Filed 4/20/16 P. v. Salgado CA4/1
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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D066335
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD247657)
HIGINIO SORIANO SALGADO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joan P.
Weber, Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia A. Scott, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Felicity
Senoski, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
A jury found Higinio Soriano Salgado guilty of second degree murder (Pen. Code,
§ 187, subd. (a)) in the brutal beating death of his employer, architect Graham Downes.1
The trial court sentenced Salgado to a prison term of 15 years to life.
Salgado contends (1) insufficient evidence supports a finding that he was
conscious during the killing or that he acted with malice; (2) the trial court erred in
declining Salgado's request to amplify the jury instruction on unconsciousness due to
voluntary intoxication (CALCRIM No. 626) with a pinpoint instruction stating that
blackouts may cause unconsciousness; (3) the trial court prejudicially erred in admitting
testimony from a witness about Salgado's history of drinking; and (4) the prosecutor
committed prejudicial misconduct during closing argument by the way in which she
characterized involuntary manslaughter due to unconsciousness caused by voluntary
intoxication. As we will explain, we conclude that Salgado's arguments lack merit, and
accordingly we affirm the judgment.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Salgado worked for several years as a property and construction manager at
Downes's architectural firm and related businesses.
On the evening of April 18, 2013, a happy hour was held in the workplace, starting
at around 6:00 p.m., with Downes and Salgado in attendance. Salgado drank beer or
wine and at least four shots of tequila during the happy hour. Later in the evening,
1 Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
Downes and five employees — including Salgado — drove to a bar to continue
socializing. While at the bar, Salgado had at least two other drinks, and was described as
acting loud, animated and appearing inebriated. Based on his observations of Salgado's
intoxication, the bartender eventually told Salgado that he was not going to serve him any
more alcohol.
At around 11:30 p.m., the group decided to move to Downes's house, where
Downes served drinks, and Salgado continued drinking. At Downes's house, Salgado did
several things that made some of his coworkers uncomfortable, including antagonizing
Downes's dog, making rude comments about something he saw on a coworker's cell
phone, invading the personal space of one of the women, and then following two of the
women upstairs and opening a closed bathroom door while one of them was using the
toilet. At one point, Salgado got agitated and upset when someone mentioned a former
coworker and supervisor of Salgado who had come into the office for a meeting with
Downes earlier that week, and whom Salgado did not like. Salgado raised his voice and
pointed at Downes, stating something such as, "Why are you meeting with that guy";
"Fuck that guy"; "You better not give him my fucking job." Downes reacted in a relaxed
and calm manner, successfully defusing the situation by laughing it off and telling
Salgado that he was not going to give the person a job.
The last two coworkers left Downes's house and got into their car to leave around
1:00 a.m., without first saying goodbye to Downes and Salgado. As the women were
preparing to drive away, Downes and Salgado came outside to say that they should stay
longer. When the women said they were leaving, Downes asked if they could give
3
Salgado a ride home, but the women declined and drove away. During his interactions
with his coworkers at Downes's house and outside while the women were leaving,
Salgado appeared drunk but was aware of what he was saying, and he could walk, talk
and stand on his own.
A short time later Jeff Kunitz, who lived across the street from Downes, was
awakened by loud voices outside his window. He looked outside and saw two men and
one woman talking on the sidewalk and then watched the woman walk away down the
street. In the context of other evidence presented at trial, there is no dispute that the two
men were Salgado and Downes.2
Kunitz tried to go back to sleep, but the voices of Salgado and Downes got louder
and turned into an argument, so Kunitz went to the window again. He observed that the
altercation began to turn physical, with Salgado grabbing and punching Downes, while
Downes tried to back off. Kunitz then went outside with a flashlight, which he pointed
toward the men. At that point, Kunitz saw Salgado leaning over Downes, who was on
the ground. Salgado appeared to have his hands around Downes's upper body and to be
pounding him into the ground. Kunitz heard a gurgling sound come from Downes while
Salgado was on top of him and saw no more movement from Downes after that point.
2 Among other things, Kunitz described the aggressor during the assault as a man
wearing a blue shirt, and Salgado was wearing a blue shirt that evening. As the police
eventually found both men on the sidewalk after the assault, with Downes badly beaten
and Salgado splattered with blood, Salgado does not attempt to dispute that he was the
person that Kunitz observed assaulting Downes.
4
After yelling to the men that he was going to call the police, Kunitz went inside
and called 911 at 1:08 a.m. Kunitz then looked out and saw Salgado shaking Downes
and dragging him down the street, after which Salgado sat down near Downes and
waited. Because the police had not arrived after several minutes, Kunitz decided to go to
his garage and shine the headlights to his car onto Salgado and Downes. He saw one man
on the ground and the other sitting nearby. Kunitz drove around the block, and then
called 911 for a second time at 1:48 a.m. A police officer arrived at approximately
1:50 a.m.
