THIRD DIVISION
ELLINGTON, P. J.,
DILLARD and MCFADDEN, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 2, 2016
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1856. THE STATE v. HARLACHER.
DILLARD, Judge.
Following a physical altercation at a local sports bar, the State charged Shawn
Harlacher, via indictment, with one count of criminal attempt to commit aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon. Harlacher filed a motion for a general demurrer,
arguing that it is impossible to attempt to commit an aggravated assault, and thus, the
indictment failed to allege any criminal offense under the laws of the State of
Georgia. The trial court granted Harlacher’s demurrer, and the State now appeals. For
the reasons set forth infra, we affirm.
The record, as alleged by the State, shows that on August 24, 2014, Harlacher
and the victim were patronizing a local sports pub when they became involved in a
verbal altercation, which then escalated into a physical fight. By all accounts, during
the fight, the victim broke Harlacher’s nose, and when the fight was over, the victim
turned to go back into the pub. As the victim walked away, Harlacher drew a handgun
and pointed it at the victim’s head but did not fire. The victim never saw Harlacher’s
gun, continued walking away, and the incident ended without any further violence.
Subsequently, the State charged Harlacher, via indictment, with one count of
criminal attempt to commit aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. Specifically, the
indictment alleged that Harlacher
did knowingly and intentionally attempt to commit the crime of
Aggravated Assault with a Deadly Weapon, in violation of Code Section
16-5-21 . . . in that the said accused did attempt to place [the victim] in
reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury with
a pistol, a deadly weapon and an object which when used offensively
against a person is likely to result in serious bodily injury, by pointing
said pistol at said [victim], an act which constitutes a substantial step
toward the commission of said crime . . . .
On March 11, 2015, Harlacher filed a motion for a demurrer, arguing that
assault is an attempt to commit battery and because “a person cannot be convicted of
attempting to commit a crime that is itself an attempt to commit a crime,” the
indictment failed to charge an offense under Georgia law. A few weeks later, the trial
court held a hearing on Harlacher’s motion, and at the conclusion of the hearing, it
2
granted the demurrer and dismissed the indictment, ruling that Harlacher could not
be convicted of attempting to commit aggravated assault because (1) assault is itself
an attempt to commit a crime, and (2) the victim was unaware of the attempt. This
appeal by the State follows.1
At the outset, we note that an accused may challenge the sufficiency of an
indictment by filing a general or special demurrer.2 A general demurrer, as the trial
court granted here, “challenges the sufficiency of the substance of the indictment,
whereas a special demurrer challenges the sufficiency of the form of the indictment.”3
But an indictment shall be deemed sufficiently technical and correct to withstand a
general demurrer if “it states the offense in the terms and language of this Code or so
1
See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (1) (“An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the
State of Georgia from the superior courts, state courts . . . and such other courts from
which a direct appeal is authorized to the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court
in criminal cases . . . [f]rom an order, decision, or judgment setting aside or
dismissing any indictment, accusation . . . or any count thereof . . . .”).
2
See State v. Corhen, 306 Ga. App. 495, 496 (700 SE2d 912) (2010).
3
Id. (punctuation omitted); see also Dunbar v. State, 209 Ga. App. 97, 98 (2)
(432 SE2d 829) (1993).
3
plainly that the nature of the offense charged may easily be understood by the jury.”4
More fully explained,
if an accused would be guilty of the crime charged if the facts as alleged
in the indictment are taken as true, then the indictment is sufficient to
withstand a general demurrer; however, if an accused can admit to all of
the facts charged in the indictment and still be innocent of a crime, the
indictment is insufficient and is subject to a general demurrer.5
Furthermore, this Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a general or special demurrer
de novo in order to determine “whether the allegations in the indictment are legally
sufficient.”6 It is with these guiding principles in mind that we now address the
State’s claim of error.
The State contends that the trial court erred in granting Harlacher’s motion for
a general demurrer. Specifically, the State argues that although, under OCGA § 16-5-
20 (a) (1), simple assault—which is an essential element of an aggravated assault
under OCGA § 16-5-21 (b)—is an attempted battery, simple assault under OCGA §
4
OCGA § 17-7-54 (a); see also Corhen, 306 Ga. App. at 497.
5
Corhen, 306 Ga. App. at 497; see also Lowe v. State, 276 Ga. 538, 539 (2)
(579 SE2d 728) (2003); Dunbar, 209 Ga. App. at 98 (2).
6
Sallee v. State, 329 Ga. App. 612, 616 (2) (765 SE2d 758) (2014); see also
Corhen, 306 Ga. App. at 497.
4
16-5-20 (a) (2) is not an inchoate offense and, therefore, a defendant can be convicted
of attempting to commit such an offense. We are constrained to disagree.
