STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
February 23, 2016
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 322144
Wayne Circuit Court
SENICA DEMECE HALE, LC No. 13-008126-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and SAWYER and STEPHENS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury convicted defendant of armed robbery, MCL 750.529, carjacking, MCL 750.529a,
felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f, felonious assault, MCL 750.82, and possession
of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), second offense, MCL 750.227b.
The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms of 18 to 60 years each for the
armed robbery and carjacking convictions, six months to five years for the felon-in-possession
conviction, and six months to four years for the felonious assault conviction, to be served
consecutive to a two-year term of imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant
appeals as of right, and we affirm.
At approximately 10:15 p.m. on August 3, 2013, Ditanion Cummings was confronted by
two men, each brandishing a firearm, outside a store in Detroit. The men stole his money and
car keys, and one of them drove away in Cummings’s Jeep Grand Cherokee. Two days later, the
police arrested defendant because of his involvement in another attempted carjacking, and they
discovered Cummings’s Jeep in the parking lot of the housing complex where defendant resided.
Cummings thereafter identified defendant in a photographic array as one of the two perpetrators
involved in his offense.
The offense was recorded on the store’s surveillance video system, but when a police
officer went to the store to obtain the video, he learned that it had already been deleted from the
system. On the first day of trial, the prosecutor learned that Cummings had viewed the video
before it was deleted, and made his own recording of the video on his cell phone. The prosecutor
promptly disclosed this information to the court and to defense counsel. Defense counsel
opposed admission of the video recording because of its late disclosure, but the trial court ruled
that it could be admitted, provided defense counsel was given an opportunity to view it before it
was introduced. Ultimately, however, the prosecutor did not introduce this evidence.
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At trial, Cummings identified defendant as one of the two men who carjacked and robbed
him. Defendant presented an alibi defense at trial. Defendant testified that he was at a party at
his sister’s house from approximately 5:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. on the evening of the offense.
Defendant’s sister and girlfriend each testified in support of defendant’s alibi defense. Both
witnesses refused to give a police statement before trial in support of the alibi defense.
I. PHOTOGRAPHIC LINEUP
Defendant first argues that Cummings’s identification of defendant was tainted by an
impermissibly suggestive pretrial photographic lineup. Because defendant did not raise this
issue in an appropriate motion in the trial court or request a Wade1 hearing, and he did not object
to the identification testimony at trial, this issue is unpreserved. People v Daniels, 163 Mich
App 703, 710; 415 NW2d 282 (1987). Therefore, review of this issue is limited to plain error
affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v McCray, 245 Mich App 631, 638; 630 NW2d
633 (2001).
Defendant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to move to
suppress Cummings’s identification testimony, and failing to request a Wade hearing. Defendant
preserved this claim by requesting a Ginther2 hearing in a motion to remand, which this Court
granted. People v Armisted, 295 Mich App 32, 46; 811 NW2d 47 (2011). Following the
hearing, the trial court found that defendant failed to substantiate his claim of ineffective
assistance, and accordingly, denied his motion for a new trial. “Whether a person has been
denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact and constitutional law.” People
v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). “A judge first must find the facts, and
then must decide whether those facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right
to effective assistance of counsel.” Id. The trial court’s findings of fact are reviewed for clear
error. Id. The ultimate question of whether the defendant’s constitutional rights were violated is
a question of law reviewed de novo on appeal. Id. “To obtain relief for the denial of the
effective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance fell short of
[an] objective standard of reasonableness and that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, there
is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the [trial] would have been different.” People v
Ackley, 497 Mich 381, 389; 870 NW2d 858 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Defendant argues that Cummings’s identification of him should have been suppressed
because it was tainted by an impermissibly suggestive pretrial identification procedure. “A
lineup can be so suggestive and conducive to irreparable misidentification that it denies an
accused due process of law.” People v Hornsby, 251 Mich App 462, 466; 650 NW2d 700 (2002)
To successfully challenge an eyewitness identification on due process grounds, a criminal
defendant “ ‘must show that the pretrial identification procedure was so suggestive in light of the
totality of the circumstances that it led to a substantial likelihood of misidentification.’ ” People
v Williams, 244 Mich App 533, 542; 624 NW2d 575 (2001), quoting People v Kurylczyk, 443
Mich 289, 302; 505 NW2d 528 (1993). “If a witness is exposed to an impermissibly suggestive
1
United States v Wade, 388 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).
