People v. Provencio CA5

Filed 4/21/16 P. v. Provencio CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,
F069577
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. 1452808)
v.

SAMMY EDDIE PROVENCIO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Linda A.
McFadden, Judge.
Peter Dodd, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez and Kari
Ricci Mueller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
-ooOoo-
 Sammy Eddie Provencio (defendant) stands convicted, following a jury trial, of
inflicting corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition upon his spouse (Pen. Code,
§ 273.5, subd. (a); count I), making criminal threats (id., § 422; count II), and damaging
or destroying a wireless communication device (id., § 591.5; count III). Following a
bifurcated court trial, he was found to have suffered a prior domestic violence conviction
(id., former § 273.5, subd. (e)(1)) and two prior serious felony convictions within the
meaning of the three strikes law (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (d)), and to have served three
prior prison terms (id., § 667.5, subd. (b)). His motion to dismiss one of his prior
convictions was denied, but the trial court struck one of the prior prison term
enhancements. Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 25 years to life on
counts I and II, plus two years for the remaining enhancements, and was ordered to pay
various fees, fines, and assessments.
On appeal, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
defendant’s motion for a mistrial; nor did it err by admitting a prior uncharged act of
domestic violence. We further hold any error in the trial court’s other challenged
evidentiary rulings was harmless. Defendant must, however, be resentenced. The
convictions are affirmed, but the case is remanded for resentencing
FACTS
I
PROSECUTION EVIDENCE
The Charged Offenses
Stephanie Provencio and defendant were wed in October 2009. Their son was
born in 2011.1

1 For clarity, we refer to Stephanie Provencio by her first name. No disrespect is
intended.

2.
 On December 19, 2012, Stephanie and the child were visiting defendant for
Christmas at the house in Ceres where defendant lived with Isaac Basaun and Priscilla
Garza. Early that day, defendant yelled at Stephanie about her feeding their son cereal,
then the argument escalated. Defendant punched Stephanie multiple times in the chest
and pushed her down. Stephanie lay on the ground in a fetal position. She was afraid
and did not know what else to do, because the child was right next to her.
As Stephanie lay there, defendant grabbed her by the hair and punched her in the
back of the head several times. She “blacked out,” and it took her a minute to realize
what was going on. Defendant also kicked her legs. The child was crying, and defendant
stopped and fell asleep.
Stephanie did not leave, because she was afraid. Right after the beating, defendant
said that if she told on him, he would kill her and the boy. A few days earlier, she had
tried to call her brother to pick her up, and defendant had grabbed her phone from her and
thrown it at the wall, breaking the phone. After defendant fell asleep on December 19,
however, Stephanie retrieved defendant’s phone from where he had hidden it, snuck out
of the room, and called her sister, Ruth Poyorena, who lived about four hours away.
Stephanie called her instead of the police because she was afraid of defendant. Stephanie
told her what happened and to do anything she could to get Stephanie out of there.
Poyorena then called the police.2

2 According to Poyorena, Poyorena was asleep when Stephanie called, so Stephanie
left a voice message, saying she was just beaten up by defendant and to call the police.
When Poyorena woke around 11:30 a.m. or 12:00 p.m., she heard the message and called
Stephanie, who said she was “okay.” An hour or so later, Poyorena called Stephanie
again; again Stephanie said she was “okay.” Poyorena called a third time about an hour
later. She could heard defendant in the background. Poyorena asked if Stephanie wanted
her to call the police. Defendant said, “Call the cops, by the time they get here, this bitch
will be dead.” As Stephanie said “yes” to Poyorena, the phone went dead. Poyorena
called the Ceres police and gave them an address at which to check on Stephanie.

3.
 Officer Petersen arrived 15 or 20 minutes later, around 11:34 a.m.3 Someone at
the house warned defendant the police were there. As defendant was walking out the
back door, he again told Stephanie that if she opened her mouth, he would kill her and
her son.
Stephanie had contact with Petersen near the open garage door. There were a
number of people outside. Stephanie was afraid because the people with whom she and
her son were staying were friends of defendant. When Petersen asked if defendant lived
there, Garza said she knew who he was, but he was not there. Petersen asked Stephanie if
she knew who the reporting party was; she said no, but pointed to the house. Although
Carvalho saw the gesture, Petersen returned to his patrol car and recontacted Poyorena to
confirm he was at the correct address. Poyorena begged him to question more people.
Carvalho eventually found defendant in the backyard, standing up against the house.
Petersen remained in the garage with Stephanie. As Carvalho took defendant, who
was handcuffed, out to the patrol car, defendant said to Stephanie, “What the fuck? Did
you call the cops? Tell them that we were just arguing.” Petersen shielded Stephanie
from defendant, but saw her lip was trembling. Defendant was still trying to
communicate with Stephanie after Carvalho placed him in the patrol car.
Petersen subsequently interviewed Stephanie at the police station. Stephanie said
she had been staying with her sister, but defendant wanted to spend Christmas with their
son, and Stephanie was not going to send the child by himself. To Stephanie’s
knowledge, there was a stay-away order at that point, but not an active restraining order,
and so it was permissible for her to let defendant see their son.4

3 Petersen was dispatched to a security check call, with Poyorena as the original
reporting party. Due to the type of call, a second officer — Officer Carvalho — was also
dispatched.
4 The order, which was made August 1, 2011, provided that defendant not harm or
strike Stephanie, and that he not do anything to try to prevent or dissuade any victim or
witness from testifying or attending any court proceeding.

4.
 Stephanie related that when she and the child first arrived at the house in Ceres on
December 9, 2012, there was a lot of drinking involved. Garza and Basaun got into an
altercation that became violent. Defendant tried to step in and ended up hitting Basaun in
the mouth. When Stephanie tried to tell him not to get involved, defendant turned his
anger on her. He punched her multiple times in the chest and on the wrists and he pulled
her hair. Stephanie did not call the police, because she feared for her life.
After meeting with Petersen at the police station, where her injuries were
photographed, Stephanie went to the emergency room because her head was throbbing.5
She suffered from postconcussive syndrome and still had painful headaches as of the time
of trial.
After defendant’s arrest, Stephanie moved into a safe house and obtained a
restraining order. Despite the order, defendant attempted to contact her by mail. In his
letters, he told her that she did not have to testify. At one point, he warned her to “[s]tay
the fuck away from the district attorney.” Defendant also telephoned her numerous times
from jail.6 On one occasion, he apologized for the beating and said it would never
happen again. He had made such promises several times before, and she had gotten back
together with him.

