Bynes v. the State

SECOND DIVISION
ANDREWS, P. J.,
MILLER, P. J., and BRANCH, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

March 16, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1974. BYNES v. THE STATE.

BRANCH, Judge.

On appeal from his conviction for armed robbery and harming a police dog,

Devante Bynes argues that the evidence was insufficient and that the trial court erred

when it refused Bynes’s requests for charges on the justified use of force in self-

defense and theft by intimidation as a lesser included offense. We find no merit in

these assertions, but we vacate the portion of Bynes’s sentence pertaining to his

conviction for harming a police dog, which imposed a greater sentence than that

allowed by law, and remand for resentencing.

“On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, with the defendant no longer enjoying a presumption of

innocence.” Reese v. State, 270 Ga. App. 522, 523 (607 SE2d 165) (2004) (citation
omitted). We neither weigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of witnesses, but

determine only whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B)

(99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979) (citation omitted).

So viewed, the record shows that late on the evening of May 21, 2013, a man

locked up the Savannah restaurant where he worked and began walking home through

a local park. As the man did so, he noticed that Bynes and two other men, all of whom

were dressed in dark clothing, were approaching him from behind. Bynes stepped in

front of the victim and aimed a gun at his face. The second man ordered the victim

to hand over his possessions “or we’re f***king going to shoot you”; the third man

stood behind the victim. Bynes and his confederates then rummaged through the

victim’s pockets and backpack, taking his watch, wallet, cell phone, keys, and the

backpack. The men then ordered the victim to run away or risk being shot. As he ran,

the victim first saw a young man on a skateboard and then a pedestrian, whom the

victim asked to call 911. As the pedestrian did so, the victim looked back and saw the

same three robbers surround the skateboarder. The robbers pointed a gun at the

2
second victim, demanded all his possessions, and obtained his backpack, cell phone,

some marijuana, and $10 in cash.

A police detective in an unmarked patrol car with its lights out also witnessed

three men surround and rob the second victim. As the robbers fled, the detective

pursued them slowly by car for several blocks, noting that Bynes was wearing a

sleeveless undershirt and appeared to be hiding something under it. When the robbers

realized that they were being followed, they began running in different directions.

The detective parked his patrol car, activated his lights, ordered the men to stop, and

ran after one of Bynes’s co-defendants, Josephewa Ramsey. After apprehending

Ramsey, the detective went to the assistance of a canine officer, who had already

apprehended co-defendant Devon Tarver and was now pursuing Bynes.

When the police dog tracked Bynes to a crawl space under a residence, the

canine officer ordered the dog to go into the space and to bite Bynes, which the dog

did. Before the canine officer issued a stop command, Bynes put his hands around the

dog’s neck and began twisting its neck. The canine officer told Bynes to stop fighting

the dog, but Bynes did not do so. Instead, he continued to choke the dog until it lost

consciousness and went limp. The canine officer then pulled the dog out of the crawl

space and immediately took it to an animal hospital, where the dog recovered from

3
its injuries. The detective apprehended Bynes, who had suffered bite injuries to his

legs and was bleeding. A search of the area produced keys, a cell phone, and a black

wallet belonging to the first victim. In a cinder block near the park, police also

recovered a black pistol with a magazine clip. The first victim identified Bynes at the

scene as the man who had robbed him at gunpoint, and the detective identified Bynes

as one of the men who had surrounded the second victim.

Bynes was charged with two counts of armed robbery and one count each of

obstruction, harming a police dog, and escape. The trial court granted a directed

verdict as to the obstruction count, and the escape count was nolle prossed. A jury

found Bynes guilty of both counts of armed robbery and the count of harming a police

dog. Bynes was convicted and sentenced to life in prison with 5 years to serve

concurrently for harming the police dog. His motion for new trial was denied.

1. Bynes argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction as

to both (a) armed robbery and (b) harming a police dog. We disagree.

(a) Bynes attacks the jury’s verdict as to the armed robbery counts by pointing

out inconsistencies in the evidence against him and by attacking the credibility of the

witnesses. Such matters are for the jury, and not this Court, to resolve. See Hogan v.

State, 330 Ga. App. 596, 598 (1) (a) (768 SE2d 779) (2015). The evidence here

4
included the first victim’s testimony that Bynes pointed a gun at him and demanded

his possessions, the detective’s testimony that he saw Bynes and the two other

robbers attack the second victim, the second victim’s testimony that he was also

robbed at gunpoint, and Bynes’s presence at and flight from the scene. This evidence

was sufficient to sustain Bynes’s conviction for armed robbery. Jackson, supra;

Hogan, 330 Ga. App. at 598 (1) (a) (victim’s testimony that defendant robbed him

with a gun was sufficient to sustain a conviction for armed robbery); Drake v. State,

266 Ga. App. 463, 465 (1) (597 SE2d 543) (2004) (defendant’s conduct before,

during, and after an armed robbery supported a finding that he was guilty of aiding

and abetting that crime).