2
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
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pretrial identification procedure, the witness’ in-court identification will not be allowed unless
the prosecution shows by clear and convincing evidence that the in-court identification will be
based on a sufficiently independent basis to purge the taint of the illegal identification.” People
v Colon, 233 Mich App 295, 304; 591 NW2d 692 (1998).
We reject defendant’s argument that the photographic lineup presented to Cummings was
unduly suggestive because the photograph of defendant depicted a close-up headshot, whereas
the photos of the other subjects depicted head and shoulder shots. Differences among
participants in a lineup “are significant only to the extent that they are apparent to the witness
and substantially distinguish the defendant from other lineup participants.” Hornsby, 251 Mich
App at 466. A photographic lineup is generally “not suggestive as long as it contains some
photographs that are fairly representative of the defendant’s physical features . . . .” Kurylczyk,
443 Mich at 304. “Thus, differences in the composition of photographs, in the physical
characteristics of the individuals photographed, or in the clothing worn by a defendant and the
others pictured in a photographic lineup have been found not to render a lineup impermissibly
suggestive.” Id. at 304-305. “Physical differences generally relate only to the weight of an
identification and not to its admissibility.” Hornsby, 251 Mich App at 466. “The credibility of
identification testimony is a question for the trier of fact . . . .” People v Davis, 241 Mich App
697, 700; 617 NW2d 381 (2000).
In Kurylczyk, the defendant argued that a pretrial photographic lineup was impermissibly
suggestive “because various characteristics of his photograph caused him to be singled out from
the other men.” 443 Mich at 303. The Court reviewed the distinctive characteristics of the
defendant’s photo in the array, explaining:
[The defendant] argues that he is the only man in the photographic array
who was dressed in clothing that matches the clothing reported to have been worn
by the robber. Particularly obvious in defendant's photograph is a chain attached
to his belt and extending to a wallet in the rear pocket of his jeans. None of the
others in the photographic lineup wore a trucker's wallet. Moreover, this wallet
was plainly visible in the bank's surveillance photographs that were published in
the local paper. In addition, defendant complains that his photograph was taken
from a closer distance, so that his image appears larger than the others, and the
background appears to be a different color. Finally, defendant points out that
three of the men in the array have mustaches; defendant does not have a
mustache, and none of the witnesses described the robber as having a mustache.
[Id. at 303-304.]
The Court acknowledged that the defendant’s photograph “stood out from the others in a
suggestive fashion,” especially with respect to the trucker’s wallet. However, the Court held that
“a suggestive lineup is not necessarily a constitutionally defective one,” because “a suggestive
lineup is improper only if under the totality of the circumstances there is a substantial likelihood
of misidentification.” Id. at 306. The Court held that under the totality of circumstances, in
which the victims had ample opportunity to view the robber during the offense, and in which
they gave detailed descriptions that matched the defendant’s appearance in the photograph, the
identification was reliable. Id. at 307-309.
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The only distinct feature of defendant’s photograph in the photo array used in this case is
that defendant’s face is slightly closer than the subjects seen in the other photographs. Although
this distinction is noticeable, it is not a basis for substantially distinguishing defendant from the
others as a participant in the carjacking. Defendant’s reliance on Legenzoff v Steckel, 564 F
Appx 136 (CA 6, 2014), in support of his argument that the photographic lineup was unduly
suggestive is misplaced. Legenzoff is a civil case brought pursuant to 42 USC 1983, in which the
underlying issue was whether the plaintiff’s photo was sufficiently distinct to undermine the
array’s legitimacy as a tool for establishing probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. The court
rejected background color, i.e., a difference of composition, as a basis for undermining the
reliability of the witnesses’ identifications. The court’s other two considerations, dissimilarity of
hair color and dissimilarity of clothing, are not relevant to this case, in which defendant does not
allege that the other subjects were markedly dissimilar from him in physical appearance. This
case is also factually distinguishable from United States v Wiseman, 172 F3d 1196 (CA 10,
1999), abrogated on other grounds in Rosemond v United States, __ US ___; 134 S Ct 1240; 188
L Ed 2d 248 (2014), which involved multiple distinctive features between the defendant’s photo
and the photos of the other subjects. In this case, the mere distance of defendant’s head shot in
comparison to the subjects in the other photos did not give rise to a substantial likelihood of
misidentification in light of the totality of the circumstances.