In addition to Kunitz's eyewitness account of the assault, a woman who lived
nearby testified about sounds that she heard as she lay in bed that night. Specifically, the
woman testified that she was awakened after midnight by a loud male voice saying
something such as "I'm going to fuck you up." She then heard loud grunting sounds that
went on for a while, along with a persistent soft thumping sound, which was followed by
a man's voice saying, "I'm going to call the cops."
The police officer who arrived on the scene at 1:50 a.m. observed Salgado and
Downes lying close to each other on the sidewalk. Salgado had his arm across Downes's
back. Downes's jaw was locked open, his teeth were bloodied, his face was swollen and
he had trauma to his neck. Downes was unresponsive, and the officer called for the
paramedics. There were splatters of Downes's blood on the sidewalk and the bushes,
along with multiple blood stains on the sidewalk suggesting repeated contact of a bloody
object on that surface.
5
When the police officer asked Salgado to sit up, Salgado rolled toward him but
was unable to sit up. The officer handcuffed Salgado, helped him to his feet and then
walked with him to the patrol car, where Salgado stood for approximately 30 minutes
while the officer spoke with him. According to the officer, Salgado appeared to have
been drinking, but he was able to function and did not seem to be extremely intoxicated.
Aside from a bruise or abrasion between his eyes and marks from the handcuffs, Salgado
was not injured. Salgado, did however, have blood splatters on his face and blood on his
hands, which was likely Downes's blood. Salgado was eventually transported to the
police station and then to jail. His blood alcohol level at 5:20 a.m. was 0.15 percent.
According to expert testimony, Salgado's blood alcohol level could have been as high as
0.24 percent at 1:00 a.m.
When paramedics arrived on the scene, Downes had no pulse and wasn't
breathing. The paramedics managed to restart Downes's pulse and then transported him
to the hospital, but Downes was declared brain dead two days after the assault, on
April 21, 2013. An autopsy showed that the cause of death was blunt force trauma to the
head and neck that caused brain damage from a lack of oxygen. Downes sustained 17 to
21 blunt force injuries to his head and neck, and there was hemorrhaging in Downes's
neck muscles, consistent with strangulation.
Salgado was charged with first degree murder (§ 187, subd. (a)). At trial, Salgado
testified that he remembered being in the bar, had a vague memory of driving to
Downes's house and could remember a single scene of sitting at the wet bar while
Downes was serving drinks, but he had no other memory of what happened at Downes's
6
house and no memory of killing Downes. According to Salgado, the first thing he
remembers is being on the sidewalk with the police officer waking him up and Downes
lying next to him. Salgado testified that there were incidents in the past where he woke
up after a night of drinking and did not remember what happened.
At trial, Salgado's main defense was that he was unconscious due to an alcoholic
blackout during the killing, and that due to Salgado's unconscious state, he was guilty of
nothing more than involuntary manslaughter. The principal evidentiary support for this
defense was the testimony of the defense's expert witness, Dr. Clark Smith, who testified
that alcoholic blackouts, which may occur at a blood alcohol level of 0.20 and higher, are
a "form of unconsciousness," and persons in such a state "make choices, but usually at an
automatic level based on repetitive, learned behaviors."
Disputing Dr. Smith's characterization of an alcoholic blackout, the prosecution's
expert witness, Dr. Sean Evans, testified that "[a]n alcoholic blackout is different and
distinct from unconsciousness," and that "[a]n alcoholic blackout does not imply any
reduction in cognitive capacity, other than not laying down the memory." According to
Dr. Evans, an unconscious person will look like someone who is asleep, whereas a person
in an alcoholic blackout will lose the ability to lay down a new memory but may
otherwise be able to do very complicated things, make conscious decisions and interact
fairly normally with the people around them. An unconscious person would not be able
to beat someone to death over the course of several minutes, have a coherent
conversation, or engage in a prolonged verbal confrontation.
7
The jury found Salgado guilty of second degree murder, and the trial court
sentenced him to 15 years to life in prison.
II.
DISCUSSION
A. Substantial Evidence Supports the Verdict
Salgado raises two challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence. First, he argues
that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that he was conscious during the
killing. Second, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding that he
acted with malice.
In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, "we review the entire
record in the light most favorable to the judgment to determine whether it contains
substantial evidence — that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value —
from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. . . . We presume every fact in support of the judgment the trier of fact could have
reasonably deduced from the evidence. . . . If the circumstances reasonably justify the
trier of fact's findings, reversal of the judgment is not warranted simply because the
circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding. . . . 'A
reviewing court neither reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness's credibility.' "
(People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60, citations omitted.)
8
1. Substantial Evidence Supports a Finding That Salgado Was Conscious
During the Killing
As we have explained, Salgado's main defense centered on the claim that he was
unconscious during the killing due to voluntary intoxication. As the law provides, if
Salgado succeeded in that defense, he would be guilty of no more than involuntary
manslaughter. Specifically, " '[u]nconsciousness is ordinarily a complete defense to a
charge of criminal homicide. ([]§ 26, subd. [Four].) If the state of unconsciousness
results from intoxication voluntarily induced, however, it is not a complete defense. . . .