5 The photographs taken of Stephanie at the police station showed bruises sustained
in both December 2012 incidents. Stephanie complained to Petersen of headaches and
asked him to feel the side of her head. He was able to feel two knots or bumps. When
Petersen spoke to Stephanie at the house, however, she initially said she did not need any
medical treatment.
6 One day, Stephanie had 127 missed calls from defendant. Mike Hermosa, an
investigator for the district attorney’s office, recorded several of the voice messages. In
one, defendant said, “I’ll go crazy on your ass. I’m a crazy mother fucker sometimes.”
All told, there were 1,346 calls made from the jail to Stephanie’s cell phone number from
December 19, 2012, the date defendant was arrested, until February 10, 2013, at which
point Hermosa had the jail block calls to Stephanie’s number. Stephanie received a
“friend” request from defendant on Facebook three or four weeks before trial.

5.
 The Uncharged Prior Act
Defendant beat Stephanie on her birthday in July 2011. She tried to call 911 as it
was happening, but the phone was taken out of her hands. She sustained two black eyes
and several bruises. For three days, Stephanie was “pretty much locked in the house” and
could not leave. Her best friend came to the house several times because she knew
Stephanie was there, but Stephanie was not allowed to open the door because of her black
eyes. She sent her friend a text message, telling her what had happened. The friend
immediately called the police, who arrived within 10 minutes.
When the officer arrived, he asked if defendant was home. Because she feared for
her life, Stephanie responded aloud that she did not know where he was. However, she
pointed at the closet in which he was hiding and mouthed that he was in there. Defendant
was convicted of domestic violence as a result of the incident.
II
DEFENSE EVIDENCE
Carina Wasson had known defendant for years. She met Stephanie through him.
Sometime in December 2012, around 7:00 p.m., Wasson was driving past the Foster
Freeze in Ceres when she saw Stephanie involved in a fist fight with Alice Nichols. At
some point, Stephanie said she loved defendant and wanted to get back with him.
Defendant did not want to get back with her. Stephanie was upset because she felt
defendant was spending too much time with Wasson’s son, whose football team
defendant helped coach. She wanted defendant to spend more time with her.7

7 During the course of her testimony, Stephanie denied being in an altercation with
Alice Nichols or any other female. She also denied being jealous defendant was living
with Wasson.
Nichols testified in rebuttal and denied being in a fight with Stephanie. Nichols
admitted “[s]omewhat” having a relationship with defendant in 2012. Sometimes she
heard messages Stephanie left on defendant’s cell phone. They were “screaming and
yelling messages” in which Stephanie said if defendant did not do what she wanted, he

6.
 DISCUSSION
I
MISTRIAL MOTION
Defendant says the trial court erred by denying his motion for a mistrial. We find
no abuse of discretion.
A. Background
On direct examination, the prosecutor questioned Stephanie about why she went to
visit defendant in December 2012. The following took place:

“[PROSECUTOR]: Q. Was there an active restraining order?

“A. Not to my knowledge. There was a stay-away order but not an
active restraining order.

“Q. Okay. But there was an order. How did you understand the
order?

“A. From my understanding, because we had been to his parole
officer before together.

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. Move to strike.

“THE COURT: Answer is stricken. Jury is to disregard that
answer. [¶] . . . [¶]

“(Bench conference had, not reported.) [¶] . . . [¶]

“Q. Okay. And when you first arrived from Lake Port to see him so
Mr. Provencio could visit with the baby, what happened on that day?

“A. There was a lot of drinking involved. The people that we were
staying with got into an altercation. It became violent. Mr. Provencio tried
to step in. He actually ended up hitting Isaac Basaun in the mouth that day,
punching him in the mouth. I then was trying to tell Sammy that, you
know, ‘Don’t get involved. It’s not your business, you’ — because I knew
he was on parole.

could not see his child. Once, Nichols told Stephanie, over the phone, that Nichols had
bought some shoes for the child. Stephanie “talked crazy and yelled.”

7.
 “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.

“THE COURT: Sustained.

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Move to strike.

“THE COURT: Answer stricken.” (Italics added.)
Later during direct examination, the prosecutor asked Stephanie about defendant
telling her, in a phone call from jail, that he was sorry and it would never happen again.
This ensued:

“Q. And after he made those promises before, did you resume a
relationship with him, did you get back together with him?

“A. Yeah.

“Q. Why?

“A. I mean, I felt sorry for him. He never had a family life. He
pretty much grew up — I don’t know. He grew up locked up.

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. Move to strike.

“THE COURT: Sustained. Stricken. [¶] . . . [¶]

“(Bench conference had, not reported.)” (Italics added.)
Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel moved for a mistrial. He argued
the mentions of parole and defendant being locked up were prejudicial and could not be
cured by instructions. After noting defense counsel had requested a mistrial during the
last bench conference, the court determined the questions asked by the prosecutor were
not intentionally designed to elicit the responses given. The court observed it had ruled
defendant’s prior criminal history, other than the domestic violence offense in 2011,
would not be admissible unless defendant testified, but the jury did not learn why
defendant was on parole and might assume it was for that offense. The court pointed out
it had admonished the jury to disregard the information, and offered to further instruct
jurors if counsel wished. It denied the motion for mistrial based on the references to

