of the Court
description of the property. Here, we have an indictment that goes above that
requirement by describing the money as “U.S. Currency.” Therefore, we find no fatal
defect in the indictment.
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we find no error and the final judgment of the trial
court is affirmed.
NO ERROR.
Judge DIETZ concurs.
Judge DILLON concurring in part, and dissenting in part.
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No. COA15-300 – State v. Ricks
DILLON, Judge, concurring in part, and dissenting in part.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in its jury instructions. The
majority holds that there was no error on this issue. I concur.
Defendant also argues that the indictment charging him with obtaining “a
quantity of U.S. currency” by false pretenses was fatally defective because this
description of the thing he obtained was not sufficient. The majority holds that the
description “a quantity of U.S. currency” does not render the indictment fatally
defective. I believe, however, that our Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Reese, 83
N.C. 637, 640 (1880), which was recently reaffirmed in State v. Jones, 367 N.C. 299,
307, 758 S.E.2d 345, 351 (2014), compels us to agree with Defendant. Accordingly, I
respectfully dissent on this issue.
I. Supreme Court Precedents Compel the Conclusion That the Indictment is Fatally
Defective
Defendant was indicted for violating N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-100, which provides
that a person is guilty of obtaining property by false pretenses where he obtains “any
money, goods, . . . , services . . . , or other thing of value” by means of a false pretense.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-100 (2011).
Our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that an indictment is constitutionally
sufficient if it “apprises the defendant of the charge against him with enough
certainty to enable him to prepare his defense and to protect him from subsequent
prosecution for the same offense.” State v. Snyder, 343 N.C. 61, 65, 468 S.E.2d 221,
STATE V. RICKS
Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
224 (1996) (citation omitted). For indictments charging under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-
100, our Supreme Court has held that “the thing obtained [i.e., the money, goods,
services, etc.] by the false pretense must be described with reasonable certainty, and
by the name or term usually employed to describe it.” Jones, 367 N.C. at 307, 758
S.E.2d at 351 (emphasis added) (internal marks omitted).
In the present case, “the thing obtained” by Defendant was described in the
indictment as “a quantity of U.S. Currency.” I believe that decisions from our
Supreme Court compel us to conclude that this description is not adequate.
In 1880, our Supreme Court held in State v. Reese that a false pretenses
indictment describing the property obtained as “money” was fatally defective, stating
that “the money obtained should have been described at least by the amount – as, for
instance, so many dollars and cents.” Reese, 83 N.C. at 639 (emphasis added).
In 1941, our Supreme Court reaffirmed this holding in State v. Smith, 219 N.C.
400, 401, 14 S.E.2d 36, 36-37 (1941). In Smith, the defendant was accused of
obtaining money by false pretenses; and the indictment described the money as
“goods and things of value.” The Court held that this description was fatally
defective, and relying on its 1880 Reese decision, stated that the money “should have
been described [in the indictment] at least by the amount, as, for instance, so many
dollars and cents.” Id. at 401, 14 S.E.2d at 36-37 (emphasis added).
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
Recently, in 2014, our Supreme Court reaffirmed both the 1880 Reese decision
and the 1941 Smith decision, stating as follows:
This Court has not had occasion to address this issue
recently, but consistently has held that simply describing
the property obtained as “money,” State v. Reese, 83 N.C.
637, 640 (1880), or “goods and things of value,” State v.
Smith, 219 N.C. 400, 401, 14 S.E.2d 36, 36 (1941), is
insufficient to allege the crime of obtaining property by
false pretenses.
Jones, 367 N.C. at 307, 758 S.E.2d at 351. Following the reasoning in these older
cases, the Court held that an indictment alleging that the defendant obtained
“services,” without some description as to the type of services which were fraudulently
obtained, was fatally defective. Id. at 307-08, 758 S.E.2d at 351. The Court so held
even though, like in the present case, the indictment was specific in identifying the
name of the victim and the date of the offense.1
“U.S. Currency” is almost synonymous with “money,” though admittedly, the
former language does provide some further description, as some unspecified amount
of dollars and cents issued by our federal government. See State v. Gibson, 169 N.C.