Defendant also argues that the photographic lineup was improper because the police did
not have an individualized suspicion that he was a perpetrator in the Cummings carjacking. He
contends that the police were on a “fishing expedition” to charge him with another offense
because he exercised his right to remain silent in relation to the attempted carjacking matter.
Defendant does not cite any authority in support of his position that the police must have a
requisite degree of suspicion before they can include a person’s photo in a photographic lineup.
“An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment with little or no
citation of supporting authority.” People v Kelly, 231 Mich App 627, 640–641; 588 NW2d 480
(1998). The record discloses that defendant was arrested for a different carjacking offense that
was committed two days after the instant offense, and the police discovered Cummings’s stolen
vehicle at the same housing facility where defendant resided. Under these circumstances, we
find nothing improper about the police including defendant’s photo in a photographic array to
determine whether defendant may have been involved in the Cummings carjacking. Although
defendant argues that the police vindictively included him in the array to “target” him because of
his refusal to cooperate in the second carjacking matter, the trial court did not find any improper
motive for using defendant’s photo in the array as an investigative tool. Moreover, regardless of
the police motives, it was Cummings’s identification of defendant as one of the perpetrators that
led to the charges against defendant, and there is no indication that Cummings’s identification
was impermissibly tainted by any police conduct or that the photographic array was unduly
suggestive.
Defendant also argues that Cummings’s attempt to choose a second perpetrator at the
photo array, and the officer’s response that only one suspect was in the array, are additional
bases for suppressing Cummings’s identification. In People v McElhaney, 215 Mich App 269,
287; 545 NW2d 18 (1996), this Court held that if an officer told the complainant that the
perpetrator was in the lineup, “this fact alone would not render the lineup unduly suggestive.”
Defendant cites United States v Smith, 156 F3d 1046, 1050-1051 (CA 10, 1998), in which an
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officer “pressed” the witnesses to “assume” that the perpetrator was in the lineup, but in that case
the police also used photos that came from a recent high school yearbook from the school that
one of the witnesses recently attended, the names were left attached to the photos, and
subsequent witnesses viewing the array could see which photos the previous witnesses selected.
In the instant case, the officer indirectly indicated that a suspect was in the lineup, but did so only
after Cummings identified defendant. Thus, the officer’s statement could not have influenced
Cummings’s identification of defendant. Cummings’s attempt to identify the other perpetrator in
the offense, after identifying defendant, does not indicate any impropriety in the procedure that
led to defendant’s identification. At most, it might undermine the credibility of Cummings’s
identification of defendant, but “[t]he credibility of identification testimony is a question for the
trier of fact that we do not resolve anew.” Davis, 241 Mich App at 700.
Finally, defendant argues that the identification procedure was tainted by Cummings’s
viewing of the store surveillance video. We find no logical connection between Cummings’s
exposure to the video and the fairness of the identification procedure. The video was not
composed by the police or any other party under circumstances that could influence Cummings’s
identification in the photo array. The effect, if any, of the video on Cummings’s subsequent
identification of defendant was a matter for the jury to consider in evaluating the weight and
credibility of Cummings’s identification, but it does not affect its admissibility.
In sum, defendant has not established any basis for suppressing Cummings’s
identification, or for requesting a Wade hearing. Therefore, defendant’s related ineffective
assistance of counsel argument also cannot succeed. Counsel is not ineffective for failing to
advance a meritless argument or failing to raise a futile objection. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich
App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).
II. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Defendant next argues that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by eliciting Officer
Schmelter’s testimony that defendant refused to participate in a live lineup, and by remarking in
closing argument that defendant’s refusal to participate in the lineup was inconsistent with his
claim of innocence. Defendant further argues that it was improper for the prosecutor to elicit
that his alibi witnesses were unwilling to provide a police statement in support of defendant’s
alibi claim. Defendant failed to preserve these claims of prosecutorial misconduct with a timely
objection and request for a curative instruction. People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802
NW2d 627 (2010). Therefore, our review is limited to plain error affecting defendant’s
substantial rights. People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 453-454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004).