8.
parole, finding them “not unduly prejudicial” in light of the other evidence presented and
“easily cured” by the court’s instruction. As for the reference to being locked up, the
court believed the jury might consider it as meaning defendant did not have a family life
so was put in boarding homes or the like. The court agreed with defense counsel jurors
could have inferred defendant was locked behind bars, but again found the testimony not
“unduly prejudicial such that the jury couldn’t disregard that, given the other testimony
that’s come in . . . .”
At the conclusion of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury, inter alia:
“During the trial, attorneys objected to questions and move [sic] to strike answers given
by witnesses. I ruled on the objections according to the law. If I sustain [sic] an
objection, you must ignore the question. If the witness was not permitted to answer, do
not guess what the answer might have been or why I ruled as I did. If I ordered testimony
stricken from the record, you must disregard it and not consider that testimony for any
purpose.” (Italics added.) The trial court subsequently confirmed defense counsel was
not requesting any further limiting instruction specifically about the mention of parole.
B. Analysis
“A mistrial should be granted if the court is apprised of prejudice that it judges
incurable by admonition or instruction. [Citation.] Whether a particular incident is
incurably prejudicial is by its nature a speculative matter, and the trial court is vested with
considerable discretion in ruling on mistrial motions. [Citation.]” (People v. Haskett
(1982) 30 Cal.3d 841, 854.) “[D]iscretion is abused whenever the court exceeds the
bounds of reason, all of the circumstances being considered. [Citations.]” (People v.
Giminez (1975) 14 Cal.3d 68, 72.)
“A witness’s volunteered statement can, under some circumstances, provide the
basis for a finding of incurable prejudice. [Citations.]” (People v. Ledesma (2006) 39
Cal.4th 641, 683.) “[E]xposing a jury to a defendant’s prior criminality presents the
possibility of prejudicing a defendant’s case and rendering suspect the outcome of the

9.
trial. [Citations.]” (People v. Harris (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 1575, 1580-1581; see
People v. Stansbury (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1017, 1060, revd. on another ground by Stansbury
v. California (1994) 511 U.S. 318.)
Here, there is no suggestion the prosecutor deliberately sought to elicit the
offending testimony. The trial court immediately struck the testimony and admonished
the jury to disregard it. It reiterated the admonition during the giving of jury instructions.
We presume jurors followed these instructions. (People v. Cox (2003) 30 Cal.4th 916,
961, disapproved on another ground in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421,
fn. 22; see Greer v. Miller (1987) 483 U.S. 756, 766, fn. 8.) In light of the evidence
presented at trial, including that defendant previously was convicted of domestic violence
the jury was permitted to consider as evidence he was disposed to commit domestic
violence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the mistrial motion. (See,
e.g., People v. Alexander (2010) 49 Cal.4th 846, 914-915 [mistrial motion properly
denied; jurors presumed to act in accordance with instruction to disregard witness’s
reference to the defendant’s previous involvement in triple murder]; People v. Avila
(2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 571-574 [same re: witness’s statement the defendant had recently
gotten out of prison]; People v. Bolden (2002) 29 Cal.4th 515, 554-555 [trial court did not
err in ruling the defendant’s chances of receiving fair trial were not irreparably damaged,
such that mistrial was warranted, where police officer testified to obtaining the
defendant’s address from parole office]; see also People v. Marshall (1996) 13 Cal.4th
799, 837-839 [no reversible error where trial court denied mistrial motion based on, but
inadvertently failed to strike, witness’s reference to the defendant being ex-felon].)8

8 The cases on which defendant relies are manifestly distinguishable. (E.g., Bruton
v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123, 135-136 [instruction to disregard evidence
insufficient where “powerfully incriminating extrajudicial statements of a codefendant,
who stands accused side-by-side with the defendant, are deliberately spread before the
jury in a joint trial”]; People v. Wagner (1975) 13 Cal.3d 612, 621 [instruction that
questions were not evidence and to disregard inferences from questions insufficient

10.
 II
EVIDENTIARY RULINGS
Defendant raises claims of error with respect to several of the trial court’s
evidentiary rulings. We conclude any error was harmless.
A. Prior Domestic Violence
1. Background
The prosecutor moved for admission, under Evidence Code section 1109, of
defendant’s 2011 commission of domestic violence upon Stephanie.9 During the hearing
on in limine motions, the trial court observed it would hear any offers of proof, and hold
a section 402 hearing if necessary, outside the jury’s presence. It observed, however, that
the proffered evidence likely was more probative than prejudicial, “viewing weighing
factors under Penal Code [sic] Section 352.” After hearing the prosecutor’s offer of
proof, the court stated its inclination was “to allow the one from 2011, because it shows
obviously propensity for violence, which is what 1109 [sic]. It is very relevant here and
probative, and not any more damaging to defense than the current charges here. And it
does show her fear of the defendant because she’s not telling the officer that he’s hiding
in the closet. And it does go to a reason for her being afraid of the defendant. Two black
eyes in the past.” The court subsequently ruled it would admit the evidence over defense
counsel’s section 352 objection, and reiterated it was more probative than prejudicial.
The court additionally ruled the resulting conviction would also be admitted.
The evidence adduced concerning the 2011 incident is set out in the statement of
facts, ante. Jurors subsequently were instructed that if the prosecutor proved the
uncharged domestic violence by a preponderance of the evidence, they could (but were

where prosecutor repeatedly and improperly insinuated he had source of information
unknown to jury that corroborated truth of questions suggesting the defendant was
involved in extensive, uncharged criminal activity].)
9 Further statutory references are to the Evidence Code unless otherwise stated.

11.
not required to) conclude defendant was disposed to commit domestic violence and,
based on that decision, also conclude he was likely to commit and did commit the
offenses charged in counts I and II.
2. Analysis
Subdivision (a)(1) of section 1109 provides that, with exceptions not pertinent
here, “[I]n a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of an offense involving
domestic violence, evidence of the defendant’s commission of other domestic violence is
not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if the evidence is not inadmissible pursuant to
Section 352.”
In People v. Brown (2011) 192 Cal.App.4th 1222, 1232-1233, we set out the
applicable law:

“ ‘Evidence of prior criminal acts is ordinarily inadmissible to show
a defendant’s disposition to commit such acts. (Evid. Code, § 1101.)
However, the Legislature has created exceptions to this rule in cases
involving sexual offenses (Evid. Code, § 1108) and domestic violence
(Evid. Code, § 1109).’ [Citation.] ‘[T]he California Legislature has
determined the policy considerations favoring the exclusion of evidence of
uncharged domestic violence offenses are outweighed in criminal domestic
violence cases by the policy considerations favoring the admission of such
evidence.’ [Citation.] Section 1109, in effect, ‘permits the admission of
defendant’s other acts of domestic violence for the purpose of showing a
propensity to commit such crimes. [Citation.]’ [Citations.] ‘[I]t is
apparent that the Legislature considered the difficulties of proof unique to
the prosecution of these crimes when compared with other crimes where
propensity evidence may be probative but has been historically prohibited.’
[Citation.] [¶] . . . [¶]