Our analysis, of course, begins with an examination of the relevant statutes,
and thus, we note that the fundamental rules of statutory construction require us to
“construe the statute according to its terms, to give words their plain and ordinary
meaning, and to avoid a construction that makes some language mere surplusage.”7
Put another way, when we consider the meaning of a statute, we must “(1) presume
that the General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant, and (2) read the
statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the
English language would.”8 As our Supreme Court has explained,
7
Algren v. State, 330 Ga. App. 1, 6 (3) (764 SE2d 611) (2014) (punctuation
omitted); see also Martinez v. State, 325 Ga. App. 267, 273 (2) (750 SE2d 504)
(2013) (“[A]s with any question of statutory interpretation, we necessarily begin our
analysis with familiar and binding canons of construction. Indeed, in considering the
meaning of a statute, our charge as an appellate court is to ‘presume that the General
Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant.’ And toward that end, we must
afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning, consider the text contextually,
and read the text ‘in its most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of
the English language would.’ In sum, where the language of a statute is plain and
susceptible of only one natural and reasonable construction, ‘courts must construe the
statute accordingly.’ “) (citations and punctuation omitted).
8
Algren, 330 Ga. App. at 6-7 (3) (footnote and punctuation omitted); see also
Fed. Dep. Ins. Corp. v. Loudermilk, 295 Ga. 579, 588 (2) (761 SE2d 332) (2014);
Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172 (1) (a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013).
5
[i]n our search for the meaning of a particular statutory provision, we
look not only to the words of that provision, but we consider its legal
context as well. After all, context is the primary determinant of meaning.
For context, we may look to the other provision of the same statute, the
structure and history of the whole statute, and the other
law—constitutional, statutory, and common law alike—that forms the
legal background of the statutory provision in question.9
This is what we mean when we speak of discerning “the intent of the legislature,”10
as that “intent” is reflected in the relevant statutory text and its contextual backdrop.11
Turning to the statutory provisions at issue, the State charged Harlacher with
criminal attempt to commit aggravated assault by alleging that he attempted to place
the victim in apprehension of receiving a violent injury with a pistol. Under former
OCGA § 16-5-21 (b) (2), “[a] person commits the offense of aggravated assault when
he or she assaults . . . [w]ith a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or
instrument which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does
9
Loudermilk, 295 Ga. at 588 (2) (punctuation omitted); see also May v. State,
295 Ga. 388, 391-392 (761 SE2d 38) (2014); Martinez, 325 Ga. App. at 273 (2).
10
State v. Mussman, 289 Ga. 586, 588 (1) (713 SE2d 822) (2011) (punctuation
omitted).
11
See Loudermilk, 295 Ga. at 588 (2); May, 295 Ga. at 391-92; Algren, 330 Ga.
App. at 7 (3); Martinez, 325 Ga. App. at 273.
6
result in serious bodily injury . . . .”12 And under OCGA § 16-4-1, “[a] person
commits the offense of criminal attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime,
he performs any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of
that crime.”
With regard to assault, OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (1) provides that “[a] person
commits the offense of simple assault when he or she . . . [a]ttempts to commit a
violent injury to the person of another . . . .” Thus, under the plain language of this
statutory provision, simple assault is, in essence, an attempted battery with the focus
on the intention of the perpetrator to injure the victim.13 And as Harlacher argues and
the State concedes, “[w]e know of no law authorizing the conviction for an attempt
to commit a crime which itself is a particular type of attempt to commit a crime.”14
In stark contrast, OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2) provides that “[a] person commits
the offense of simple assault when he or she . . . [c]ommits an act which places
12
See former OCGA § 16-5-21 (b) (2) (2014). In 2015, subsection (m) was
slightly modified, but that modification bears no relevance to this appeal. See Ga. L.
2015, p. 422, § 5-19.
13
See Maynor v. State, 257 Ga. App. 151, 154 (570 SE2d 428) (2002) (noting
that simple assault is an attempted battery under OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (1) that focuses
on the intention of the perpetrator to injure the victim).
14
Porter v. State, 124 Ga. App. 285, 286 (183 SE2d 631) (1971).
7
another in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury . . . .”
Accordingly, the focus of a reasonable apprehension of harm type of simple assault,
under OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2), is “on the apprehension of the victim.”15
Given these differences in the elements of the respective offenses, and more
specifically the fact that unlike OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (1), the plain meaning of OCGA
§ 16-5-20 (a) (2) does not include “attempt” as an element of the offense, it would
indeed seem feasible to convict an accused of attempting a reasonable-apprehension-
of-harm type of assault.16 However, as the State concedes, the fact that the victim was
unaware that Harlacher aimed a handgun at him precludes a conviction of a
completed aggravated assault under OCGA §§ 16-5-21 (b) (2) and 16-5-20 (a) (2).17
15
Maynor, 257 Ga. App. at 154.