This Court reviews a prosecutor’s conduct by examining the record and evaluating the
prosecutor’s remarks in context. People v Mann, 288 Mich App 114, 119; 792 NW2d 53 (2010)
(quotation omitted). The test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the prosecutor’s questions
or comments deprived defendant of a fair and impartial trial. People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58,
63; 732 NW2d 546 (2007).
During closing argument, the prosecutor stated:
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You heard them testifying. It seems pretty practiced. They both said, oh,
I remember that day exactly. . . . We were going to have this barbecue. Mr. Hale
showed up at 5:00 and left at 1:00, just exactly when this carjacking occurred.
That there were five adults there. However, only two of them are here testifying.
You think cousin Fran would be here.
You know, I’m asking you to use your common sense when you listen and
you recall that testimony. It was pretty rehearsed, and there’s reason. That’s their
brother, and that’s the boyfriend.
We also heard from Mr. Hale. And Mr. Hale, really, he kind of parroted
what he sat there and listened to. He sat there and heard the testimony of those
two women.
Another thing about those two that got up there and testified, they never
showed up, never went to the police, you know, when it first happened, and said,
wrong guy, you’ve got the wrong guy. We know why, because he was at our
house.
The prosecutor continued:
Now, Mr. Hale, as I indicated, got up there and really parroted. He heard
what they said, and that’s basically what he repeated. Yep, we were at a
barbecue, and I cooked ribs, and we were there until 1:00.
What didn’t he say, though? He didn’t say – he didn’t explain why he
didn’t participate in that live lineup. Wouldn’t you think, you know – why
wouldn’t you? Why wouldn’t you say, I’m innocent? I want to be in that live
lineup. I want – you know, please look at me because I’m innocent. I was at the
barbecue.
Uh-uh, he refused. Doesn’t give us any explanation about that.
Viewed in context, the prosecutor’s remark, “Why wouldn’t [a person in defendant’s situation] . .
. say I’m innocent,” did not relate to defendant’s refusal to give a statement proclaiming his
innocence, but rather his refusal to participate in the lineup. The prosecutor was commenting on
defendant’s failure to respond to Schmelter’s testimony that he refused to cooperate with a
corporeal lineup, and suggesting that if defendant had a valid alibi, he should have been willing
to participate in the lineup and be confident that the witness would not identify him as the
perpetrator.
“A defendant in a criminal case has a constitutional right against compelled self-
incrimination and may elect to rely on the “presumption of innocence.” US Const, Am V; Const
1963, art 1, § 15. To effectuate this right, “no reference or comment may be made regarding
defendant’s failure to testify.” People v Fields, 450 Mich 94, 108-109; 538 NW2d 356 (1995),
citing Griffin v California, 380 US 609; 85 S Ct 1229; 14 L Ed 2d 106 (1965). But the
prohibition upon such comment extends no farther than the reach of a defendant’s Fifth
Amendment right not to testify. Fields, 450 Mich at 109. If the defendant chooses to waive his
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Fifth Amendment right and testify on his own behalf, the prosecutor may legitimately comment
on weaknesses in his credibility. Id. at 109-110. Accordingly, the prosecutor was free to
comment on defendant’s failure to respond to Schmelter’s testimony that defendant refused to
participate in a corporeal lineup.
Further, it was not improper for the prosecutor to elicit from defendant’s alibi witnesses
that they refused to give statements to the police in support of defendant’s alibi claim, and to
comment on that evidence in closing argument. Because defendant’s right to silence does not
extend to his alibi witnesses, the questions and comments did not infringe on defendant’s right to
remain silent.
In sum, defendant has failed to establish any plain error related to the prosecutor’s
questions or comments. Accordingly, his related claim that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to the prosecutor’s conduct also cannot succeed. Counsel was not required to
make a futile objection. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201.
III. SURVEILLANCE VIDEO
Defendant lastly argues that the prosecutor’s failure to produce Cummings’s cell phone
recording of the store’s surveillance video violated Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83, 87; 83 S Ct
1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963). After the prosecutor disclosed her knowledge of the video on
Cummings’s cell phone, defense counsel argued that the video should be excluded from evidence
because it was not produced before trial. Counsel did not argue that the non-disclosure
constituted a Brady violation. Therefore, this issue is not preserved and review is limited to plain
error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 762-765; 597
NW2d 130 (1999).