“Even if the evidence is admissible under section 1109, the trial
court must still determine, pursuant to section 352, whether the probative
value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the probability the
evidence will consume an undue amount of time or create a substantial
danger of undue prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading the jury.
[Citation.] The court enjoys broad discretion in making this determination,
and the court’s exercise of discretion will not be disturbed on appeal except
upon a showing that it was exercised in an arbitrary, capricious or patently

12.
 absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
[Citations.]” (Fn. omitted.)
Defendant first says the 2011 incident does not meet the standard of admissibility
under section 1109. Subdivision (d)(3) of section 1109 defines “ ‘[d]omestic violence’ ”
as having the meaning set out in section 13700 of the Penal Code and section 6211 of the
Family Code. Each of those code sections defines “ ‘[d]omestic violence’ ” as abuse
committed or perpetrated against a spouse or former spouse. (Fam. Code, § 6211,
subd. (a); Pen. Code, § 13700, subd. (b).) Subdivision (a) of Penal Code section 13700
further defines “ ‘[a]buse’ ” as “intentionally or recklessly causing or attempting to cause
bodily injury, or placing another person in reasonable apprehension of imminent serious
bodily injury to himself or herself, or another.” There can be no doubt the 2011 incident
constituted “domestic violence.” (See People v. Poplar (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1129,
1138-1139.)
Defendant asserts “there was insufficient weighing of the prejudicial effect versus
the probative value in the case.” “Section 1109 conditions the introduction of prior
domestic violence evidence on an evaluation under section 352 of whether the evidence
is more probative than prejudicial. A careful weighing of prejudice against probative
value under that section is essential to protect a defendant’s due process right to a
fundamentally fair trial. [Citations.]” (People v. Jennings (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 1301,
1313-1314.) Here, the record clearly shows the trial court performed the requisite
balancing function. (See People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 1336; People v.
Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179, 1237.)
Defendant’s true argument appears to be that the evidence should have been
excluded under section 352.10 “ ‘When an objection to evidence is raised under . . .

10 Defendant says he is challenging the evidence and the related jury instruction. He
claims both were “inadmissible and caused extreme prejudice to” his case. We are
unsure how a jury instruction can be “inadmissible.” In any event, defendant fails to
point to any deficiency in the standard instruction given by the trial court, except that it

13.
section 352, the trial court is required to weigh the evidence’s probative value against the
dangers of prejudice, confusion, and undue time consumption. Unless these dangers
“substantially outweigh” probative value, the objection must be overruled. [Citation.]’ ”
(People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 606, italics added.)
“[T]here is a strong presumption in favor of admitting [domestic violence]
evidence under . . . section [1109] to show propensity to commit charged crimes.
[Citation.]” (People v. Merriman (2014) 60 Cal.4th 1, 62.)11 Here, the trial court
properly could conclude this presumption was not overcome. The probative value of the
prior domestic violence evidence was high, particularly in light of the fact it involved an
assault with fists on the same victim and was not remote in time from the charged
offense. (See People v. Guilford (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 651, 661-662; People v.
Poplar, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 1139; see also People v. Falsetta (1999) 21 Cal.4th
903, 917.)
The probative value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by dangers
of prejudice, confusion, and/or undue time consumption. The pertinent testimony
consumed only a few pages of trial transcript. Defendant complains that the potential for
prejudice was “great” because, while the jury learned defendant had been convicted for
the prior domestic violence, no evidence was presented he had been punished for it. (See

allowed consideration of evidence defendant says should not have been admitted.
Accordingly, our resolution of his challenge to the evidence necessarily subsumes his
challenge to the instruction, and so we do not further discuss the latter.
11 Although both Merriman and the case on which it relies — People v. Loy (2011)
52 Cal.4th 46, 62 — address section 1108, they inform our analysis. As we have
explained, “Sections 1108 and 1109 are ‘complementary portions of the same statutory
scheme.’ [Citation.] Section 1108, which allows admission of evidence of uncharged
sexual offenses, and section 1109, allowing admission of evidence of uncharged domestic
violence, are ‘virtually identical,’ and cases which have interpreted section 1108 have
been relied upon to resolve similar issues involving section 1109. [Citations.]” (People
v. James (2010) 191 Cal.App.4th 478, 482, fn. 2.)

14.
People v. Jennings, supra, 81 Cal.App.4th at p. 1315.) We agree with the Attorney
General that the jury likely inferred defendant, having been convicted, incurred some
form of punishment. This was not a situation in which defendant’s prior criminal
conduct did not result in a criminal conviction, thus increasing the danger the jury in the
present case might be inclined to punish defendant for the uncharged misconduct. (See
People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380, 405.)
Defendant also complains the two offenses were not substantially similar since the
prior incident involved defendant keeping Stephanie locked up for three days, while the
charged incident did not. The two incidents were “ ‘similar in character,’ ” however
(People v. Johnson (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 520, 532), and the trial court reasonably
could conclude dissimilarities in the details did not lessen the probative value of the
uncharged offense to show defendant’s propensity to commit domestic violence or
increase its potential for prejudice.
Defendant says another factor in the section 352 analysis is how difficult it is for
defendant to defend against the uncharged offense. (People v. Falsetta, supra, 21 Cal.4th
at p. 917.) He says here it was extremely difficult, because defendant and Stephanie were
the only witnesses to the 2011 incident. Since defendant was convicted of the uncharged
offense, however, we question the extent to which he was required to defend against it.
Moreover, he and Stephanie were also the only witnesses (other than a young child) to
the incident that gave rise to the charged offenses. If anything, this fact made evidence
defendant had a propensity to commit domestic violence against Stephanie even more
probative than it might have been had there been other eyewitnesses to the charged
offenses.
Finally, defendant argues the facts of the prior incident were “substantially more
egregious than the present incident,” because defendant kept Stephanie locked up for
three days. We do not consider an incident resulting in two black eyes and some bruises

