IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Barry M. Stock, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 415 C.D. 2015
: Submitted: November 6, 2015
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Judge1
HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ROCHELLE S. FRIEDMAN, Senior Judge
OPINION BY JUDGE BROBSON FILED: April 8, 2016
Petitioner Barry M. Stock (Claimant), acting pro se, petitions for
review of an order of the Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board),
which affirmed a decision of an unemployment compensation referee (Referee),
denying Claimant benefits pursuant to Sections 4(u), 401, 401(c), and 404(d) of the
Unemployment Compensation Law2 (Law). The Referee also assessed a non-fraud
overpayment of Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) benefits in the
1
This case was assigned to the opinion writer on or before January 31, 2016, when Judge
Leadbetter assumed the status of senior judge.
2
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§§ 753(u), 801, 801(c) and 804(d). Section 401 of the Law provides, in part, that
“compensation” shall be payable to an employee who is or becomes unemployed.
Section 4(u) of the Law defines the term “unemployed.” Section 404(d) of the Law provides, in
part, that an eligible employee who is unemployed shall be paid compensation in an amount
equal to his weekly benefit rate less any remuneration “paid or payable to him with respect to
such week for services performed which is in excess of his partial benefit credit.”
amount of $9,163 and Federal Additional Compensation (FAC) benefits in the
amount of $300 under Section 4005 of the Emergency Unemployment
Compensation Act of 2008 (EUC Act).3 The Board did not impose any penalty
weeks or financial penalties pursuant to Sections 801(b) or 801(c) of the Law4 and
Section 4005(a)(1) of the EUC Act. For the reasons set forth below, we now
vacate the Board’s order and remand the matter to the Board.
On September 23, 2014, the Scranton UC Service Center (Service
Center) issued several notices of determination to Claimant relating to a fraud
overpayment of benefits. (Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 6) A notice of
determination of earnings showed that Claimant’s weekly benefit rate was $539,
3
Title IV of the Supplemental Appropriation Act of 2008, Public Law 110-252,
122 Stat. 2323. The provisions of the EUC Act are found in the Note to 26 U.S.C. § 3304. EUC
benefits are federally funded and were created by Congress pursuant to the EUC Act. McKenna
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 981 A.2d 415, 417 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). The EUC
benefits programs are administered by the states. Id. In Pennsylvania, unemployed claimants
who are not eligible for regular unemployment compensation (UC) benefits from Pennsylvania,
another state, the federal government, or Canada may be eligible for EUC benefits. Id.
Eligibility requirements for receipt of regular UC benefits are also applicable to EUC benefits,
along with additional requirements imposed by the EUC Act. Id. Section 4001(d)(2) of the EUC
Act provides that the terms and conditions of the state law which apply to claims for regular UC
benefits apply to claims for EUC benefits.
Section 2002(f) of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), P.L.
No. 111-5, 123 Stat. 115 (2009), provides for FAC benefits in the amount of $25 per week to
individuals otherwise entitled to compensation under state law. The provisions of the ARRA are
found in the Note to 26 U.S.C. § 3304. ARRA also provides that overpayments of FAC benefits
shall be recovered in the same manner as EUC overpayments. Note to 26 U.S.C. § 3304. Thus,
for purposes of our review, it is irrelevant whether the overpayments were of EUC benefits or
FAC benefits.
4
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§§ 871(b) and (c). Section 801(b) of the Law relates to the assessment of penalty weeks, and
Section 801(c) of the Law relates to the assessment of financial penalties.
2
his partial benefit credit was $216, and he “worked but knowingly failed to report
all earnings and therefore, failed to file a valid claim for compensation” as a result
of work performed for North Central Highway Safety Network (Employer). (C.R.,
Item No. 6 at Form UC-44(1).) The notice relating to EUC benefits indicated that
Claimant reported no earnings over a period of 17 weeks from January through
May 2009, although he actually received gross earnings for each of those weeks in
the amount of $360 per week, with the exception of three weeks during which he
earned $357, $432, and $450. (Id.) Notices of determination of overpayment of
benefits (EUC and FAC) informed Claimant that the Service Center had
determined that Claimant received a total of $9,163 in EUC benefits and $300 in
FAC benefits to which he was not entitled as a result of his knowingly failing to
report gross earnings from Employer. (C.R., Item No. 6 at Form UC-44(12) EUC
REV 7-08 and Form UC-44(12) FAC 4-10.) Because the Service Center
determined that the overpayment constituted a “fraud overpayment,” Claimant was
“subject to the penalty, repayment, and recovery provisions of Sections 4005(a),
4005(b), and 4005(c) of the EUC Act” of 2008. (Id.) As a result of these
determinations, the Service Center imposed a 15% penalty. (C.R., Item No. 6 at
Form UC-44(PS) 05-14.)