[I]f the intoxication is voluntarily induced, it can never excuse homicide. [Citation.]
Thus, the requisite element of criminal negligence is deemed to exist irrespective of
unconsciousness, and a defendant stands guilty of involuntary manslaughter if he
voluntarily procured his own intoxication.' " (People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353,
423.) Put simply, " '[w]hen a person renders himself or herself unconscious through
voluntary intoxication and kills in that state, the killing is attributed to his or her
negligence in self-intoxicating to that point, and is treated as involuntary manslaughter.' "
(People v. Haley (2004) 34 Cal.4th 283, 313 (Haley).)
There is a "judicially created presumption that a person who acts conscious is
conscious" (People v. Mathson (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1317), and "[a] defendant
can overcome the presumption . . . by simply producing sufficient evidence to raise a
reasonable doubt that he or she was conscious when he or she acted during the
commission of the alleged crime." (Id. at p. 1318.) Ultimately, "[t]he prosecution has the
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that [the] defendant was conscious during
9
the commission of the crime." (People v. Cruz (1978) 83 Cal.App.3d 308, 330-331;
accord, People v. Babbitt (1988) 45 Cal.3d 660, 693.) Here, the trial court apparently
concluded that Salgado had produced sufficient evidence to create a reasonable doubt that
he was conscious during the killing and to rebut the presumption of consciousness, and
thus the trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 626 that the People had "the
burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that [Salgado] was not unconscious."
Salgado contends that insufficient evidence supports a finding that he was
conscious. As we will explain, we disagree.
Although no statute defines what it means to be unconscious, case law establishes
that for purposes of a crime committed while unconscious, "a person is deemed
'unconscious' if he or she committed the act without being conscious thereof " (Haley,
supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 313, italics added) and when the person's acts "cannot be deemed
volitional" (People v. Sedeno (1974) 10 Cal.3d 703, 717). Case law has explained that a
state of unconsciousness may be caused by, among other things, "somnambulism, a blow
on the head, or similar cause." (Ibid.)
As Salgado stresses, a person in an unconscious state "need not be incapable of
movement." (People v. Abilez (2007) 41 Cal.4th 472, 516.) Thus, "[u]nconsciousness
does not mean that the actor lies still and unresponsive . . ." (Haley, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
p. 313), and "unconsciousness need not rise to the level of coma or inability to walk or
perform manual movements; it can exist 'where the subject physically acts but is not, at
the time, conscious of acting.' " (People v. Halvorsen (2007) 42 Cal.4th 379, 417
(Halvorsen).)
10
As Salgado correctly observes, evidence of a defendant's consciousness during a
killing "could involve evidence of defendant's behavior at the time of the homicide
inconsistent with one who is unconscious." Thus, for instance, in Halvorsen, our
Supreme Court determined that because of the defendant's "actions during the course of
the offenses," including "[t]he complicated and purposive nature of his conduct," the
evidence did not support an inference that the defendant was unconscious while he
committed the crimes. (Halvorsen, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 418.)
Here, the undisputed evidence showed that Salgado engaged in prolonged activity
during his confrontation with Downes. As Kunitz described, the men began by talking to
each other, and that talking eventually turned into arguing. Salgado then physically
assaulted Downes in a variety of ways, namely punching him, strangling him and
repeatedly pounding his head into the ground. Salgado next dragged Downes along the
sidewalk and also shook him. A reasonable juror could conclude that the extent of these
activities by Salgado are inconsistent with someone in an unconscious state who is not
aware of their actions and is not acting with any volition, and therefore Salgado was
conscious while killing Downes. Indeed, such a conclusion is directly supported by the
testimony of the People's expert witness, Dr. Evans, who stated that a person who is
unconscious could not engage in a coherent conversation or a prolonged argument, and
could not beat someone to death or drag and shake the victim.
A finding that Salgado was conscious during the killing is also supported by the
testimony of people who interacted with him shortly before and shortly after the killing.
One of the women who interacted with Salgado outside Downes's house right before she
11
drove away at approximately 1:00 a.m., stated that although Salgado appeared drunk, he
could walk, talk and stand on his own. The police officer who arrived on the scene at
1:50 a.m. stated that Salgado was able to function and did not seem to be extremely
intoxicated.