15.
to be substantially more egregious than one resulting in postconcussive syndrome and the
victim still having migraine-like headaches over a year later.
Where section 352 is concerned, “[t]he word ‘prejudicial’ is not synonymous with
‘damaging.’ [Citation.] Rather, evidence is unduly prejudicial under section 352 only if
it ‘ “ ‘uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against the defendant as an individual
and . . . has very little effect on the issues’ ” ’ [citation], or if it invites the jury to
prejudge ‘ “ ‘a person or cause on the basis of extraneous factors.’ ” ’ [Citation.]
‘Painting a person faithfully is not, of itself, unfair.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Johnson,
supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 534.)
In the present case, “[t]he evidence was extremely probative, showing defendant’s
propensity for violence against [Stephanie]. The prior incident[] of domestic violence
[was] not the sort to evoke an emotional bias against defendant. [Citation.]” (People v.
Poplar, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 1139.) The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the evidence of the 2011 incident.
B. Evidence Related to Stephanie’s Credibility
1. Background
On cross-examination, Stephanie admitted she had given a false statement to a
police officer in the past to protect defendant. Although she initially denied ever lying
under oath, she ultimately admitted testifying in a hearing resulting from the officer’s
report that defendant did not do anything to her and the Woodland Police Department
coerced her into saying things about defendant.12
Asked on redirect examination why she lied to the police, Stephanie explained that
three days after her birthday in July 2011, there was a knock on her door and two males
essentially forced their way inside. Stephanie’s cousin and elderly uncle were present.

12 In his cross-examination, defense counsel identified the police report as being
made in 2010 and the resulting hearing being in November of that year.

16.
Stephanie knew one of the men as “Buckshot” and the other as “Money Mike.” One of
the men lifted his shirt and showed he had a gun. They said defendant had been trying to
contact Stephanie.
At this point in Stephanie’s testimony, defense counsel objected on hearsay
grounds. The prosecutor responded the statement went to the effect on the listener or
hearer. The trial court overruled the objection, but cautioned jurors that the statements
were being admitted “only for the purpose of showing what effect they may have had on
the witness, not for the proof of the matter asserted . . . .”
The prosecutor then asked Stephanie what the men told her. Stephanie testified
they said defendant had been trying to contact her, and she needed to answer the phone.
She further testified her cousin and uncle told the men the baby was “right here.” This
elicited another hearsay objection from defense counsel, which the trial court overruled,
stating, “It’s not offered for the truth.” Stephanie testified “we” told the men, “ ‘My
son’s right here. No. Don’t do this in front of my son.’ And there was arguing for about
20 minutes. And then they finally left.”
Stephanie explained this incident made her feel threatened. She was afraid to tell
the police and did not do so that day, but she had done so since then. With respect to the
case in 2011, Stephanie was scared and did not want to lose her son or her life, so she
made up a story to get defendant “off the hook.”
The prosecutor subsequently called Hermosa to testify concerning his recording of
some phone calls defendant made to Stephanie from jail. At one point, Hermosa testified
that he picked Stephanie and her children up outside the area the Tuesday preceding
Hermosa’s testimony and, while driving to Modesto, Stephanie mentioned to him that she
received a Facebook friend request from defendant.
The prosecutor then asked if Stephanie ever mentioned being intimidated or
dissuaded from testifying in another case. Defense counsel’s objection that the question
was leading was overruled. When defense counsel then asserted he had no discovery, the

17.
prosecutor responded, “It’s response to questions asked by defense of the victim.” The
court allowed Hermosa to answer. He testified Stephanie mentioned something about a
prior case in which defendant was arrested. A friend of defendant’s threatened her, so
she did not follow through on it. She regretted not pursuing it. Hermosa received the
impression it was an adjudicated case. He did not remember when it happened, but it
may have been a couple years before the present case. Defense counsel’s objection on
“lack of hearsay,” section 352, and discovery violation grounds was overruled.
The prosecutor then asked if Stephanie ever mentioned something about an armed
man coming to her house and telling her not to testify. Defense counsel stated, “Again,
objection, Your Honor,” but the objection was overruled. Hermosa testified he could not
remember the “armed part,” but he remembered Stephanie was threatened. He stated he
could not recall, as the conversation would have been a year or so ago. Defense counsel
then elicited that the conversation about the armed men was not in any of the reports
Hermosa submitted to the district attorney’s office.
The court later memorialized bench conferences that had occurred. It explained it
overruled defense counsel’s objection regarding statements Stephanie made to Hermosa
about prior intimidation, “because the allegation was that those were recently fabricated.
At least there was an inference that those were recently fabricated. So there’s statements
to the investigator while they were driving down here going toward rebuttal to recent
fabrication . . . .”
The trial court subsequently instructed the jury that among the things it could
consider in evaluating a witness’s credibility was whether the witness made a statement
in the past that was consistent or inconsistent with his or her testimony. The court also
instructed that evidence admitted for a limited purpose could only be considered for that
purpose.
In her opening argument to the jury, the prosecutor discussed letters defendant
sent to Stephanie, trying to convince her not to testify. The prosecutor remarked:

18.
“[Stephanie] admitted to you that she lied in the past. She admitted to you in 2010 she
said nothing happened because two people came to her house, one had a gun, and they
told her not to testify. [¶] You heard in 2011 she was not cooperative with the police
because she was stuck in the cycle. But now that’s [sic] going to be held against her or
now is she able to escape, her silence broken.”
Defense counsel subsequently argued to the jury:

“Now I want to talk about credibility. Stephanie Provencio is a liar.
She told several lies in this courtroom. The first lie she said when I was
asking cross-examination, she said she never lied under oath. And then I
brought up the hearing in November 2010, and then she had to admit that,
yeah, she did tell a lie . . . . And at that hearing in 2010 she made a false
statement under oath stating the Woodland Police Department made her,
coerced her to say those things. She admitted that in court. That’s an
admitted liar. So cannot believe anything she says.