A criminal defendant has a due process right to obtain exculpatory evidence possessed by
the state if it would raise a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt. People v Stanaway, 446
Mich 643, 666; 521 NW2d 557 (1994), citing Brady, 373 US at 87. To establish a Brady
violation, a defendant must establish (1) that the prosecution has suppressed evidence, (2) that is
favorable to the accused, and (3) when viewed in its totality, is material. People v Chenault, 495
Mich 142, 155; 845 NW2d 731 (2014); see also People v Stokes, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___
NW2d ___ (2015) (Docket No. 321303), lv pending; slip op at 4.
The first element applies to evidence within the government’s control, even if unknown
to the prosecution, without regard to the prosecution’s good or bad faith. Id. In this case,
however, the record discloses that the prosecution never had possession of the video surveillance
recording. Rather, it was possessed by Cummings, a non-government witness. Because the
evidence was not in the possession of the state, it cannot be said that it was suppressed by the
state. See Jones v Ryan, 733 F3d 825, 837 (CA 9, 2013), and United States v Graham, 484 F3d
413, 417 (CA 6, 2007).
Defendant argues that the state suppressed the evidence by not allowing Cummings to
bring his cell phone into the courthouse. There is no merit to this argument. After the existence
of the evidence was discovered, the trial court ruled that the evidence could be presented at trial.
The prosecutor ultimately elected not to present the evidence. The record discloses that defense
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counsel opposed the admission of the evidence. After the prosecution failed to introduce the
evidence, there was no request for the evidence by the defense. Accordingly, the record does not
support defendant’s argument that the evidence was suppressed, or that defendant wanted to
present the evidence but was prevented from doing so.
Defendant has also failed to show that the evidence was exculpatory. The only available
information about the video was Cummings’s testimony that the video depicted one of the
perpetrators, who Cummings later identified as defendant, running in the direction of a Burger
King restaurant after the robbery and carjacking were complete, and after the first perpetrator
had driven away in Cummings’s Jeep. Defendant argues that the evidence might have shown
that he was not the person in the video, or that Cummings’s identification of him in the
photographic lineup may have been influenced by the video. Defendant offers no factual support
for either of these arguments. Cummings’s testimony that he was able to recognize the person in
the video as one of the perpetrators, and more specifically, as the person who he later identified
as defendant, refutes any suggestion that the video could be considered exculpatory. Further, to
the extent that Cummings’s identification of defendant at the photographic lineup could be said
to have been influenced by the video, that would be an indication of the inculpatory nature of the
video, not any exculpatory value.
Regarding the third Brady requirement, evidence is “material” only if “there is a
reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Strickler v Greene, 527 US 263, 280; 119 S Ct 1936;
144 L Ed 2d 286 (1999) (quotation omitted). “A ‘reasonable probability’ of a different result . . .
[exists] when the government’s evidentiary suppression undermines confidence in the outcome
of the trial.” Kyles v Whitley, 514 US 419, 434; 115 S Ct 1555; 131 L Ed 2d 490 (1995) (internal
quotation marks omitted). There is no basis in the record for concluding that the video would
have been favorable to the defense, such as by supporting an argument that someone other than
defendant committed the carjacking and robbery. Again, Cummings, the only witness to see the
video, did not indicate that it depicted anything that was inconsistent with or that contradicted his
version of the events, or his identification of defendant.
In light of the foregoing, defendant cannot establish a Brady violation based on the
failure to produce the surveillance video before trial, and defense counsel was not ineffective for
failing to assert a Brady violation at trial.
Defendant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to request a
continuance so that she could view the video before trial started. However, the existence of the
video created the risk of damaging defendant’s alibi defense. As long as neither attorney had
seen it, the video was analogous to Schrodinger’s cat, with the potential to either exculpate or
inculpate defendant. Under these circumstances, counsel’s decision to move to exclude the
video was not objectively unreasonable. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201; People v Ackerman,
257 Mich App 434, 455; 669 NW2d 818 (2003). Even if it would have been preferable for
counsel to view the video first, defendant has not established that he was prejudiced by counsel’s
inaction. As previously explained, there is no basis for believing that the video would have been
favorable to defendant, and Cummings’s brief testimony suggested just the opposite.
Accordingly, there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been
different if counsel had viewed the video before trial. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201.
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Affirmed.
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
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