Salgado's main argument in support of his claim of unconsciousness is (1) he had a
blood alcohol level high enough to cause an alcoholic blackout; (2) he did not remember
anything about the killing; and (3) Dr. Smith testified that an alcoholic blackout is a type
of unconsciousness. Salgado contends that the only permissible conclusion from that
evidence is that he was in a state of unconsciousness during the killing. Salgado's
reasoning is specious. First, the jury could have simply disbelieved Salgado's claim that
he had no memory of the killing and was in an alcoholic blackout, given Salgado's strong
incentive to try to avoid a murder conviction. Second, even if it credited Salgado's claim
that he did not remember the killing, the jury could have relied on testimony of the
People's expert, Dr. Evans, rather than the testimony of the defense's expert, Dr. Smith, to
determine that the fact of Salgado's alcoholic blackout did not establish that Salgado
killed Downes while unconscious. Specifically, it is the role of the jury to make a
determination on witness credibility (People v. Smith (2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 739), and
" 'the jury remains free to reject [the expert testimony] entirely after considering the
expert's opinion, reasons, qualifications, and credibility.' " (People v. Wright (1988) 45
Cal.3d 1126, 1142, italics deleted (Wright).) Accordingly, the jury could have rejected
Dr. Smith's opinion and instead based its verdict on Dr. Evan's opinion that an alcoholic
blackout is different and distinct from unconsciousness.
12
In sum, we conclude that substantial evidence supports a finding that Salgado was
conscious during the killing, despite his blood alcohol level and his claim that he did not
remember committing the crime.
2. Substantial Evidence Supports a Finding That Salgado Acted with Malice
Salgado's second challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is to the element of
malice aforethought necessary for murder.
" 'Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice
aforethought.' (§ 187, subd. (a).) Malice aforethought may be express or implied.
(§ 188.) 'Express malice is an intent to kill. . . . Malice is implied when a person
willfully does an act, the natural and probable consequences of which are dangerous to
human life, and the person knowingly acts with conscious disregard for the danger to life
that the act poses.' " (People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th 935, 941-942.) The jury was
instructed under CALCRIM No. 520 that it was required to find either express or implied
malice to convict Salgado of murder.
Salgado's argument as to the insufficiency of the evidence of malice is premised
on a faulty assumption. Specifically, Salgado assumes that the only possible basis for the
jury's finding of malice was that Salgado willfully performed an act that he knew posed a
danger to human life by voluntarily intoxicating himself, when he knew he would get
violent and out of control when drunk. Basing his argument on this assumption, Salgado
proceeds to explain that the record contains insufficient evidence that he knew that he
13
would become violent and homicidal if he became intoxicated.3 Specifically, Salgado
argues that "[t]here was nothing in appellant's past experience to put him on notice that
his drinking would result in a deadly, violent act" and thus "[t]he evidence cannot sustain
appellant's conviction for second degree murder."
Salgado's argument fails because it ignores the more obvious theory of implied
malice upon which the prosecution focused its case. Specifically, the prosecutor's main
theory of implied malice was that Salgado was conscious when he beat and strangled
Downes, willfully inflicting an injury that was inherently dangerous to human life.
Completely overlooking this theory of implied malice, Salgado inexplicably
contends that "[t]here was no evidence from the night of the incident which illustrated
that appellant acted deliberately with conscious disregard for life . . . ." Here, however,
the details of the brutal beating that Salgado inflicted upon Downes are more than
sufficient to support a finding that Salgado knowingly acted with deliberate disregard for
human life. A reasonable juror could conclude that by strangling Downes and pounding
Downes's head into the pavement numerous times, Salgado willfully performed acts, the
natural and probable consequences of which are dangerous to human life. Indeed, based
on the injuries that Salgado inflicted on Downes, substantial evidence supports a finding
3 The prosecutor very briefly implied this theory during her closing argument,
stating that despite being told that "when you drink you get out of control," Salgado "did
it anyway" and then "did an act dangerous to human life over and over again," referring
to the sustained beating of Downes. From the context of her remarks, it is not clear
whether the prosecutor was developing a theory of implied malice or was simply
reinforcing that voluntary intoxication is not a defense to second degree murder.
14
of express malice, in that a reasonable juror could conclude that Salgado intended to kill
Downes, not just seriously injury him. (People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 40 ["the
nature of the [victims'] wounds, multiple blows to the head and body, supports an
inference their assailant intended to kill them"].) In short, someone who strangles a
victim and repeatedly pounds his head against the pavement can reasonably be found to
have acted with malice aforethought.
B. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Refusing to Amplify CALCRIM No. 626
We next consider Salgado's contention that the trial court erred by not including a
pinpoint instruction regarding blackouts in the jury instruction on unconsciousness due to
voluntary intoxication.
While discussing proposed jury instructions, the trial court rejected defense
counsel's request that that CALCRIM No. 626 be amplified to include a phrase from
CALCRIM No. 3425, identifying a " blackout" as one possible cause of unconsciousness.
Specifically, CALCRIM No. 626, entitled "Voluntary Intoxication Causing
Unconsciousness: Effects on Homicide Crimes," was given to the jury as follows:
"Voluntary intoxication may cause a person to be unconscious of his or her
actions. A very intoxicated person may still be capable of physical
movement but may not be aware of his or her actions or the nature of those
actions.
"A person is voluntarily intoxicated if he or she becomes intoxicated by
willingly using any intoxicating drug, drink, or other substance knowing
that it could produce an intoxicating effect, or willingly assuming the risk
of that effect.