Claimant appealed, asserting that all wages were reported because
Employer reports them and that he had contacted unemployment compensation
authorities when he began working part-time and was told to continue filing
weekly claims “as is.” (C.R., Item No. 6 at Pet. for Appeal.) He further explained
that he was told that he would be contacted later to adjust any overpayment, but he
had not been contacted until the notices of determination were issued.
3
A Referee conducted an evidentiary hearing to consider: (1) whether
Claimant “received benefits to which he was not entitled” and “whether fault or
nonfault provisions should govern the recoupment of compensation;” (2) whether
Claimant is entitled to EUC benefits; and (3) whether Claimant “knowingly made a
false statement or knowingly failed to disclose a material fact in order to obtain or
increase benefits and is thereby subject to an additional period of disqualification.”
(C.R., Item Nos. 10, 13.) During the hearing, the Referee received testimony from
Claimant, Employer’s executive director, and an unemployment compensation
claims adjuster.
By decision and order dated December 24, 2014, the Referee affirmed
in part, affirmed as modified, and reversed in part, the Service Center’s
determinations. The Referee concluded that Claimant was disqualified from
receiving EUC and FAC benefits with respect to the 17 weeks at issue and that
Claimant had a non-fraud overpayment of EUC and FAC benefits in the amounts
of $9,163 and $300, respectively. The Referee concluded that no penalty weeks or
amounts should be assessed against Claimant in the context of EUC benefits.
In support of those conclusions, the Referee made the following
findings of fact:
1. With respect to the period at issue the claimant’s
weekly benefit rate for EUC benefits was $593 and
his partial benefit credit was $215.[5]
2. With respect to each of the weeks at issue the
claimant was working part time as an accountant
for employer, North Central Highway Safety
Network.
5
In actuality, it appears that Claimant’s partial benefit credit was $216. (C.R., Item No. 6
at Form UC-44(1).)
4
3. As agreed by the claimant, the employer and the
department had part-time earnings as indicated in
the determinations of the UC Service Center.
4. When filing his claims for benefits, mostly on line
the time it was first done, the claimant filed for
partial benefits he reported that he was partially
unemployed and he honestly believed that this was
all that he had to do and essentially that the matter
would be adjusted by the UC Service Center.
5. The claimant with respect to all the weeks at issue
and with respect to both EUC and FAC benefits
did not file claims for benefits in a proper manner.
6. As a result of the foregoing, the claimant received
an overpayment of EUC benefits in a total amount
of $9,163 and of FAC benefits in a total amount of
$300.
7. The claimant did not knowingly or intentionally
give false information or withhold information in
order to obtain the benefits nor did the claimant in
any way fraudulently obtain EUC or FAC benefits.
(C.R., Item No. 14 (emphasis added).)
The Referee reasoned, in part:
In the instant case it is clear from the testimony
and evidence of all parties that the claimant did not file
claims for benefits in a proper manner with regard to
reporting earning[s] with respect to the weeks at issue so
that the claimant is properly disqualified from receiving
EUC and FAC benefits in accordance with the foregoing
provisions of the Pennsylvania Unemployment
Compensation Law.
The Referee is persuaded that the claimant made
an hones[t] mistake with regard to the reporting in the
instant case and that there should be no fraud
overpayment but rather a non-fraud overpayment in the
amount of $9,163 with regard to EUC benefits and in the
amount of $300 with regard to FAC benefits in
accordance with Section 4005 of the EUC Act.
5
The Referee is not persuaded that in an EUC
context with Sections 801(b) and 801(c) of the
Pennsylvania Unemployment Compensation Law that
any penalty weeks or financial penalty weeks should be
assessed to the claimant.
(Id. (emphasis added).)
Claimant appealed to the Board, essentially arguing that the Referee
erred in disqualifying him from receiving all of the 2009 EUC and FAC benefits
that he had received. Claimant contended that, instead of being disqualified from
receipt of all benefits for that 17-week period, which resulted in a non-fraud
overpayment amount of $9,163, he should be permitted to settle the overpayment
by reimbursing the difference between the amount that he received and the amount
that he should have received had his part-time wages been properly reported, for a
difference of $2,607. By decision and order dated February 18, 2015, the Board
affirmed the Referee’s determination and adopted the Referee’s findings and
conclusions. Claimant then petitioned this Court for review.6
On appeal,7 Claimant again argues that the Board erred in
disqualifying him as to all EUC and FAC benefits that he received while employed
part-time during 2009, and he requests that he be permitted to reimburse the
overpayment of wages in excess of the partial benefit.8 (Claimant’s Pet. for
6
The Board denied Claimant’s request for reconsideration. (C.R., Item No. 19.)