318, 320, 85 S.E. 7, 9 (1915) (defining “money” as “any lawful currency, whether coin
or paper, issued by the Government as a medium of exchange”). However, this
description falls short of the specificity which the Supreme Court has repeatedly
1 The indictment at issue in Jones alleged, in part, that “on or about the 19th day of May, 2010,
in Mecklenburg County,” the defendant did “obtain services from Tire Kingdom, Inc.” See Record on
Appeal at 7, State v. Jones, No. COA 12-282.
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
indicated is minimally required in describing money in a false pretenses indictment,
namely, that the description “at least [state] the amount” of “dollars and cents.”
Reese, 83 N.C. at 639 (emphasis added).
I note that our Court has, on occasion, sustained indictments which seemingly
conflict with the Supreme Court’s decisions. For instance, in 2005 our Court
sustained an indictment which described the property obtained merely as “a quantity
of U.S. Currency.” State v. Ledwell. 171 N.C. App. 314, 318, 614 S.E.2d 562, 565
(2005).2 In Ledwell, our Court stated the case was distinguishable from the 1880
Reese case and the 1941 Smith case because “the [Ledwell] indictment [mentioned]
the specific item, [“a watchband”], which defendant used to obtain the money,” and
therefore provided the defendant with “notice of the crime of which he [was] accused.”
Id. However, this reasoning seems flawed as the indictments in the two cited
Supreme Court cases also mention the items which were used to obtain money. The
indictment in the 1880 Reese case identified the item as “a large and valuable farm
with team and stock thereon in the county of Northampton[.]” Reese, 83 N.C. at 638.
The indictment in the 1941 Smith case identified the item as “two certain mules.”
Smith, 219 N.C. at 401, 14 S.E.2d at 36.
2 Other decisions from our Court are in accord with Ledwell. For instance, in 1993, an
indictment which identified the thing obtained as “United States money” was sustained. See State v.
Almond, 112 N.C. App. 137, 148, 435 S.E.2d 91, 98 (1993). In an unpublished 2006 opinion, an
indictment which identified the thing obtained as “money” was sustained. See State v. Thompson,
2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 1962, *7.
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
In the 2014 Jones case – which was decided by our Supreme Court 9 years after
Ledwell – the indictment, which the Supreme Court held was defective, also identified
the item used to obtain property from the victim, namely as “the credit card number
belonging to Mary Berry.” See Record on Appeal at 7, State v. Jones, No. COA 12-
282. In conclusion, I see no meaningful difference between the Ledwell indictment
(which was sustained) and the indictments from the three Supreme Court cases
(which were declared fatally defective).
II. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 Does Not Overrule Supreme Court Precedent on This
Issue
The majority relies, in part, on language in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 to conclude
that the language in the present indictment is sufficient. This statute provides in
relevant part as follows:
In every indictment which it is necessary to make any
averment as to the larceny of any money, or United States
treasury note, or any note of any bank whatsoever, it is
sufficient to describe such money, or treasury note, or bank
note, simply as money, without specifying any particular
coin, or treasury note, or bank note[.]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 (2013). The statute, by its terms, only applies to indictments
for larceny (and not for obtaining property by false pretenses). However, assuming
that the statute applies here, I do not believe that it saves the present indictment.
As noted by the majority, the predecessor of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 was
originally enacted by our General Assembly in 1877 (the “1877 Act”) and is referenced
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
in the 1880 Reese decision. See Reese, 83 N.C. at 639. However, I do not believe that
the 1880 Reese decision stands for the proposition that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 was
intended to relieve the drafter of an indictment for obtaining money by false pretenses
from describing the money “at least” by its amount. Rather, I believe that the 1880
Reese decision stands for the proposition that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 merely relieved
the drafter of the more stringent requirement of that day to also “[describe] and
[identify] [the exact type of] bank bills, Treasury notes, [etc.]” that were obtained. Id.