"When a person voluntarily causes his or her own intoxication to the point
of unconsciousness, the person assumes the risk that while unconscious he
or she will commit acts inherently dangerous to human life. If someone
15
dies as a result of the actions of a person who was unconscious due to
voluntary intoxication, then the killing is involuntary manslaughter.
"Involuntary manslaughter has been proved if you find beyond a reasonable
doubt that:
"1. The defendant killed without legal justification or excuse;
"2. The defendant did not act with the intent to kill;
"3. The defendant did not act with a conscious disregard for human life;
"AND
"4. As a result of voluntary intoxication, the defendant was not conscious of
(his) actions or the nature of those actions.
"The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant was not unconscious. If the People have not met this burden,
you must find the defendant not guilty of murder or voluntary
manslaughter."
Defense counsel proposed that the instruction be amplified to add a phrase from
the general instruction on unconsciousness, CALCRIM No. 3425. That instruction
provides:
"The defendant is not guilty of _____ if (he/she) acted
while unconscious. Someone is unconscious when he or she is not
conscious of his or her actions. [Someone may be unconscious even
though able to move.]
"Unconsciousness may be caused by (a blackout[,]/ [or] an epileptic
seizure[,]/ [or] involuntary intoxication[,]/ [or] _____ ).
"[The defense of unconsciousness may not be based on voluntary
intoxication.]
"The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was
conscious when (he/she) acted. If there is proof beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant acted as if (he/she) were conscious, you should conclude
16
that (he/she) was conscious, unless based on all the evidence, you have a
reasonable doubt that (he/she) was conscious, in which case you must find
(him/her) not guilty."
Defense counsel proposed that the trial court amplify CALCRIM No. 626 by
specifically adding the phrase in the second paragraph of CALCRIM No. 3425, which
states that unconsciousness may be caused by a blackout. The trial court denied the
request, which Salgado now argues constituted prejudicial error.
" ' "[I]n appropriate circumstances" a trial court may be required to give a
requested jury instruction that pinpoints a defense theory of the case. . . . [Citations.] But
a trial court need not give a pinpoint instruction if it is argumentative . . . .' " (People v.
Hartsch (2010) 49 Cal.4th 472, 500.) A court may properly "refuse instructions that
highlight ' "specific evidence as such" ' because such an instruction " 'invite[s] the jury to
draw inferences favorable to one of the parties from specified items of evidence,' it is
considered 'argumentative' and therefore should not be given." (People v. Earp (1999) 20
Cal.4th 826, 886 (Earp).)
As specifically relevant here, our Supreme Court has explained that "an instruction
incorporating a particular expert's opinion would deprive the jury of its independence in
judging the weight to be given to such expert opinion," and is accordingly an improperly
argumentative pinpoint instruction. (Wright, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 1143.) As we have
explained, Salgado's expert witness, Dr. Smith, testified that an alcoholic blackout is a
type of unconsciousness, but the People's expert witness, Dr. Evans, testified that an
alcoholic blackout is different and distinct from unconsciousness. Thus, in light of the
conflicting expert testimony on the effect of an alcoholic blackout on a person's
17
consciousness, a pinpoint instruction specifying that a blackout may cause
unconsciousness would have been impermissibly argumentative because it would have
invited the jury to draw an inference in favor of Salgado on the disputed issue of whether
an alcoholic blackout is a type of unconsciousness. That type of determination is
properly left to the jury and is not properly included in a pinpoint jury instruction.4
Therefore, the trial court did not err in refusing defense counsel's proposed amplification
of the definition of unconsciousness in CALCRIM No. 626.
C. The Trial Court Did Not Prejudicially Err in Admitting Testimony of a Previous
Incident When Salgado Was Out of Control After Drinking Alcohol
Salgado's next contention is that the trial court prejudicially erred in admitting
certain testimony from a witness who briefly described a past experience involving
Salgado's consumption of alcohol.
Roger Ndundalulengo was a coworker of Salgado, who also rented his converted
garage to Salgado as his residence. During the People's rebuttal case, the prosecutor
4 We note also that although Salgado relied on the reference to a "blackout" in
CALCRIM No. 3425 as authority for instructing the jury that a blackout can cause
unconsciousness, the authority cited in CALCRIM No. 3425 reveals that the type of
"blackout" described in CALCRIM No. 3425 might not be an alcoholic blackout.
Specifically, in support of the reference to a blackout as a possible cause of
unconsciousness, the authority section following CALCRIM No. 3425 cites only People
v. Cox (1944) 67 Cal.App.2d 166, 172. (2 Judicial Council of Cal., Crim. Jury Instns.
(2015) Authority for CALCRIM No. 3425, p. 938.) Cox concerned an incident in which
the defendant was hit on the head with a bottle and may have suffered a brain injury
resulting in "automatism, and that while in such unconscious condition he committed an
act without being conscious thereof." (Cox, at p. 172.) As Cox did not involve a
blackout caused by alcohol, it does not provide legal support for a pinpoint instruction
that the condition commonly referred to as "an alcoholic blackout" can be a cause of
unconsciousness.