7
This Court’s standard of review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights
were violated, whether an error of law was committed, or whether necessary findings of fact are
supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S.
§ 704.
8
The Board argues that Claimant failed to preserve this issue because the only issue he
raised before the Referee was that the Service Center erred in determining that the overpayments
constituted fraud overpayments rather than non-fraud overpayments. We disagree. Claimant
(Footnote continued on next page…)
6
Review at 4.) The Board counters that Claimant’s failure to report his part-time
earnings when filing and collecting benefits for 17 weeks renders him completely
ineligible for benefits under Section 401(c) of the Law and Section 4005(a) of the
EUC Act.9 The Board cites this Court’s decision in Smith v. Unemployment
Compensation Board of Review, 500 A.2d 186 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1985), in support of
its position.
Section 401(c) of the Law provides, in part:
Compensation shall be payable to any employe who is or
becomes unemployed, and who . . . [h]as made a valid
application for benefits with respect to the benefit year
for which compensation is claimed and has made a claim
for compensation in the proper manner and on the form
prescribed by the department.
(Emphasis added.) Section 4005 of the EUC Act governs repayment and recovery
of EUC benefits and provides, in part:
(continued…)
admitted to receiving overpayments and, in addition to arguing that the Service Center erred in
concluding that the overpayments constituted fraud overpayments, he also contended that he
should be permitted to pay back the overpayments that he tried to pay back starting in
January 2009—meaning pay back the difference between the amount that he received and the
amount that he should have received had his part-time wages been properly reported. (See C.R.,
Item No. 13 at 11.) Claimant calculates the amount of overpayment to be $2,607, which results
from the part-time wages of $6,279 less the partial weekly benefit allowed of $3,672. (See
Pet’r’s Br. at 9.)
9
Although the Board cites Section 4005(a) of the EUC Act, that section relates to
ineligibility for EUC benefits when an “individual knowingly has made . . . a false statement.”
That section does not appear to be applicable to the matter now before the Court, because, here,
the Referee found that Claimant “made an honest mistake” and “did not knowingly or
intentionally give false information or withhold information.” (C.R., Item No. 14.) We will
analyze the arguments under Section 4005 generally.
7
(a) IN GENERAL.—If an individual knowingly has
made . . . a false statement or representation of a
material fact, . . . and as a result of such false statement
or representation or of such nondisclosure such
individual has received an amount of emergency
unemployment compensation under this title to which
such individual was not entitled, such individual—
(1) Shall be ineligible for further emergency
unemployment compensation under this title in
accordance with the provisions of the applicable
State unemployment compensation law relating to
fraud in connection with a claim for
unemployment compensation;
...
(b) REPAYMENT.—In the case of individuals who
have received amounts of emergency unemployment
compensation under this title to which they were not
entitled, the State shall require such individuals to repay
the amounts of such emergency unemployment
compensation to the State agency, except that the State
agency may waive such repayment if it determines that—
(1) The payment of such emergency
unemployment compensation was without fault on
the part of any such individual; and
(2) Such repayment would be contrary to
equity and good conscience.
(c) RECOVERY BY STATE AGENCY.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—The State agency may
recover the amount to be repaid, or any part
thereof, by deductions from any emergency
unemployment compensation payable to such
individual under this title or from any
unemployment compensation payable to such
individual under any State or Federal
unemployment compensation law administered by
the State agency or under any other State or
Federal law administered by the State agency
which provides for the payment of any assistance
or allowance with respect to any week of
unemployment, during the 3-year period after the
8
date such individuals received the payment of the
emergency unemployment compensation to which
they were not entitled . . . .
Section 4005 of the EUC Act, which applies to EUC benefits, is
similar to Section 804 of the Law,10 which applies to unemployment compensation
benefits. Both sections provide that if there is a fault overpayment, the claimant
must repay the amount to which he was “not entitled,” but that a claimant is not
liable to repay a non-fault overpayment. Instead, non-fault overpayments shall be
recouped from future benefits payable to the claimant, provided that the amount is
recouped within the three-year period following the benefit year at issue. Id.