(b) Bynes was charged with violating OCGA § 16-11-107 in that he

“knowingly and intentionally cause[d] serious physical injury” to the dog in question.

OCGA § 16-11-107 defines the offense of harming a law enforcement animal in four

degrees, including as follows:

(b) A person commits the offense of harming a law enforcement
animal1 in the fourth degree when he or she knowingly and intentionally

1
OCGA § 16-11-107 (a) (6) defines a “patrol dog” as “a dog trained to protect
a peace officer and to apprehend or hold without excessive force a person in violation
of the criminal statutes of this state”; subsection (a) (7) defines a “police dog” as
including “a patrol dog” as well as “a tracking dog used by a law enforcement
agency.”

5
causes physical harm to such law enforcement animal while such law
enforcement animal is in performance of its duties or because of such
law enforcement animal’s performance of its duties. Any person
convicted of a violation of this subsection shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature and, upon conviction
thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment not to exceed 12 months, a
fine not to exceed $5,000.00, or both.
(c) A person commits the offense of harming a law enforcement
animal in the third degree when he or she knowingly and intentionally
and with a deadly weapon causes, or with any object, device,
instrument, or body part which, when used offensively against such law
enforcement animal, is likely to or actually does cause, serious physical
injury to such law enforcement animal while such law enforcement
animal is in performance of its duties or because of such law
enforcement animal’s performance of its duties. Any person convicted
of a violation of this subsection shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of a
high and aggravated nature and, upon conviction thereof, shall be
punished by imprisonment for not less than six nor more than 12
months, a fine not to exceed $5,000.00, or both.
(d) A person commits the offense of harming a law enforcement
animal in the second degree when he or she knowingly and intentionally
shoots a law enforcement animal with a firearm or causes debilitating
physical injury to a law enforcement animal while such law enforcement
animal is in performance of its duties or because of such law
enforcement animal’s performance of its duties. Any person convicted
of a violation of this subsection shall be guilty of a felony and, upon
conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than
one nor more than five years, a fine not to exceed $25,000.00, or both.

6
(Emphasis supplied.) As we have noted in other contexts, the question whether a

bodily injury is serious or debilitating is one for the jury to decide. See, e.g., Sims v.

State, 296 Ga. App. 461, 462 (1) (675 SE2d 241) (2009) (evidence that defendant

struck victim with his fists was sufficient to sustain his conviction for aggravated

assault because fists are objects which, “when used offensively against another

person,” are likely to result in serious bodily injury). “Hands and fists may be deadly

weapons depending upon the circumstances, including the extent of the victim’s

injuries.” Id. at 462 (punctuation and footnote omitted).

Bynes argues that the State did not prove that he knew that the dog that bit him

was a police dog and that there was insufficient evidence of serious injury. The

evidence showed, however, that Bynes was in flight from the police when he hid in

a crawl space, that the officer ordered Bynes to let go of the dog, and that the dog lost

consciousness as a result of Bynes’s application of a chokehold on the animal.

Accordingly, this jury was authorized to conclude that Bynes was guilty of knowingly

and intentionally causing serious physical injury to the police dog at issue here.

2. Although Bynes has not raised the matter on appeal, our review of the record

shows that the five-year portion of his sentence for harming a police dog exceeded

7
the statutory guidelines for the crime with which he was charged. Because Bynes’s

sentence on this charge was therefore void, we vacate that portion of his sentence and

remand for resentencing.

Bynes was indicted under OCGA § 16-11-107, without reference to a

subsection, for “the offense of harming a police dog” in that Bynes, “on or about the

21st day of May, 2013, did knowingly and intentionally cause serious physical

injury” to the police dog in question. (Emphasis supplied.) See OCGA § 16-11-107

(c), (d) (distinguishing between second- and third-degree harm to a police dog by

whether the dog received “serious” or “debilitating” physical injuries). Bynes was not

charged, in other words, with causing debilitating physical injury to the dog. Id.

At the outset of its charge to the jury, the trial court noted only that Bynes had

been indicted for offenses including that of “harming a police dog,” and that “the

indictments on the one hand and [the defendants’] pleas of not guilty on the other

hand form the issues that you are about to decide in this case.” The trial court also

noted that a copy of the indictment would be sent out during the jury’s deliberations.

The trial court later charged the jury, however, that the crime of harming a police dog

consisted of “knowingly and intentionally caus[ing] serious or debilitating physical

injury to a police dog, knowing said dog to be a police dog.” (Emphasis supplied.)

8
The jury found Bynes guilty of two counts of armed robbery and one count of

“harming a police dog” without making any reference to the degree of injury suffered

by the dog. Bynes was convicted on these three counts and sentenced to two

concurrent life terms as to the armed robberies and five years, also concurrent, for

harming a police dog.

It is axiomatic that, as the trial court noted, the indictment and the pleas of not

guilty “form the issue which [a jury is] trying [and] will determine by [its] verdict.”