18
asked Ndundalulengo about an incident during which Salgado was drinking and was out
of control, which occurred in February or March 2013.
"Q: And there was an incident one night where the defendant had been
drinking and was out of control; is that right?
"A: Yes.
"Q: And the next morning, you spoke with the defendant; is that correct?
"A: Yes.
"Q: And you told him about his conduct the night before; is that correct?
"A: Yes.
"Q: Did he tell you that he did not know what happened the night before?
"A: Yes.
"Q: Did you tell him to stop drinking alcohol?
"A: Yes.
"Q: And did you tell him if he did not stop drinking alcohol, you would
kick him off your property?
"A: Yes."
Salgado contends that this testimony was improperly admitted because it was not
relevant and prevented him from receiving a fair trial.
As there was no objection during Ndundalulengo's testimony, the first issue we
consider is whether Salgado's evidentiary objection has been preserved for appeal.
Examining that issue requires a review of two conversations that counsel had with the
trial court prior to the relevant testimony.
19
First, during a sidebar with the trial court in the middle of Salgado's testimony, the
prosecutor notified the court that she intended to ask Salgado about his history of
drinking, and that she then intended to call Ndundalulengo in rebuttal to testify that he
told Salgado to stop drinking because Salgado had a history of being violent or angry
when drunk and of having blackouts. Defense counsel argued that Ndundalulengo should
not be permitted to testify about any history of anger or violence by Salgado when
drinking because, as he understood the facts, Ndundalulengo did not personally see any
such behavior. The prosecutor stated that she wanted to focus on Salgado's history of
blackouts and on Ndundalulengo telling Salgado to stop drinking, not on Salgado's
history of anger or violence when drinking. The trial court ruled that it would allow
questioning of the limited nature described by the prosecutor.
Salgado's testimony then resumed, during which the prosecutor asked Salgado
about his history of drinking, including his relevant interactions with Ndundalulengo.
Salgado denied that Ndundalulengo had told him that he would evict him from the
property if he did not stop drinking, and he testified that the only concern Ndundalulengo
expressed about Salgado's drinking was the effect it was having on Salgado's weight gain.
After Salgado's testimony finished, the trial court and counsel held a second
discussion regarding the scope of testimony that the prosecutor would be permitted to
elicit from Ndundalulengo on the subject of Salgado's drinking. After noting that
Salgado had just denied that Ndundalulengo threatened to evict Salgado if he did not stop
drinking, the trial court asked the prosecutor to describe her proposed examination of
Ndundalulengo. At first, the prosecutor stated that she intended to go into some of the
20
details of the incident that caused Ndundalulengo to tell Salgado to stop drinking.5
Defense counsel's only objection to the prosecutor's planned questioning of
Ndundalulengo was that it would be improper for the prosecutor to go into the details of
Salgado's behavior because those details were not relevant to any issue in dispute. After
observing that she was unsure about how much of the incident Ndundalulengo personally
witnessed and how much was recounted to him by his wife, the prosecutor decided that
she would not go into details of the incident, and would only seek to elicit testimony from
Ndundalulengo that he perceived Salgado to be out of control when drunk and thus told
Salgado he would evict him if he did not stop drinking. The trial court suggested that the
prosecutor accomplish that limited questioning by simply asking leading questions of
Ndundalulengo and speaking with Ndundalulengo beforehand to instruct him to avoid
describing the details of incident. Defense counsel made no objection to that approach,
stating "I think she should be allowed to lead it and really fine tune it so it doesn't open
the door." During Ndundalulengo's testimony, the prosecutor asked limited leading
questions as planned, and defense counsel made no objection.
On appeal, Salgado argues that even the limited testimony elicited from
Ndundalulengo about Salgado's drinking was irrelevant and should not have been
admitted. However, to preserve a claim of erroneous admission of evidence for appeal, a
party must make a timely and specific objection at trial. Specifically, "Evidence Code
5 According to the prosecutor's offer of proof, the details of the incident were that,
while drunk, Salgado appeared at Ndundalulengo's door wearing underwear and holding
a knife. Salgado asked Ndundalulengo to drive him to his brother's house to see if his
brother was okay, and when they got there Salgado tried to scale the fence.
21
section 353, subdivision (a) allows a judgment to be reversed because of erroneous
admission of evidence only if an objection to the evidence or a motion to strike it was
'timely made and so stated as to make clear the specific ground of the objection.'