“Now, after she’s caught in a lie, she tried to explain it; right. She
came back with the story, oh, there was two men, armed men, in my house
that made me — that threatened me. Well, did she report it to anybody? It
was two years later, no, she never reported it to anybody. But it so happens
on the way — on her ride down here, when she was getting escorted by
investigator, she happened to drop it in his ear two years later . . . . She was
trying to put another nail in his coffin. She just lies when it’s to her benefit.

“Now, in regard to that statement about the two armed men, she also
lied to you in court. On direct examination she said several people were
there in the room; right? And she said her mother was there. And on cross-
examination I asked her was your mother there, and she changed it. You
know why she changed her story? Because she knew that we knew when
her mother died, and she changed her story right in front of us. She lied
right in front of your face.”
The prosecutor responded:

“The defense brought up the prior lies made by the victim. When
the victim took the stand, she stated that all of her lies in the past have been
to protect [defendant]. They’ve been told to recant, they’ve been told to
officers because she doesn’t want anything to happen because she’s afraid
of [defendant].

19.
 “She stated that at a prior incident there were two men that came to
her house, one armed, one was not, and intimidated her. And that’s not
something she stated for the first time on the stand like that was argued.
When she was being transported down with . . . Hermosa, she made
mention of it. And . . . Hermosa confirmed that, yes, on the way here
before she even took the stand, she made mention of that. And he didn’t
draft any report because it was in reference to something that happened in
years past, an adjudicated case.”
2. Analysis
“ ‘Hearsay evidence’ is evidence of a statement that was made other than by a
witness while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove the truth of the matter
stated.” (§ 1200, subd. (a).) Except as provided by law, it is inadmissible. (Id.,
subd. (b).)
Defendant contends the trial court erred by permitting the prosecutor to bolster
Stephanie’s testimony with evidence of her prior consistent statement to Hermosa. “A
prior consistent statement is admissible as an exception to the hearsay rule if it is offered
after admission into evidence of an inconsistent statement used to attack the witness’s
credibility and the consistent statement was made before the inconsistent statement, or
when there is an express or implied charge that the witness’s testimony was recently
fabricated or influenced by bias or improper motive, and the statement was made before
the fabrication, bias, or improper motive. (Evid. Code, §§ 791, 1236.)” (People v.
Kennedy (2005) 36 Cal.4th 595, 614, disapproved on another ground in People v.
Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 459.)
“ ‘ “[R]ecent fabrication may be inferred when it is shown that a witness did not
speak about an important matter at a time when it would have been natural for [her] to do
so,” and in such a circumstance, “it is generally proper to permit rehabilitation by a prior
consistent statement.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]” (People v. Lopez (2013) 56 Cal.4th
1028, 1066, overruled on another ground in People v. Rangel (Mar. 28, 2016, S076785)
__Cal.4th__ [2016 Cal. Lexis 1816, *37-*38].) Section 791 “permits the admission of a
prior consistent statement when there is a charge that the testimony given is fabricated or

20.
biased, not just when a particular statement at trial is challenged. [Citations.]” (People v.
Kennedy, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 614.)
Defendant contends there was no implication at trial that Stephanie fabricated her
account of the prior incident; rather, defense counsel attempted to establish Stephanie
previously lied in court and so her testimony in general was suspect. Defendant also says
the prosecution failed to show that when Stephanie first implicated defendant, any
improper motive or bias had not yet arisen. We are not certain we agree with defendant.
Arguably, however, the prosecution failed to demonstrate Stephanie’s statement was
made before any motive for fabrication or bias arose. (See People v. Hamilton (1989) 48
Cal.3d 1142, 1168.)
Defendant also contends the trial court erred by permitting Stephanie to recount
statements she, her uncle, and her cousin made to Buckshot and Money Mike about her
baby’s presence. He argues that if the statements were admissible for a nonhearsay
purpose, they nevertheless were irrelevant and should have been excluded under
section 352.
Defendant raised only hearsay objections to this evidence at trial. Accordingly, he
has forfeited any claim the evidence was irrelevant or more prejudicial than probative
under section 352. (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 409;
People v. Flores (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1359-1360; see § 353, subd. (a); People v.
Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 717.) To the extent he now suggests the prosecutor
committed misconduct by intentionally asking questions calling for inadmissible and
prejudicial answers (see, e.g., People v. Pitts (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 606, 734), the lack
of objection on this ground likewise results in forfeiture (People v. Lancaster (2007) 41
Cal.4th 50, 81-82; see People v. Foster, supra, 50 Cal.4th at pp. 1350-1351).13

13 Despite the California Supreme Court’s caveat that “a defendant cannot
automatically transform a forfeited claim into a cognizable one merely by asserting
ineffective assistance of counsel” (People v. Thompson (2010) 49 Cal.4th 79, 121,

21.
 “An out-of-court statement is properly admitted if a nonhearsay purpose for
admitting the statement is identified, and the nonhearsay purpose is relevant to an issue in
dispute. [Citations.]” (People v. Turner (1994) 8 Cal.4th 137, 189, overruled on another
ground in People v. Griffin (2004) 33 Cal.4th 536, 555, fn. 5.) One such nonhearsay
purpose is to show the statement “imparted certain information to the hearer, and . . . the
hearer, believing such information to be true, acted in conformity with such belief.
[Citation.]” (People v. Montes (2014) 58 Cal.4th 809, 863.) Such evidence is not
hearsay, since the hearer’s reaction to the statement, not the truth of the matter asserted, is
the relevant fact sought to be proved. (People v. Livingston (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1145,
1162; People v. Thornton (2007) 41 Cal.4th 391, 447.)
Here, the incident involving Buckshot and Money Mike was relevant to
Stephanie’s state of mind, both with regard to that incident and, to at least some extent,
with respect to the “sustained fear” element of the current criminal threats (Pen. Code,
§ 422) charge. (See People v. Scalzi (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 901, 907.) Statements
regarding the baby’s presence were part of the overall incident.
Assuming the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the statements about
the baby and/or Stephanie’s statements to Hermosa, however, the error was harmless,
because no “reasonable probability exists that the jury would have reached a different
result had this evidence been excluded. [Citations.]” (People v. Whitson (1998) 17

fn. 14), defendant attempts to do just that, claiming that if defense counsel should have
made a different objection, the failure to do so constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. Defendant has failed to comply with rule 8.204(a)(1)(B) of the California Rules
of Court. Moreover, other than a bare proclamation that, having made an objection on
one ground, trial counsel could have had no tactical reason for failing to object on a more
appropriate ground (and citation to a single case as authority solely for that proposition),
he does not expand on the issue with either argument or citation to authority pertinent to
review of an ineffectiveness claim on direct appeal. Accordingly, we decline to address
the issue. (See People v. Hardy (1992) 2 Cal.4th 86, 150.) Were we to do so, we would
conclude defendant has failed to make the requisite showing, particularly with respect to
prejudice. (See People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 1003.)