Gray v. State, 66 Ga. App. 50 (16 SE2d 916) (1941); see also Council of Superior

Court Judges, Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions (2007 ed.), § 1.10.20; Zilinmon v.

State, 234 Ga. 535, 537-538 (5) (216 SE2d 830) (1975). “[An] indictment which does

not recite language from the Code must allege every essential element of the crime

charged.” Smith v. Hardrick, 266 Ga. 54, 55 (1) (464 SE2d 198 (1995). Here, Bynes

was charged only with “knowingly and intentionally caus[ing] serious physical

injury” to the police dog in violation of OCGA § 16-11-107, without a specification

of subsection, and there is no evidence that the jury considered or determined whether

Bynes had knowingly caused “debilitating” injury to the dog under OCGA § 16-11-

107 (d), which is a felony and carries a maximum sentence of five years. Rather,

9
Bynes was indicted for causing “serious” injury to the dog, which is defined as a

misdemeanor under OCGA § 16-11-107 (c).

“A sentence is void if the court imposes punishment that the law does not

allow.” Crumbley v. State, 261 Ga. 610, 611 (1) (409 SE2d 517) (1991) (citation

omitted). “‘To allow the defendant to serve a sentence for a criminal conviction that

has been identified as illegal and void would not comport with fundamental fairness

and due process of law.’” von Thomas v. State, 293 Ga. 569, 572 (2) (748 SE2d 446)

(2013), quoting Nazario v. State, 293 Ga. 480, 487 (2) (c) (746 SE2d 109) (2013). We

are empowered to correct a void sentence “‘even where it was not raised in the trial

court and is not enumerated as error on appeal.’” Hulett v. State, 296 Ga. 49, 54 (2)

(766 SE2d 1) (2014), quoting Nazario, 293 Ga. at 486 (2) (b). Because Bynes was

sentenced for a crime not charged in the indictment, and therefore not considered by

this jury, we vacate that portion of Bynes’s sentence imposed for causing debilitating

injury to a police dog under OCGA § 16-11-107 (d) and remand to the trial court for

resentencing for causing serious physical injury to a police dog under OCGA § 16-

11-107 (c). See Smith, 266 Ga. at 55-56 (3) (granting habeas relief to petitioner

convicted of aggravated assault when indictment did not charge petitioner with that

crime and was thus fatally defective). Compare Pitts v. State, 287 Ga. App. 540, 546-

10
547 (3) (b) (652 SE2d 181) (2007) (where child molestation conviction merged into

a rape conviction based on the same act as a matter of fact, defendant could not be

separately sentenced for child molestation, such that no remand for resentencing on

that count was necessary).

3. Bynes argues that the trial court erred when it denied his request for

instructions on (a) the justified use of force in self-defense as to the charge of

harming the police dog and (b) theft by intimidation as a lesser included offense of

the armed robbery charge. We disagree.

(a) OCGA § 16-3-21 (b) (2) provides in relevant part that a person “is not

justified in using force” if he is “attempting to commit, committing, or fleeing after

the commission or attempted commission of a felony.” This Court has thus held that

when officers are “making a lawful arrest based on probable cause, they [have] the

right to use [that] force reasonably necessary to make the arrest,” and that under such

circumstances, the arrestee has “no right to resist the use of such reasonable force.”

Mayfield v. State, 276 Ga. App. 544, 546 (2) (623 SE2d 725) (2005), citing Long v.

State, 261 Ga. App. 478, 479 (1) (583 SE2d 158) (2003). It follows that a fleeing

defendant who uses force in resisting his own arrest for a felony he has just

committed is not entitled to an instruction on the justified use of force in self-defense.

Mayfield, 276 Ga. App. at 546 (2). The fact that Bynes may have had what he

11
considers an “involuntary” reaction to the dog’s bite does not change this result. See

id. (defendant charged with felony obstruction after resisting arrest was not entitled

to a jury charge on self defense despite his claim that the pepper spray used by

officers made his violent reaction “disoriented or involuntary”).

(b) A defendant is entitled to a charge on theft by intimidation if a jury could

have found that a robbery “was committed without the use of an offensive weapon.”

Smith v. State, 252 Ga. App. 552, 553 (556 SE2d 826) (2001). “‘However, where the

state’s evidence establishes all of the elements of an offense and there is no evidence

raising the lesser offense, there is no error in failing to give a charge on the lesser

offense.’” Id., quoting Lightfoot v. State, 227 Ga. App. 605 (490 SE2d 177) (1997).

Here, Bynes did not testify in his own defense, and there was no evidence suggesting

that the robbery of either victim was accomplished only by intimidation rather than

the use of a gun. It follows that the trial court did not err when it denied Bynes’s

request for a charge on robbery by intimidation. Smith, 252 Ga. App. at 554 (when

“the only evidence before the court showed the completed offense of armed robbery,”

the court did not err in refusing a request to charge on robbery by intimidation and

theft by taking).

Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded for

resentencing. Andrews, P. J., and Miller, P. J., concur.

12