Pursuant to this statute, ' "we have consistently held that the 'defendant's failure to make a
timely and specific objection' on the ground asserted on appeal makes that ground not
cognizable," ' " and the defendant forfeits his appellate arguments based on the erroneous
admission of the evidence. (People v. Demetrulias (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 20-21.) Here,
defense counsel did not object during the limited testimony elicited from Ndundalulengo,
and his only objection beforehand was to the relevancy of the details of the incident, but
Ndundalulengo's testimony did not include any of the details of the incident. Indeed,
with defense counsel's concurrence, the prosecutor proceeded with very limited leading
questions exactly as she described she would do, referring generically to the incident as
Salgado being "out of control." Accordingly, defense counsel did not preserve for appeal
the contention that Ndundalulengo's testimony was improperly admitted.
Moreover, even were the argument properly preserved, we would reject it as
lacking merit. Salgado contends that Ndundalulengo's testimony should have been
excluded because it was irrelevant to any issue at trial and thus served only to prejudice
Salgado by portraying him as a bad person who drinks until he gets out of control. We
disagree. The entirety of Ndundalulengo's limited testimony on the subject of Salgado's
drinking directly impeached Salgado's testimony and thus related directly to the issue of
Salgado's credibility. Specifically, Salgado testified that (1) Ndundalulengo never told
him that he would evict him if he didn't stop drinking, and (2) Ndundalulengo's only
22
concern with Salgado's drinking was that Salgado was gaining weight. Ndundalulengo's
testimony concisely established that (1) Ndundalulengo did threaten to evict Salgado if he
continued to drink, and (2) Ndundalulengo was concerned about Salgado's drinking
because he got out of control, rather than because Salgado was gaining weight.
Further, even if Salgado were to establish that the trial court erred in admitting
Ndundalulengo's testimony, Salgado could not establish that the admission of the
testimony caused him any prejudice. If anything, Ndundalulengo's testimony helped
Salgado in developing his main defense of unconsciousness. The gist of Ndundalulengo's
testimony was that on a prior occasion Salgado drank to a point where he got out of
control and experienced an alcoholic blackout. As we have explained, Salgado's main
defense theory was that he committed the killing while out of control and unconscious
due to an alcoholic blackout. Ndundalulengo's testimony advanced that defense because
it lent credibility to Salgado's claim that, consistent with past experience, he was actually
experiencing an alcoholic blackout on the night of the killing, not just feigning a lack of
memory.
D. Salgado's Prosecutorial Misconduct Argument
Finally, we consider Salgado's argument that the prosecutor committed prejudicial
misconduct during closing argument in referring to Salgado's theory of involuntary
manslaughter based on voluntarily intoxication causing unconsciousness as an "accident"
theory.
The following specific statements made by the prosecutor during rebuttal closing
argument are at issue:
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"This was not an accident. This is what we heard yesterday afternoon. It
was an accident. Ignoring the evidence, turning away from the evidence.
This is not an accident. The defendant wants you to believe it was an
accident. Wants you to believe: Listen to me and listen to me alone.
When I got up on that stand and I said I was unconscious, listen to me.
Ignore the evidence. Forget the other evidence. Listen to me, me alone and
my doctor. This was not an accident. What he did was murder."
"This is murder. It is not an accident. I want to talk to you specifically
about this accident instruction. It's CALCRIM [No. ]626. And it's where
he got this 'unconscious.' When the defendant got up there and uttered that
word and that word alone, that's why we're talking about this law here.
And I'm going to tell you why this law is not a reasonable interpretation
based on the evidence in the case.
"Four elements if you want to think . . . -- this was an accident. This is the
type of law where it says: Defendant, we understand you didn't have
malice. We understand due to your intoxication level you couldn't have
done what you did. We understand it's an accident what you did. This
defendant pummeled Graham Downes's head over and over and over again.
That's not an accident. And the law tells you that's not an accident, because
you have to find he did an act with an intent to kill and you have to find that
he did not act with a conscious disregard for life [sic]. Was he aware? Did
he know what he was doing? Yes he did. He was not in an unconscious
state. He was conscious."
Salgado also objects to statements later in the prosecutor's rebuttal argument, in
which she gave two examples of the type of killing that would constitute involuntary
manslaughter under a theory of voluntary intoxication, once again mentioning the idea
that such a killing would constitute an "accident."
"You know what an accident is under [CALCRIM No. ]626? It's when a
woman comes home so intoxicated, gets into bed and her infant child is
there, and she rolls over and she kills her own kid. The law says we
understand. You didn't have that killing state of mind. You didn't have that
malice. We understand when you rolled over in bed and you suffocated
your child as your body weight laid on — lie on your child. We get it. You
didn't have malice. This is different. This is different.
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"Or it's the situation where a drunken man who can barely walk and he goes
up into a fire area with ignition stuff and he pees on it and it sets fire and he
mistakes it for a urinal and it gets on fire and he ends up killing someone.
He was in a stupor. He didn't know. He couldn't appreciate his own
conduct. Then the law says we understand. We understand you couldn't
form that malice. You couldn't consciously disregard another person's life."