22.
Cal.4th 229, 251; see ibid. [applying standard of People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818,
836 (Watson) to erroneous admission of evidence]; accord, e.g., People v. Seumanu
(2015) 61 Cal.4th 1293, 1308; People v. Fuiava (2012) 53 Cal.4th 622, 671; People v.
Arias (1996) 13 Cal.4th 92, 153.) Defendant attempts to paint this case as a close one,
but it was not. Uncontradicted evidence showed defendant sought to avoid the police
when Petersen and Carvalho arrived, and that he demanded a bruised Stephanie say he
and she were “just arguing.” Defendant had already shown a propensity for committing
domestic violence against Stephanie that involved striking her in the face and head.
Wasson’s testimony about seeing a fistfight between Stephanie and Nichols was
weakened by the failure to establish precisely when in December 2012 this occurred,
Wasson’s failure to stop to see if Stephanie (who was “[s]omewhat” of a friend) needed
help or to notify defendant or the police, her failure to contact police when she learned
defendant was facing charges in this case, and the lag between when she first told anyone
of the fight and when she named Nichols as the person involved in it with Stephanie. In
addition, Nichols denied being in a fight with Stephanie on December 18, 2012. With
respect to the statements about the baby’s presence, the trial court admonished jurors of
the limited purpose for which the evidence could be considered. We presume, as we
must, jurors heeded the instruction (People v. Turner, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 190; People
v. Mickey (1991) 54 Cal.3d 612, 689, fn. 17), and nothing in the record rebuts this
presumption (People v. Merriman, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 71). Significantly, the jury
deliberated for less than three hours, which included a reread of Hermosa’s testimony and
possibly lunch.14

14 Because Hermosa’s testimony included telephone calls defendant made to
Stephanie from jail, the jury’s request to have his testimony reread does not indicate
jurors were focused on Stephanie’s statement to him concerning the prior incident of
intimidation.

23.
 In light of the record as a whole, including the quantity and quality of admissible
evidence, the challenged testimony was “inconsequential,” even assuming it had some
incrementally bolstering effect on Stephanie’s credibility. (See People v. Davis (2005)
36 Cal.4th 510, 538.) This is so despite the fact the prosecutor touched briefly on the
evidence during her summation to the jury. (See People v. Johnson (1992) 3 Cal.4th
1183, 1220; cf. People v. Duarte (2000) 24 Cal.4th 603, 618-619 [erroneous admission of
hearsay prejudicial under Watson where prosecution’s case depended “heavily” on
challenged evidence]; People v. Powell (1967) 67 Cal.2d 32, 55 [erroneous admission of
statements prejudicial where evidence constituted “prominent feature” of People’s case-
in-chief, introduction occupied substantial portion of trial, and prosecutor repeatedly
stressed incriminating value].) Defendant’s claim the prosecutor “emphasized” the
evidence in closing argument is a gross misstatement of the record more akin to wishful
thinking than reality.
C. Lay Opinion
1. Background
Petersen testified that when he arrived on scene in response to the request for a
security check, Garza told him defendant was not there. He then saw Stephanie exit the
door leading from the house into the garage. This ensued:

“Q. [by the prosecutor:] What did you notice about her?

“A. She wasn’t vocalizing or verbalizing anything. It was just kind
of she had that worried look but —

“Q. And, for the record, you’ve made some motions with your eyes
and lips, sort of indicating some type of worried look?

“A. Worried look, panicked.

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’m going to object. Speculation.

“[PROSECUTOR]: It’s lay opinion testimony.

24.
 “THE COURT: Overruled.

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Relevance. Relevance. Irrelevant.

“THE COURT: Okay. Overruled.”
The trial court ultimately instructed the jury: “A witness or witnesses gave their
opinions during the trial. You may, but are not required, to accept the opinions as true or
correct. You may give the opinion whatever weight you think appropriate. Consider the
extent of the witness’ opportunity to perceive the matters on which his or her opinion is
based, the reasons the witness gave for any opinion and the facts or information on which
the witness relied in forming that opinion. [¶] You must decide whether information on
which the witness relied was true and accurate. You may disregard all or any part of an
opinion that you find unbelievable, unreasonable or unsupported by the evidence.”
Defendant claims the trial court erred in permitting the testimony Stephanie
looked “panicked.” He says Petersen instead should have been required to describe the
physical symptoms he observed. We conclude the trial court did not err.
2. Analysis
“If a witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of an opinion
is limited to such an opinion as is permitted by law, including but not limited to an
opinion that is: [¶] (a) Rationally based on the perception of the witness; and [¶]
(b) Helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony.” (§ 800.)15
Under the foregoing statute, “ ‘[a] lay witness may express an opinion based on
his or her perception, but only where helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s
testimony [citation], “i.e., where the concrete observations on which the opinion is based
cannot otherwise be conveyed.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Such a situation may arise when

15 Although defendant did not object at trial on the ground of improper lay opinion,
we conclude the trial court was sufficiently alerted to the issue by the objection actually
made and the prosecutor’s response thereto. The issue thus is reviewable on appeal. (See
People v. Clark (1992) 3 Cal.4th 41, 124, overruled on another ground in People v.
Pearson (2013) 56 Cal.4th 393, 462.)

25.
a witness’s impression of what he or she observes regarding the appearance and
demeanor of another rests on ‘subtle or complex interactions’ between them [citation] or
when it is impossible to otherwise adequately convey to the jury the witness’s concrete
observations. [Citations.]” (People v. DeHoyos (2013) 57 Cal.4th 79, 130.) In other
words, section 800 “merely requires that witnesses express themselves at the lowest
possible level of abstraction. [Citation.] Whenever feasible ‘concluding’ should be left
to the jury; however, when the details observed, even though recalled, are ‘too complex
or too subtle’ for concrete description by the witness, he may state his general
impression. [Citation.]” (People v. Hurlic (1971) 14 Cal.App.3d 122, 127.) Moreover,
the “opinion need only be ‘helpful’ — rather than necessary — to understanding the
witness’s testimony. [Citation.]” (People v. McAlpin (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1289, 1306,
fn. 11.) “Admission of lay opinion testimony is within the discretion of the trial court
and will not be disturbed ‘unless a clear abuse of discretion appears.’ [Citations.]”
(People v. Mixon (1982) 129 Cal.App.3d 118, 127; accord, People v. DeHoyos, supra, 57
Cal.4th at p. 131.)
Defendant has failed to establish an abuse of discretion. The trial court and jurors
were able to observe Petersen’s facial expressions, and the trial court could determine
whether Petersen’s impression of Stephanie’s expression rested on subtle or complex
details that could not be described in a concrete manner, so that Petersen’s opinion —
which clearly was based on his perceptions — helped jurors better understand his
testimony. (See People v. Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839, 889; People v. Kennedy, supra,
36 Cal.4th at p. 621.)
III
SENTENCING
Under the three strikes law as originally enacted, a recidivist with two or more
prior convictions for serious or violent felonies, who was convicted of any new felony,
was subject to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life in prison. (Pen. Code, former

26.
§§ 667, subds. (d), (e)(2), 1170.12, subds. (b), (c)(2); People v. Yearwood (2013) 213
Cal.App.4th 161, 167 (Yearwood).) On June 2, 2014, defendant was sentenced, on
counts I and II, to two concurrent terms of 25 years to life on this basis.
However, “[o]n November 6, 2012, the voters approved Proposition 36, the Three
Strikes Reform Act of 2012, which amended [Penal Code] sections 667 and 1170.12 and
added [Penal Code] section 1170.126.” (Yearwood, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.)
Penal Code section 1170.126 (hereafter the Act), which went into effect November 7,
2012 (Cal. Const., art. II, § 10, subd. (a)), “change[d] the requirements for sentencing a
third strike offender to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life imprisonment. . . . The
Act diluted the three strikes law by reserving the life sentence for cases where the current
crime is a serious or violent felony or the prosecution has pled and proved an enumerated
disqualifying factor. In all other cases, the recidivist will be sentenced as a second strike
offender. [Citations.]” (Yearwood, supra, at pp. 167-168, italics added.)
Yearwood made clear that a defendant whose current felony is not a strike offense
and who is sentenced after the Act’s effective date, will not be sentenced to an
indeterminate life term. (Yearwood, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 168.) Defendant’s
current conviction for violating Penal Code section 273.5, subdivision (a) is not a strike
offense, as it is not a serious felony as defined in section 1192.7, subdivision (c) of the
Penal Code, or a violent felony as defined in section 667.5, subdivision (c) of that code.
Yet, despite the fact defendant not only was sentenced after the Act’s effective date but
committed the offense after that date, he was sentenced according to pre-Act law. As the
Act was already in effect on all pertinent dates, he was entitled to be sentenced pursuant
to its provisions, as the Attorney General recognizes.16

16 The record on appeal contains no explanation for the error. Although both parties
filed sentencing statements, and defendant even asked the court to strike one of his prior
convictions, neither of them mentioned the Act, nor did the court or probation officer.

27.
 Defendant was convicted, in count II, of violating Penal Code section 422.
Because a violation of that statute is defined as a serious felony (Pen. Code, § 1192.7,
subd. (c)(38)), defendant properly received an indeterminate term of 25 years to life in
prison on that count. As to count I, however, since none of the statutory exceptions were
applicable, he should have been sentenced as a second strike offender. (Pen. Code,
§§ 667, subd. (e)(2)(C), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C); see People v. Johnson (2015) 61
Cal.4th 674, 690 [post-Proposition 36, individual convicted of serious or violent felony
and felony that is neither serious nor violent will receive sentence of at least 25 years to
life for former and, absent statutory exception, two-strike sentence for latter].)17

17 Defendant operates under the assumption that with respect to count I, he is eligible
for a recall of sentence and resentencing under Penal Code section 1170.126. He says
“the result is the same” whether reached by his analysis or that of the Attorney General,
who recognizes defendant was entitled to be sentenced under the three strikes law, as
amended by the Act, in the first instance. Defendant misapprehends the law, and the
result is not the same. Penal Code section 1170.126 provides a postconviction release
proceeding for persons “presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment [under
the three strikes law as enacted], whose sentence under [the Act] would not have been an
indeterminate life sentence.” (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a).) The only reasonable
interpretation of this provision is that section 1170.126 of the Penal Code applies to
persons lawfully sentenced to an indeterminate term prior to the Act’s effective date.
(See Yearwood, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 168.) Defendant was erroneously sentenced
to such a term on count I. Were his analysis correct, he might or might not be
resentenced to a second strike term on that count, depending on whether the trial court
determined resentencing him “would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public
safety.” (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subdivision (f).) “Such a discretionary finding is a
component of [Penal Code] section 1170.126 but not [Penal Code] sections 667 and
1170.12, as amended [by the Act]” (Yearwood, supra, at p. 168), and, given defendant’s
record and penchant for violence, the trial court might well decline to reduce his
sentence. Because defendant was entitled to be sentenced as a second strike offender on
count I in the first instance, without regard to Penal Code section 1170.126, defendant
does not run that risk.

28.
 DISPOSITION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed. The sentence is vacated and the matter is
remanded for resentencing.

_____________________
DETJEN, J.
WE CONCUR:

_____________________
LEVY, Acting P.J.

_____________________
FRANSON, J.

29.