16
See State v. Godsey, 127 P3d 11, 15 (B) (Wash. App. 2006) (holding that
“[b]ecause the ‘apprehension’ type of assault lacks an attempt element, it is feasible
to convict someone of attempting an assault by such means”); Lamb v. State, 613 A2d
402, 419-20 (Md. App. 1992) (noting that there may not be an attempted assault of
the attempted-battery variety because that type of assault is already inchoate and there
may not be an attempted attempt, but when the assault “is of the intent-to-frighten
variety, there is no reason whatsoever why there cannot be an attempt to commit it”).
17
See Perez v. State, 281 Ga. 175, 177 (2) (637 SE2d 30 (2006) (holding that
the evidence was insufficient to find defendant guilty of aggravated assault because
there was no evidence that the unconscious victim was in apprehension of being
injured); Montford v. State, 254 Ga. App. 524, 527 (1) (b) (564 SE2d 216) (2002)
(holding that because there was no evidence that police officer saw defendant’s car
8
And although we find persuasive the State’s logic (as dictated by the plain meaning
of the relevant text) that a victim’s lack of awareness of a reasonable-apprehension-
of-harm type of assault should not preclude a conviction of an attempt to do so when,
as here, Harlacher took substantial steps toward committing such a crime,18 we are
nonetheless constrained by precedent that seemingly dictates otherwise.19 Indeed, the
Supreme Court of Georgia has previously explained that if a “victim is not placed in
reasonable apprehension of immediate violent injury by the pointing of [a] firearm,
only the misdemeanor of pointing a firearm . . . has been committed.”20 Thus,
approaching, the evidence was insufficient to establish that officer was in reasonable
apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury when defendant collided with
officer’s vehicle so as to prove requisite apprehension element of aggravated assault).
18
See OCGA § 16-4-1; see generally Anthony v. State, 276 Ga. App. 107, 108
(1) (622 SE2d 450) (2005) (noting that “the presence of a gun would normally place
a victim in reasonable apprehension of being injured violently” (punctuation
omitted)).
19
See GA. CONST. art. VI, § VI, ¶ VI (“The decisions of the Supreme Court
shall bind all other courts as precedents.”); State v. Smith, 308 Ga. App. 345, 352
(707 SE2d 560) (2011) (“[T]he doctrine of stare decisis prohibits this Court from
ignoring the valid precedent of a higher court.”).
20
Rhodes v. State, 257 Ga. 368, 370 (5) (359 SE2d 670) (1987) (emphasis
added); see also Manzano v. State, 282 Ga. 557, 558-559 (2) (651 SE2d 661) (2007)
(same); OCGA § 16-11-102 (“A person is guilty of a misdemeanor when he
intentionally and without legal justification points or aims a gun or pistol at another,
whether the gun or pistol is loaded or unloaded.”).
9
regardless of the merits of the State’s position, our Supreme Court—by implication
at the very least—appears to have foreclosed the argument that the victim’s lack of
a reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury can nevertheless
result in a conviction for attempted aggravated assault.21 Accordingly, until such time
as the Supreme Court of Georgia clarifies the extent of its holding in Rhodes, we are
obliged to rule that the trial court did not err in granting Harlacher’s general
demurrer.
Judgment affirmed. Ellington, P. J., concurs. McFadden, J., concurs specially.
21
See supra note 20.
10
A15A1856. THE STATE v. HARLACHER.
MCFADDEN, Judge, concurring specially.
I concur in the judgment and in all of its analysis – except the text supported
by footnotes 10 and 11. That text, which I take to be incidental to the majority’s
analysis, undertakes to explain “what we mean when we speak of discerning ‘the
intent of the legislature.’”
“In all interpretations of statutes,” we are charged to “look diligently for the
intention of the General Assembly, keeping in view at all times the old law, the evil,
and the remedy.” OCGA § 1-3-1 (a). The majority does not cite § 1-3-1 (a), but as I
understand the text supported by those footnotes, it purports to authoritatively
construe and confine the principle set out in that statute.
But that principle was in our first official Code, was part of our law long before
that, and can be traced back to Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England.
See Everett v. Planters’ Bank, 61 Ga. 38, 41 (1878); Forman v. Troup, 30 Ga. 496,
498 (1860); Booth v. Williams, 2 Ga. 252, 254 (1847); see also Persons v. Hight, 4
Ga. 474, 501 (1848) (Warner, J., dissenting).
No doubt much of what has been written over the centuries in the hundreds of
Georgia appellate decisions citing that principle can fairly be reconciled with what
the majority writes today. But I am not prepared to declare that all of it can. Nor am
I prepared to broadly disapprove of any and all of those opinions that cannot be so
reconciled – especially as many of them are opinions of our Supreme Court.
2