As the Board properly observes, this Court has applied Section 401(c)
of the Law’s requirement that a claimant make a “claim for compensation in the
proper manner” to render a claimant totally ineligible for unemployment
compensation benefits. See Smith, 500 A.2d at 189-90 (explaining that
“concealment of earnings from employment results in loss of eligibility because
the claim has not been made ‘in the proper manner’” and that ineligibility under
10
Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S.
§ 874. Section 804(a) of the Law provides, in part, that “[a]ny person who by reason of his fault
has received any sum as compensation under [the Law] to which he was not entitled, shall be
liable to repay . . . a sum equal to the amount so received by him and interest.” Pursuant to
Section 804(b)(1) of the Law, however, if a person has received compensation to which he was
not entitled “other than by reason of his fault,” he “shall not be liable to repay such sum but shall
be liable to have such sum deducted from any future compensation payable to him with respect
to such benefit year, or the three-year period immediately following such benefit year.” “The
word ‘fault’ within the meaning of Section 804(a) connotes an act to which blame, censure,
impropriety, shortcoming or culpability attaches. To find ‘fault’ under Section 804(a), there
must be some finding by the referee or the Board concerning the claimant’s state of mind.”
Amspacher v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 479 A.2d 688, 691 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984)
(citations omitted).
9
Section 401(c) “is total, rather than dependent upon the relationship between the
unreported amount and the partial benefit credit” (emphasis added)). Specifically,
our Court has applied this concept of “total ineligibility” when a claimant has been
found to have knowingly withheld information regarding part-time earnings and,
therefore, received a fault overpayment of unemployment compensation benefits
under Section 804(a) of the Law. See Smith, 500 A.2d at 189; see also Amspacher
v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 479 A.2d 688, 690-91 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984)
(holding that claimant who withheld information regarding part-time employment
was ineligible for unemployment compensation benefits because claimant did not
make claim in proper manner as required by Section 401(c) and was, therefore,
ineligible for benefits for weeks in which he withheld this information);11
Rohrbach v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 450 A.2d 323, 325 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1982) (holding that “a claimant is disqualified from receiving unemployment
compensation benefits for those weeks in which she fails to report earnings” and
subject to recoupment of fault overpayment under Section 804(a) of Law). We
have similarly extended the concept of “total ineligibility” to situations involving
11
In Amspacher, we explained:
A claimant seeking unemployment compensation benefits is required to
divulge to the [Office of Employment Security (OES)] all pertinent information
regarding the claimant’s employment status. This information is required so that
the OES may make an intelligent and informed determination as to the claimant’s
eligibility for benefits and computation of a weekly benefit rate and partial benefit
credit. This requirement which is imposed upon claimants recognizes the
Commonwealth’s interest in unemployment compensation and assists in fulfilling
the Commonwealth’s duty to protect the unemployment compensation fund
against dissipation by those not entitled to benefits under the law.
Amspacher, 479 A.2d at 690-91.
10
EUC benefits where a claimant has been found to have knowingly made a false
statement or representation of a material fact regarding part time earnings and,
therefore, received a fraud overpayment of EUC benefits under Section 4005 of the
EUC Act. See Hanna v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review (Pa. Cmwlth.,
Nos. 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682, and 1683 C.D. 2014, filed July 8, 2015);
Riebling v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1751
C.D. 2010, filed July 26, 2011). We have not, however, considered whether the
concept of “total ineligibility,” as described in Smith, is equally applicable to
situations where a claimant receives EUC benefits to which he was “not entitled”
due to an “honest mistake” on his part and not due to fraud or fault.
When interpreting a statute, this Court is guided by the Statutory
Construction Act of 1972, 1 Pa. C.S. §§ 1501-1991, which provides that “the
object of all interpretation and construction of all statutes is to ascertain and
effectuate the intention of the General Assembly.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(a). “The
clearest indication of legislative intent is generally the plain language of a statute.”
Walker v. Eleby, 842 A.2d 389, 400 (Pa. 2004). “When the words of a statute are
clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the
pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(b). Only “[w]hen the words of
the statute are not explicit” may this Court resort to statutory construction. 1 Pa.
C.S. § 1921(c). “A statute is ambiguous or unclear if its language is subject to two
or more reasonable interpretations.” Bethenergy Mines, Inc. v. Dep’t of Envtl.
Prot., 676 A.2d 711, 715 (Pa. Cmwlth.), appeal denied, 685 A.2d 547 (Pa. 1996).