Defense counsel made no objection to these statements during trial. Salgado
argues for the first time on appeal that the prosecutor's statements constituted
prosecutorial misconduct because they improperly gave the impression that a finding of
involuntary manslaughter due to alcohol-induced unconsciousness would amount to a
finding that the killing was merely an accident, constituting an excusable homicide for
which Salgado was not personally accountable. Salgado contends that the prosecutor's
comments confused ordinary negligence, which occurs in connection with an accident,
with criminal negligence, which is at issue in an involuntary manslaughter verdict.
Further, Salgado contends that the prosecutor's examples of involuntary manslaughter
due to voluntary intoxication were improper because they did not describe acts that were
inherently dangerous to human life and thus gave the impression that involuntary
manslaughter did not constitute criminal negligence.
1. Defense Counsel Forfeited the Issue by Failing to Object at Trial
Prosecutorial misconduct exists " 'under state law only if it involves " 'the use of
deceptive or reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the
jury.' " ' " (Earp, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 858.) In more extreme cases, a defendant's
federal due process rights are violated when a prosecutor's improper remark " ' " 'infect[s]
the trial with unfairness,' " ' " making it fundamentally unfair. (Ibid.) However, " '[t]o
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preserve for appeal a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, the defense must make a timely
objection at trial and request an admonition . . . .' " (Ibid.) As an exception to this rule,
"[a] defendant will be excused from the necessity of either a timely objection and/or a
request for admonition if either would be futile. [Citations.] In addition, failure to
request the jury be admonished does not forfeit the issue for appeal if ' "an admonition
would not have cured the harm caused by the misconduct." ' " (People v. Hill (1998) 17
Cal.4th 800, 820.)
Here, defense counsel did not object to the statements that Salgado now claims to
constitute prosecutorial misconduct, and nothing in the record suggests that an objection
would have been futile. Further, if defense counsel had objected and asked for an
admonition, the jury could have been admonished to disregard the prosecutor's alleged
misstatements. Accordingly, we conclude that because defense counsel did not object to
the statements that Salgado now assigns as prosecutorial misconduct, the issue is not
preserved for appeal.
2. Salgado Has Not Established Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Salgado contends that defense counsel's failure to object to the alleged
prosecutorial misconduct at trial — and thus preserve the issue for appeal — constituted
ineffective assistance of counsel.
"Under both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,
section 15, of the California Constitution, a criminal defendant has the right to the
assistance of counsel." (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215.) That right
"entitles the defendant not to some bare assistance but rather to effective assistance."
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(Ibid.) A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel has the burden to show:
(1) counsel's performance was deficient, falling below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms; and (2) the deficient performance
resulted in prejudice. (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687; Ledesma, at
pp. 216, 218.) Prejudice is shown when "there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome." (Strickland, at p. 694.)
Further, as is important here, "[r]eviewing courts reverse convictions on direct
appeal on the ground of incompetence of counsel only if the record on appeal
demonstrates there could be no rational tactical purpose for counsel's omissions."
(People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 442; see People v. Anderson (2001) 25 Cal.4th
543, 569.) "In the usual case, where counsel's trial tactics or strategic reasons for
challenged decisions do not appear on the record, we will not find ineffective assistance
of counsel on appeal unless there could be no conceivable reason for counsel's acts or
omissions." (People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 926.)
"A defendant whose counsel did not object at trial to alleged prosecutorial
misconduct can argue on appeal that counsel's inaction violated the defendant's
constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel. The appellate record, however,
rarely shows that the failure to object was the result of counsel's incompetence; generally,
such claims are more appropriately litigated on habeas corpus, which allows for an
27
evidentiary hearing where the reasons for defense counsel's actions or omissions can be
explored." (People v. Lopez (2008) 42 Cal.4th 960, 966.)
Here, the appellate record does not show the reason for counsel's failure to object
during closing argument. To decide Salgado's contention on direct appeal would require
us to speculate as to the reason counsel failed to act. (People v. Diaz (1992) 3 Cal.4th
495, 557 ["To engage in . . . speculations [about counsel's failure to act] would involve
the reviewing court ' "in the perilous process of second-guessing." ' "].) Further, we are
not able to conclude that "there simply could be no satisfactory explanation" for defense
counsel's decision not to interrupt closing argument to interpose an objection. (People v.
Carter (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1166, 1211.) Defense counsel may have determined that the
main impact of an objection would be to draw more attention to the point that the
prosecutor was trying to make, namely that Salgado engaged in a prolonged and brutal
course of conduct that is difficult to harmonize with the idea that Salgado acted without
volition and in an unconsciousness state. In light of that risk, defense counsel could
reasonably have concluded that it was best to rely on the jury's ability to follow the clear
instruction on finding involuntary manslaughter based on unconsciousness caused by
voluntary intoxication rather than interrupting the prosecutor's argument to interpose an
objection.
Therefore, we reject, in the context of Salgado's direct appeal, the contention that
defense counsel's failure to object to the alleged prosecutorial misconduct constituted
ineffective assistance of counsel.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
IRION, J.
WE CONCUR:
MCDONALD, Acting P. J.
AARON, J.
29