Unlike today, where our paper money consists of “federal reserve notes,” paper
money in the 1800’s was issued in a variety of forms, including “bank notes” issued
by various state and federally-chartered banks and “treasury notes” issued by the
federal government.3 And prior to the passage of the 1877 Act, drafters of indictments
for obtaining money by larceny or by false pretenses were generally required to
describe, not only the amount of money obtained, but also the type of money obtained,
e.g. three $10 bank notes or two $5 dollar treasury notes, etc. See State v. Fulford,
61 N.C. 563, 563 (1868) (stating that “[i]t is sufficient to describe [the money] as a
3 The Citizens’ State Bank in New Orleans issued a $10 bank note containing the word “DIX”
(French for “ten”), which some historians believe is the genesis for the word “Dixie,” an historical
nickname for the southern region of the United States. See “Dixie” Originated From Name “Dix” An
Old Currency, New Orleans American, May 29, 1916, vol. 2, no. 150, at 3. The word “greenbacks”
originally described certain treasury notes with green ink used on one side which were issued by the
United States to help fund the Civil War. See Lackey v. Miller, 61 N.C. 26 (1866).
6
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
bank note for so many dollars on a certain bank, of the value of so many dollars”). 4
And as stated by the Supreme Court in the 1880 Reese decision, a pre-1877 indictment
which merely described the thing obtained as “money” without any further
description was fatally defective. Reese, 83 N.C. at 639.
The Supreme Court in Reese noted, though, that the General Assembly had
passed the 1877 Act “to remedy the difficulty of describing and identifying bank bills,
Treasury notes, etc.” Id. at 639 (emphasis added). However the Court still held to
the view that describing the thing merely as “‘money’ without anything added to
make it more definite, is too loose in indictments of this kind[,]” id. at 640, and that
the money should be “described at least by the amount,” id. at 639. The Court
reaffirmed this view in the 1941 Smith decision and more recently in the 2014 Jones
decision.
It is true that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149 contains the language that “it is
sufficient to describe such money, or treasury note, or bank note, simply as money”
which could be construed to relieve a drafter of the requirement of providing any
further description of the money obtained, including the amount. N.C. Gen. Stat. §
15-149 (emphasis added.) However, the language “simply as money” is followed in
the statute by the qualifying language, “without specifying any particular coin, or
4 See also State v. Thomason, 71 N.C. 146, 146-47 (1874) (holding that language indicating
“two five dollar United States Treasury notes” to be sufficient); State v. Rout, 10 N.C. 618, 618 (1825)
(holding that language indicating “one $20 bank note on the State Bank of North Carolina” was
sufficient).
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
treasury note, or bank note[,]”, id., which suggests that the statute is intended only
to relieve a drafter of the requirement of describing the type of money, e.g., bank notes
or treasury notes, which was obtained.
In conclusion, as our Supreme Court reminded us in the 2014 Jones decision,
there is still a requirement to describe the thing obtained in an indictment for false
pretenses with “reasonable certainty.” Jones, 367 N.C. at 307, 758 S.E.2d at 351.
And where the thing obtained is money, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-149, it is no
longer required that the indictment provide a description of each piece of money in
detail (e.g. “three $10 federal reserve notes”). However, based on the 1880 Reese
decision – as reaffirmed in the 1941 Smith decision and the 2014 Jones decision –
some description of the money must be included in the indictment to meet the
requirement that it be described with reasonable certainty. Our Supreme Court has
articulated the minimal specificity required to be “at least” by its amount (e.g. “$30
in U.S. Currency”).
III. Conclusion
The State essentially argues that the indictment in the present case should be
sustained because it adequately apprises Defendant of what he was being charged
with (e.g., by including the name of the victim and the date of the offense) and that
all the elements of the crime were pleaded. However, in an indictment alleging
obtaining money by false pretenses, our Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that
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Dillon, J., Concurring in part, and dissenting in part
the money be described “at least by the amount, as for instance so many dollars and
cents.” Since the Court of Appeals “has no authority to overrule decisions of our
Supreme Court and we have the responsibility to follow those decisions ‘until
otherwise ordered by our Supreme Court[,]’” Andrews v. Haygood, 188 N.C. App. 244,
248, 655 S.E.2d 440, 443, aff’d, 362 N.C. 599, 669 S.E.2d 310 (2008), my vote is to
vacate the judgment convicting Defendant of obtaining property by false pretenses.
9