Moreover, “[e]very statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its
provisions.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1921(a). It is presumed “[t]hat the General Assembly
intends the entire statute to be effective and certain.” 1 Pa. C.S. § 1922(2). Thus,
11
no provision of a statute shall be “reduced to mere surplusage.” Walker, 842 A.2d
at 400. Finally, it is presumed “[t]hat the General Assembly does not intend a
result that is absurd, impossible of execution or unreasonable.” 1 Pa. C.S.
§ 1922(1).
An examination of the statutory language reveals that neither
Section 401(c) of the Law nor Section 4005 of the EUC Act speak in terms of
“total ineligibility” or describe the manner in which the amount of the
overpayment shall be calculated. Pertinent to our analysis, Section 401(c) of the
Law merely provides that a claimant must file a “claim for compensation in the
proper manner,” and Section 4005 of the EUC Act provides for the repayment and
recovery of the amount of “compensation to which [claimants] were not entitled”
without defining that phrase. Thus, in order to determine the amount of EUC
benefits that may be recovered from Claimant, we must engage in statutory
construction.
By applying the reasoning set forth in Smith, this Court has essentially
interpreted Section 4005(b) of the EUC Act’s phrase “compensation . . . to which
[a claimant was] not entitled” in the context of fault overpayments to include all
EUC benefits that a claimant received during any week in which the claimant
failed to make a “claim for compensation in the proper manner” as required by
Section 401(c) of the Law. See Hanna; Riebling. Thus, if a claimant acted in a
culpable manner and knowingly withheld earnings information that the claimant
was required to provide, thereby receiving a fraud overpayment, the claimant is
deemed ineligible for any compensation during those weeks. In such an instance,
the repercussion for the culpable conduct is greater than merely being required to
pay back any amounts that the claimant would not have received if the claimant
12
had properly reported his earnings. The concept of total ineligibility, therefore,
allows for the recovery of compensation by unemployment authorities and also
serves as a punishment for and deterrent to the culpable withholding of earnings
information. In the context of fraud overpayments, such an interpretation of the
phrase “compensation . . . to which [a claimant was] not entitled” is reasonable.
As this Court in Smith observed, we are mindful that we “should preserve every
incentive which the Law contains to encourage full and open disclosure by a
claimant.” Smith, 500 A.2d at 190-91.
The concept of “total ineligibility” in the context of non-fraud
overpayments, however, would not serve the same purposes as it does in a fraud
overpayment situation. In a non-fraud overpayment situation, there is no deterrent
purpose to be served, because the underlying conduct (failure to report earnings)
was done without any fraud or fault, meaning that the claimant did not knowingly
or intentionally withhold information that he was required to provide. Similarly, it
would not be reasonable to apply the “total ineligibility” concept as a punishment,
because, again, the underlying conduct was not done knowingly or intentionally.
Instead, in these situations, it is more reasonable to require a claimant to be subject
to recoupment for the amount he would not have received if he had properly
reported his earnings. Such an interpretation allows for monies to be recouped by
unemployment authorities while being mindful of the well-recognized notion that
the “Law is remedial legislation whose benefit provisions are to be construed
liberally in the claimant’s favor.” Amspacher, 479 A.2d at 690 (citing Micciche v.
Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 461 A.2d 914 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983)). This
notion is particularly applicable where the claimant has not engaged in any
culpable conduct. To interpret the phrase “compensation to which [claimants]
13
were not entitled” in a manner which serves to punish a claimant for non-culpable
conduct would lead to an absurd and unreasonable result, clearly not intended by
the General Assembly.
For the reasons set forth above, we agree with Claimant that the Board
erred in disqualifying him as to all benefits that he received while employed
part-time during 2009. Instead, the Board should have calculated the non-fraud
overpayment by first determining the amount of EUC and FAC benefits that
Claimant would have received had he properly reported his part time earnings and
then subtracting that amount from the amount Claimant actually received. The
difference between these sums would equal the amount of the non-fraud
overpayment.
Accordingly, the order of the Board is vacated and the matter is
remanded to the Board for a recalculation of the amount of Claimant’s non-fraud
overpayment.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
14
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Barry M. Stock, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 415 C.D. 2015
:
Unemployment Compensation :
Board of Review, :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 8th day of April, 2016, the order of the
Unemployment Compensation Board (Board) of Review is hereby VACATED and
the matter remanded to the Board for a recalculation of the amount of Petitioner’s
non-fraud overpayment consistent with the attached Opinion.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge