Cynthia Bridges, Sec., Dept. of Rev., State of Louisiana v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co. C/W Nelson Industrial Steam Co. v. Calcasieu Parish School System Sales and Use Tax Dept. C/W Cynthia Bridges, Sec., Dept. of Rev., State of Louisiana v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co. C/W Nelson Industrial Steam Co. v. Calcasieu Parish School System Sales and Use Tax Dept.

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #025

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 3rd day of May, 2016, are as follows:

BY CLARK, J.:

2015-C -1439 CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA v.
NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. C/W NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. v.
CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.
C/W CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA v.
NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. C/W NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. v.
CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.
(Parish of Calcasieu)

For the reasons expressed herein and consistent with the liberal
statutory construction that is afforded to a taxpayer claiming an
exclusion, we reverse and rule in favor of NISCO. We remand the
matter to the trial court to fix the amount of the judgment in a
manner consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.

KNOLL, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
WEIMER, J., concurs in part and dissents in part and assigns
reasons.
HUGHES, J., concurs in part and dissents in part for the reasons
of Weimer, J.
05/03/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2015-C-1439

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF CALCASIEU

CLARK, J.

Nelson Industrial Steam Company (“NISCO”) is in the business of

generating electric power in Lake Charles, Louisiana. As part of its venture,

NISCO sells multiple products: steam, electricity and ash. Limestone is bought

and used for the dual purpose of inhibiting sulfur in the production of electricity

and producing ash. NISCO asserts its purchase of limestone, with respect to its

production of ash, is subject to the “further processing exclusion” of La. R.S.

47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa), which narrows the scope of taxable sales. 1 We granted

NISCO’s writ application to determine the taxability of the limestone. To resolve

this issue, we determined that the dual purpose for the raw material could be

considered and a by-product could be analyzed as the end product when

1La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa) provides: “The term ‘sale at retail’ does not include sale of materials for further
processing into articles of tangible personal property for sale at retail.”
ascertaining the purpose for which the limestone was bought. For the reasons that

follow, we reverse the lower courts and rule in favor of NISCO.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 1988, Gulf State Utilities (now “Entergy”), Citco, Conoco, and Vista

(now “Sasol”) entered into a partnership (known as “NISCO”) to own, construct,

design, and control electric power generating facilities in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Originally, NISCO used natural gas to produce electricity and steam, but it

ultimately converted to “circulated fluidized boilers” (CFB) technology, which

uses petroleum-coke (“petcoke”) as fuel for the manufacturing of the electricity

and steam. The CFB technology causes sulfur emissions. In order to comply with

state and federal environmental regulations, NISCO introduces limestone into the

process, which acts as a sulfur inhibitor, or a “scrubbing agent.” Additionally, and

simultaneously, the limestone chemically reacts with the sulfur to make ash, which

NISCO then sells to LA Ash, for a profit of roughly $6.8 million annually. LA

Ash sells the ash to its customers for varying commercial purposes, including

roads, construction projects, environmental remediation, etc.

In light of the limestone being further processed into ash and then sold,

NISCO views the purchase of this raw material as subject to the “further

processing exclusion” and, thus, untaxable. Accordingly, it did not pay sales tax

on its purchase of limestone. The Louisiana Department of Revenue and the

Calcasieu Parish School System, (collectively the “Tax Collectors”), did not tax

the purchase of the limestone for many years. However, they now argue the

limestone is taxable and not subject to any exclusion. The competing positions

resulted in four consolidated cases concerning the collection of sales tax on

NISCO’s purchase of limestone for the tax periods of 2005-2007, 2007-2009,

2008-2012, and 2010-2012. 2

2 The overlap of the tax periods is a result of different state and local tax periods; additionally, the Louisiana

2
 The trial court considered competing motions for summary judgment and

granted the Tax Collectors’ motion. The court of appeal affirmed. 3 This court

reversed, finding genuine issues of material fact remained. 4 A two-day trial

ensued, and the trial court again ruled in favor of the Tax Collectors, finding the

limestone to be taxable. In its reasons for judgment, the trial court explained:

It is indisputable that the [CFB] technology process NISCO employs
in its production of steam and electricity requires the use of limestone.
And, unavoidably, also produces ash, which it sells---NISCO sells. It
is also indisputable that limestone in any form, or its component parts,
are not found in the steam and electricity produced. Just because the
ash is an incidental byproduct of the [CFB] process, its production,
even in combination with the production of steam and electricity, does
not in and of itself permit NISCO to claim the benefit of the further
processing tax exclusion of its purchase of limestone.

The court of appeal affirmed, giving particular emphasis to the nature of the

ash as an incidental by-product, which generated only 1% of NISCO’s sale of

electricity, and finding the purpose of the venture (and the accompanying purchase

of the limestone) was to produce electricity. 5 Judge Connery dissented, observing

the “further processing provision” is a tax exclusion, which is to be liberally

construed in favor of the taxpayer. Further, Judge Connery noted the majority

improperly placed the burden on NISCO to prove entitlement to the exclusion

when it should have been placed on the Tax Collectors to establish that the

exclusion did not apply.

NISCO filed a writ application, which this court granted to determine the

applicability of the “further processing exclusion” to the limestone at issue. 6

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A court of appeal may not set aside a trial court’s or a jury’s finding of fact

Department of Revenue is attempting to collect taxes in two of the suits, while NISCO is seeking a refund of local
taxes it paid under protest in the other two suits.

3 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 12-477 (La. App. 3 Cir. 11/7/12), 106 So.3d 147.

4 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 13-171 (La. 3/8/13), 108 So.3d 1168.

5 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 14-1250 (La. App. 3 Cir. 6/24/15), 169 So.3d 711.

6 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 15-1439 (La. 10/30/15), 179 So.3d 610.

3
in the absence of “manifest error” or unless it is “clearly wrong.”7 However, when

reviewing courts find that a reversible error of law was made in the lower court,

appellate courts are required to re-determine the facts de novo from the entire

record and render a judgment on the merits. 8

As our discussion below will illustrate, the purpose for which the raw

material is purchased is an important inquiry in determining the availability of the

“further processing exclusion.” The Tax Collectors contend that the lower courts’

determination regarding the purpose for the purchase of the limestone is a factual

finding, subject to the manifest error standard of review. While this is a tenable

argument, a deeper look at the trial court’s reasons for ruling and the court of

appeal’s affirmation thereof, reveals an error in their legal analysis, requiring this

court to conduct a de novo review of the record. Namely, we find the lower courts

committed legal error in narrowing their analysis solely to the end product of

electricity and not considering the end product of ash, thereby interjecting a

“primary product” test (or alternatively, a “business purpose” test), which is not

rooted in any statutory, regulatory, or jurisprudential authority. Further, we find

the lower courts imposed, perhaps in a veiled manner, a “primary purpose” test,

which has previously been jurisprudentially rejected, as will be discussed later.

Accordingly, we will conduct a de novo review.

DISCUSSION

Generally, sales taxes are levied on articles of tangible personal property.

La. R.S. 47:302 provides:

There is hereby levied a tax upon sale at retail, the use, the
consumption, the distribution, and the storage for use or consumption
in this state, of each item or article of tangible personal property, as
defined herein . . .

La. R.S. 47:301(10)(a)(i) defines “sale at retail” as “a sale to a consumer to

7 Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989).

8 Id.

4
any other person or for any purpose other than for resale as tangible personal

property.” By statutory exclusion, the term “sale at retail” does not include “sales

of materials for further processing into articles of tangible personal property.” La.

R.S 47:301(1)(a)(i)(c)(i)(aa). Thus, resolution of this matter depends entirely on

the interpretation of this “further processing exclusion.”

When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to

absurd consequences, no further search into the legislative intent is permitted or

required. 9 However, the jurisprudential test created over the last few decades,

which was necessitated by litigation concerning the exclusion’s scope, and the

regulation promulgated by the Louisiana Department of Revenue, 10 which was

drafted to aid in deciphering the meaning of the “further processing exclusion,”

clearly evidence inherent ambiguity in the provision. Thus, we look to our rules of

statutory construction for guidance. In Harrah’s Bossier City Inv. Co., LLC v.

Bridges, 09-1916, pp. 9-10 (La. 5/11/10), 41 So.3d 438, 446, this court explained

the difference between a tax exclusion and a tax exemption, and the opposing legal

maxims that accompany them:

Unfortunately, the Legislature has not provided a statutory
definition of either an “exemption” or an “exclusion.” According to
the leading Louisiana sales tax treatise, a “tax exemption is a
provision that exempts from tax a transaction that would, in the
absence of the exemption, otherwise be subject to tax. That is, there
has been a statutory decision not to tax a certain transaction that is
clearly within the ambit and authority of the taxing statutes to tax.”
Bruce J. Oreck, Louisiana Sales & Use Taxation (2d ed.1996), § 3.1.
An exclusion, on the other hand, “relates to a transaction that is not
taxable because it falls outside the scope of the statute giving rise to
the tax, ab initio. Transactions excluded from the tax are those which,
by the language of the statutes, are defined as beyond the reach of the
tax.” Id. Oreck's definitions have been widely adopted by Louisiana
courts.

There are also two seemingly contradictory jurisprudential
maxims at play. Tax exemptions are strictly construed in favor of the
State and “must be clearly and unequivocally and affirmatively

9 La. Civ. Code art. 9 and La. R.S. 1:4.

10 See LAC 61:I:4301, discussed infra.

5
 established” by the taxpayer. Vulcan Foundry, Inc. v. McNamara, 414
So.2d 1193, 1197 (La.1982). Exclusions, on the other hand, are
“construed liberally in favor of the taxpayers and against the taxing
authority.” Wyesco of Louisiana, LLC v. East Feliciana Parish School
Board, 2000–1322, p. 5 (La.App. 1 Cir. 9/28/01), 809 So.2d 401, 404,
citing Tarver v. World Ship Supply, Inc., 615 So.2d 423, 426 (La.App.
4 Cir.1993), writ denied, 616 So.2d 672 (La.1993). [Footnotes
omitted].

The majority’s opinion in Traigle v. PPG Industries, Inc., 332 So.2d 777,

782 (La. 1976), which included the first major examination of the “further

processing exclusion,” acknowledged these principles of statutory construction, but

declined to specify which was applicable and avoided categorizing the provision.

It looked, instead, to legislative intent as the ultimate “aim of all of these

principles.” 11

Although the “further processing exclusion” is deemed neither an exclusion

nor an exemption in the statute itself, as we stated in Harrah’s Bossier City, 41

So.3d at 450:

There are no “magic words” necessary to create an exemption
or an exclusion; the determining factor is the effect of the statute: “the
words and form used legislatively in granting an exemption are not
important if, in their essence, the Legislature creates an exemption.”
Wooden v. Louisiana Tax Commission, 94-2481 (La. 2/20/95), 650
So.2d 1157, 1161, citing Meyers v. Flournoy, 209 La. 812, 25 So.2d
601 (1946). [Emphasis added].

This court has determined the “further processing exclusion” was designed

“to eliminate the tax on the sale of a material purchased for further processing into

finished products and to place the tax on the ultimate consumer of the finished

product processed from the raw material.”12 This court’s findings regarding the

purpose of the provision, together with this provision’s placement in the definition

section, rather than in La. R.S. 47:305 with many clear “exemptions,” indicate that

the legislature meant this provision to be a limitation ab initio on the definition of

11 Id.

12 BP Oil Co. v. Plaquemines Par. Gov’t, 93-1109, p. 12 (La. 9/6/94), 651 So2d 1322, 1330, on reh’g (Oct. 13,
1994).

6
“sale at retail.” Thus, it seems the “further processing provision” is an exclusion.

Indeed, this conclusion follows logically from the underlying principle that “sales

at retail” are subject to sales tax but sales “for resale” including, by extension, sales

of materials for further processing before resale, are categorically not considered

“sales at retail,” because the buyer is not the ultimate consumer. Thus, we find the

provision at issue is an exclusion and will be liberally construed in favor of the

taxpayer, NISCO.

To further assist in our understanding of this statute, we turn now to other

interpretative tools at our disposal. The Louisiana Department of Revenue

promulgated an administrative regulation to provide guidance on the exclusion’s

meaning. La. Admin. Code, Title 61, Part I, § 4301, Retail Sale or Sale at Retail

(d) provides:

Sales of materials for further processing into articles of tangible
personal property for subsequent sale at retail do not constitute retail
sales. This exemption does not cover materials which are used in any
process by which tangible personal property is produced, but only
those materials which themselves are further processed into tangible
personal property. Whether materials are further processed or simply
used in the processing activity will depend entirely upon an analysis
of the end product. Although any particular materials may be fully
used, consumed, absorbed, dissipated or otherwise completely
disappear during processing, if it does not become a recognizable and
identifiable component which is of some benefit to the end product, it
is not exempt under this provision. The fact that a material remained
as a recognizable component of an end product by accident because
the cost of removal from the end product was prohibitive or for any
other reason, if it does not benefit the property by its presence, it was
not material for further processing and the sale is not exempt under
this provision. [Emphasis added].

Over the decades, this court has added a judicial gloss to aid in the

understanding of what is contemplated by the statutory language of “materials

further process[ed] into articles of tangible personal property.” La. R.S

47:301(1)(a)(i)(c)(i)(aa). In 1976, this court in Traigle, 332 So.2d at 781,

recognized a “purpose” requirement, distinguishing those materials which were

purchased for “processing ‘into’ the finished article” from those materials

7
purchased “only to be used in the process of producing the manufactured product

for sale.” A few years later, this court in Vulcan Foundry, Inc. v. McNamara, 414

So.2d 1193 (La. 1981), reiterated the “purpose” factor in the test for determining

the ultimate consumer of the raw material. Finally, this court in International

Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, 07-1151, p. 19 (La. 1/16/08), 972 So.2d 1121, 1134

succinctly captured the analysis for determining the “further processing

exclusion’s” applicability to a raw material by framing it in a three-part test:

From this rule, we recognize that raw materials “further processed”
into end products are excluded from the sales and use tax provisions
when: (1) the raw materials become recognizable and identifiable
components of the end products; (2) the raw materials are beneficial to
the end products; (3) the raw materials are materials for further
processing, and as such, are purchased with the purpose of inclusion
in the end products.

Armed with the proper test and the regulation’s guidance that the end

product is the starting part of the analysis, the facts of the instant case require us to

determine which product is the proper “end product” for purposes of applying the

three-part test. The trial court’s reasons for ruling suggest that it viewed NISCO’s

electricity and steam as the end product. (“It is also indisputable that limestone in

any form, or its component parts, are not found in the steam and electricity

produced.”) The court of appeal appears to have viewed the ash as the end product

but was distracted by its characterization as a by-product. (“The true nature of the

ash as an incidental by-product that cannot be seen as [a] co-product is evidenced

in the Partnership Agreement.”) 13 In any event, we must determine which product

(electricity or ash) is the end product on which our entire analysis is centered and

whether that product’s status as a primary product or a by-product matters.

We find nothing in the law that requires the end product to be the

enterprise’s primary product. The plain language of the statute makes the

13 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 169 So.2d at 722.

8
exclusion applicable to “articles of tangible personal property.” 14 There simply is

no distinction between primary products and secondary products.

Jurisprudentially, the Traigle court implicitly rejected a primary product test when

it analyzed only the end product of chlorine, even though the taxpayer was in the

business of making two additional saleable products (hydrogen and caustic soda).

It only analyzed the chlorine because that was the only product that contained

traceable amounts of the raw material at issue: carbon in the form of graphite

anodes. It set out to consider the taxability of the graphite anodes without

performing any primary product analysis, nor did it seek to ascertain which product

generated the most profit for the taxpayer. Rather, the Traigle court simply

analyzed the one product with traces of the raw material for which the advantage

of the “further processing exclusion” was sought. Thus, we find the lower courts

committed legal error in not beginning their analysis with the ash as the end

product, regardless of its nature as a by-product or a secondary product. At the end

of the day, the ash is produced and sold to LA Ash, making it an “article of

tangible personal property for sale at retail.”

Having identified the ash as the end product to be analyzed, it is important to

understand its chemical make-up and the physical reactions at play in the

manufacturing process. As noted earlier, the petcoke used in the production of

electricity releases sulfur when it is heated. Limestone, which is made up of

calcium, carbon, and oxygen (collectively, calcium carbonate), chemically reacts

with the sulfur to make ash. Specifically, the calcium and oxygen from the

limestone (calcium oxide) and the sulfur from the petcoke combine to make ash

(calcium sulfate). Essentially all of the calcium and oxygen from the limestone

and the sulfur from the petcoke remain in the final ash product.

We move forward with the three-part test and its application to the purchase

14 La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa).

9
of the limestone for further processing into ash. The first two prongs of the test ask

(1) whether the raw materials became recognizable and identifiable components of

the end products and (2) whether the raw materials are beneficial to the end

product. The Tax Collectors stipulated that these two elements were satisfied.

However, out of an abundance of caution, we address the “benefit” factor insofar

as we perceive the court of appeal’s analysis may have confused this prong of the

test. Specifically, the court of appeal focused on the fact that “NISCO did nothing

purposeful to affect the quality of the ash[,]” making its chemical makeup

“accidental.”15 It bases this conclusion on testimony and documents from and

between NISCO management that testing was done on the limestone to determine

its effect on the electricity produced, but not with regard to “how a particular

quality limestone would impact the ash product.” 16 Whether or not testing is

performed to determine a particular kind of limestone’s impact on the quality of

the ash does not change the fact that the chemical make-up of the limestone is

found in the ash and is an integral part thereof. 17 Indeed, as attested to by several

NISCO managers and engineers and as undisputed by the Tax Collectors, without

the calcium and oxygen from the limestone, the ash would not exist. Thus, we find

the limestone, as an integral, component part of the ash, clearly satisfies the

“benefit” prong of the International Paper test. 18

The crux of this matter lies in the third prong, which seeks to ascertain

whether the raw materials are purchased for the purpose of inclusion in the end

15 Bridges v. Nelson Industrial Steam Co., 169 So.2d at 720.

16 Id.

17 While we find quality testing is irrelevant to the “benefit” factor, we nevertheless note the record testimony that
establishes that there was no impact on the quality of the ash from the change in the limestone source or quality of
the limestone. Thus, testing for quality control, though not required to satisfy the “benefit” prong, would have been
unnecessary anyway.

18 We note, and reject, the Tax Collectors’ position that the ash was a residue or waste product left over from the
production of steam and electricity. In attempting to characterize the ash as an impurity, the Tax Collectors rely on
language in the Vulcan decision that raw materials that only incidentally benefit the end product do not meet the
purpose requirement and are, thus, taxable. Because the limestone is crucial to, and an elemental part of, the end
product of ash, we distinguish the instant case from the holding of Vulcan in this respect. Moreover, to the extent
the Tax Collectors contend the raw material must be beneficial to the taxpayer’s business, we herein reject that for
the same reasons we reject a primary product test.

10
product. The lower courts found NISCO did not purchase the limestone for the

purpose of including it in the ash. The Tax Collectors frame this as a fact to be

believed or rejected. However, we find the lower courts’ misunderstanding of the

“purpose” test interdicted the fact-finding process, such that the finding regarding

the purpose for the purchase of the limestone was the result of an improper legal

analysis. This court in International Paper expressly rejected a “primary purpose”

test. In that case, the taxpayer used three chemicals in its production of paper.

Those chemicals had a dual purpose of (1) removing/modifying lignin, which has a

brown color, from the pulp (acting as a whitening agent) and (2) adding chemical

components to the final product. The taxing authority sought to tax the chemicals

because they were not purchased for the primary purpose of being incorporated

into the final paper product, while the taxpayer wanted to claim the “further

processing exclusion” because the chemicals were additionally purchased to be

included in the end product. The court, in rejecting the “primary purpose” test,

allowed a dual or multiple purpose test, so long as one of those purposes was

“inclusion in the end product.” International Paper, 972 So.2d at 1134.

The lower courts in the instant case concentrated on the following facts:

• NISCO’s business manager testified that NISCO would not
purchase limestone if NISCO was no longer producing
electricity or if limestone was no longer needed in the
production of electricity (i.e., if sulfur emissions no longer were
regulated or a new fuel was used).

• During the relevant tax periods, NISCO generated $739 million
in electricity sales, but only $6.8 million in ash sales, making
the ratio of electricity sales to ash sales almost one hundred to
one.

• The cost of limestone was $46 million, roughly $39 million
more than the revenue produced by the ash.

• NISCO’s overall business purpose was to make and sell
electricity and steam, as evidenced by its Partnership
Agreement.

We find that the lower courts’ emphasis on these facts reveals that they

11
improperly considered irrelevant information in determining whether the limestone

was purchased for the purpose of inclusion in the final product of ash. These

above-referenced factual considerations are relevant only to an inquiry regarding

NISCO’s primary purpose for buying the raw materials, a test that we have already

jurisprudentially rejected. (See International Paper, supra). Also, a focus on (or

even a mere mention of) a comparative profit analysis between the end products of

electricity and ash and, additionally, a cost-versus-revenue analysis of the

limestone and the ash, suggest that an “economic” component was added to the

exclusive three-prong test. Such a test has no statutory, jurisprudential, or

regulatory roots, nor does a “business purpose” test that seeks to establish the

purpose of the taxpayer’s business.

The “further processing exclusion” simply seeks to ensure that double

taxation is avoided by only taxing the ultimate consumer. To determine the

rightful taxpayer of the raw material’s sales tax, only the manufacturing process

(and the physical and chemical components of the materials involved therein) is

germane to the “purpose” test. Thus, the only question to ask is whether the

limestone was purchased with the purpose (although not necessarily the primary

purpose) of inclusion in the final product of ash. We find the record undeniably

supports an affirmative answer to this inquiry.

The purpose to produce and sell ash is evidenced in the “Partnership

Agreement’s” language that NISCO would (1) conduct “any activities related” to

the manufacture of electricity and steam, 19 (2) construct substantial “New

Facilities”, which contemplated the handling and sorting of the ash, and (3) receive

income from the ash sales. Undisputed testimony established that NISCO actively
19 The “Purpose” of NISCO’s business ventured, as stated in the “Partnership Agreement” is:

The venture is created, and shall be conducted, for the purpose of designing, constructing, owning,
operating, and controlling electric power generating facilities in the Lake Charles, Louisiana area,
and producing electricity for sale to [Gulf States Energy] and steam to supply all or a portion of
the steam needs of the industrial facilities of the Industrial Participants in the Lake Charles area,
and conducting any activities related thereto or contemplated by this Agreement.” [Emphasis
added.]

12
purchased equipment specifically designed for the production of ash and sought a

buyer for its ash. For the last twenty-two years, NISCO has sold one hundred

percent of its ash product. NISCO’s current contract with its limestone supplier

recognizes that the limestone will be used for the two-fold purpose of absorbing

sulfur released by the petcoke and producing ash as a saleable product. As stated

earlier, the ash brings in roughly $6.8 million in revenue. The Tax Collectors, and

the court of appeal, emphasize the ash’s comparatively small profit as it relates to

the electricity sales and the cost of the limestone itself. However, nothing in the

statute or case law leads us to conclude that those are relevant factors in the

analysis. The fact that the ash profit contributes to NISCO’s bottom line and acts

as a cost offset, rather than the company’s principal income, does not change the

fact that the ash is still an article of tangible personal property that will be resold to

another consumer, who will bear the ultimate burden of taxation. Accordingly, we

find NISCO’s purposeful decisions related to engineering, infrastructure, and

marketing lead to the only possible conclusion that the limestone was purchased

with the purpose—perhaps not the sole or primary purpose, but the purpose

nonetheless—of making a saleable end product of ash. Since the limestone is a

recognizable, identifiable, beneficial material bought for the purpose of inclusion

in the ash product, we find it qualifies for the “further processing exclusion.”

In finding NISCO’s purchase of limestone is excluded from sales tax, we

decline to adopt a compromise approach espoused by the Tax Collectors and

addressed during oral argument. Such an approach to the taxation of raw materials

for further processing contemplates apportioning the tax exclusion based upon the

percentage of the material that ends up in the final product. Justice Marcus, in the

Traigle opinion, concurred in part and dissented in part, stating that in his view, the

tax collector should be able to assess taxes on the portion of the raw material that

“is not processed into the product but rather is discarded by the manufacturer as

13
industrial waste.”20 No majority opinion has ever adopted this approach, nor is

there any statutory authority to support this divisible taxing theory. Additionally,

from a practical standpoint, there lacks clear guidelines on how to divide the tax.

For instance, one could argue, like Justice Marcus, that the tax could be based on

the percentage of the materials used up in the process. The unique manufacturing

process of each product, though, prevents the articulation of a precise test by which

to measure the exclusion’s applicability. In Traigle, a percentage of the graphite

anodes was discarded as waste. In Vulcan, a portion of the coke was used to heat

and melt scrap iron and also to add carbon to the end product. In International

Paper, only partial elements (portions of the oxygen atoms) from the three

chemicals ended up in the paper. Here, the calcium and oxygen from the limestone

are component parts of the ash, while the carbon is not. How would a court

quantify an element’s importance in a chemical reaction that ultimately produces

an overall saleable product?

To this point, in International Paper, we made it clear that the end product

does not have to be made up of the exact chemical and physical composition of the

raw materials. Specifically, we stated:

However, our review of the applicable law and jurisprudence does not
suggest that the raw materials themselves (i.e., the exact
chemical/physical compositions of the raw materials) must appear in
the end products . . .

***

It would be illogical to assume that raw materials would be excluded
from sales and use tax if those raw materials themselves were not used
for incorporation into the final products; however, as we have already
determined, nothing in the legislation, administrative rule, and/or
jurisprudence mandates that the chemical/physical composition(s) of
raw materials incorporated into end products remain the same after
their incorporation into the final products. We acknowledged this
notion in Vulcan [supra], as in that case, we were dealing with the
incorporation of carbon into the final products (i.e., the iron castings),
yet the carbon was derived from the raw material, i.e., coke.

20 Traigle, 332 So.2d at 783.

14
 [Emphasis in original]. 21

Thus, this court has already considered the scope of the exclusion as it relates to an

apportionment theory. Indeed, if the raw material were to appear in the exact same

form both in its original state and in the end product, it could hardly be said that

any “further processing” actually occurred. Because there is no requirement that

the identical composition exist in the end product, there is no basis to put a value

on certain elements that remain in the end product versus other elements that are

used up in the process.

In the instant case, the Tax Collectors argue the valuable element in the raw

material of limestone is the carbon and that the carbon is used up in the process of

absorbing the sulfur emissions. Thus, they contend, a value should be placed on

the carbon and taxed. They suggest using an economic value, whereby the cost of

the limestone ($46 million) less the profit of the ash ($6.8 million) should be taxed.

However, this approach would result in a battle of the experts, wherein economists,

with the help of chemists, would be called upon to put price tags on individual

elements that make up a compound, when we have already acknowledged in

International Paper that the incorporation of derivatives in an end product is

sufficient for the exclusion’s potential applicability. Moreover, a review of the

record does not lead us to believe that the limestone’s carbon is not used to

produce the ash. While it is certainly used to inhibit the release of sulfur,

testimony reveals that the moment the limestone is introduced into the process, ash

is immediately created. Thus, from a factual standpoint, we cannot put a value on

the carbon’s role in the creation of the ash. Accordingly, for reasons rooted both in

principle and in practicality, we decline to fashion a test that makes sales tax on the

purchase of a single raw material divisible.

Last, we observe that both the court of appeal and the Tax Collectors

21 International Paper, 972 So.2d at 1133-1134.

15
appeared to have viewed the taxability of the limestone from a policy-based

viewpoint of common sense dictating against inequity. In other words, the

exclusion should only apply to the manufacturing ingredients that lead to the

enhanced value of the end product, and because NISCO spends $39 million more

in its limestone purchase than it makes in its ash sales, there is an injustice that

results from excluding that purchase from the payment of sales tax. However, we

see no requirement that the end product must boast an increased value or generate

a certain profit. At this point, we feel compelled to note that if the legislature

chooses to narrow the “further processing exclusion” by way of requiring a profit,

or writing into law a new test that embodies a “primary product” or “primary

purpose” factor, or otherwise adding an economy-based consideration, we will

adhere to our constitutionally delineated role of applying that new law. Until then,

we note the existing expression of legislative intent in SCR 136 (2007 Reg. Sess.),

which encourages courts and the Louisiana Department of Revenue to adhere to

the exclusive three-prong test set forth by the courts. Particularly, the legislature

recognized that many other states do not tax any raw materials used in the

manufacturing of products for resale. Deviation from this three-prong test, as

warned by the legislature, could “undermine the efforts of Louisiana to attract

additional investment dollars in the state.”22 Accordingly, we find the conclusion

reached herein best comports with the legislative intent regarding taxation of

materials further processed into articles of tangible personal property.

CONCLUSION

We find NISCO’s by-product of ash is the appropriate end product to

analyze for purposes of determining the “further processing exclusion’s”

applicability to the purchase of limestone. Moreover, under a proper “purpose”

test, the third prong of the three-part inquiry enunciated in International Paper is

22 SCR 136 (2007 Reg. Sess.)

16
satisfied, as evidenced by NISCO’s choice of manufacturing process and

technology, its contractual language utilized in its purchasing of the limestone, and

its subsequent marketing and sale of the ash. For the reasons expressed herein and

consistent with the liberal statutory construction that is afforded to a taxpayer

claiming an exclusion, we reverse and rule in favor of NISCO. We remand the

matter to the trial court to fix the amount of the judgment in a manner consistent

with this opinion.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

17
05/03/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2015-C-1439

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF CALCASIEU

KNOLL, J., dissents.

I dissent from the majority’s holding in this case, which opens the door to

exempting from sales tax all purchases for consumption where the purchaser’s

process results in an incidental by-product that is salvageable or saleable. The

majority’s conclusion that “only the manufacturing process (and the physical and

chemical components of the materials involved therein) is germane to the ‘purpose

test,’” unnecessarily forecloses consideration of relevant evidence and is highly

likely to invite taxpayer abuse, effecting unintended results which will negatively

impact Louisiana’s already-suffering public fisc. To use an extreme example—cow

manure and chicken excretions are very good fertilizers. Large cattle and chicken

operations could (and probably do) collect the waste and sell it to the fertilizer

industry. Under the majority’s policy, the cattle and poultry industries could

qualify for a tax exemption on the purchase of food for their animals’ consumption
under the “further processing exclusion.”

Endless creative “sales” of residual waste materials or recyclables for the

purpose of evading taxes are likely if not inevitable under the majority’s holding.

As one amicus brief pointed out, contractors could escape tax on all of their

purchase of materials by selling scrap wood as mulch or particleboard, claiming

they really purchased all of their lumber for “the purpose of” selling mulch and

particleboard. Even the tobacco industry could be transformed, as Calcasieu

Parish’s brief quipped, if the industry could dream up a way for their customers to

sell cigarette ash.

Here, the lower courts recognized that the limestone at issue was purchased

for use in the manufacturing process of electricity and steam, wherein the use of

the limestone in the process generated an unavoidable burnt residue, ash, which is

a saleable product. I strenuously disagree with the majority’s finding that the Court

of Appeal applied a “primary purpose” test in reaching this conclusion. Rather, I

find the lower courts correctly applied the law and simply did not believe NISCO’s

assertion that it had made the purchases at issue for the purpose of producing ash

at all, even as a “secondary” or “co-product.” This finding, as detailed below, is

well-supported by law, jurisprudence, and the record in this case.

During the relevant periods, NISCO expended in excess of $46 million

dollars on sand and limestone, generated approximately $739 million dollars in

revenue from electricity sales, and made less than $6.8 million dollars from the

sale of ash. NISCO argues it should not be required to pay sales tax on the

limestone purchased because, although it clearly needs the limestone to capture

sulfur emissions, NISCO asserts it intentionally purchased limestone for the

additional purpose of manufacturing ash. After a two-day trial on the merits which

included all four suits, the trial court ruled against NISCO on all claims, stating its

reasons for judgment in open court:

2
 It is indisputable that the technology process NISCO employs in its
production of steam and electricity requires the use of limestone. And,
unavoidably, also produces ash, which it sells—NISCO sells. It is also
indisputable that limestone in any form, or its component parts, are
not found in the steam and electricity produced. Just because the ash
is an incidental byproduct of the process, its production, even in
combination with the production of steam and electricity, does not in
and of itself permit NISCO to claim the benefit of the further
processing tax exclusion of its purchase of limestone.

The Court of Appeal affirmed, applying the three-pronged test enunciated by

this Court in International Paper v. Bridges, 07-1151 (La. 1/16/08), 972 So.2d

1121, and finding, as is discussed in greater detail below, “the record does not

support NISCO’s argument that it purchased the limestone for the purpose of

incorporating it into a co-product, the ash.”1 Although I agree with the majority’s

finding the provision at issue is an exclusion, even applying liberal statutory

construction in favor of NISCO, I find the lower courts properly construed the

statute and concluded NISCO’s purchases did not fall under the exclusion.

This Court first closely examined the “further processing exclusion” in

Traigle v. PPG Industries, 332 So.2d 777 (La. 1976). Writing for the Court, Justice

Tate explained the graphite purchased by a manufacturer could not be regarded as

having been purchased for the purpose of processing “into” the finished product,

and therefore, the taxpayer could not avoid paying sales taxes. The Court framed

the question as:

[T]he precise issue of tax law relates to whether, under a tax
definition, the graphite is used by the manufacturer as an ultimate
consumer, as in the case of machinery or fuel (for which a sales/use
tax is due when purchased by it); or whether, instead, the graphite is
processed into the final product, so that the purchase of the latter, as
the ultimate consumer, pays the tax (not the manufacturer). 2

After reviewing the manufacturer’s process of chlorine production at length,

the Court concluded the manufacturer was indeed the ultimate consumer of the

graphite at issue, because, even though “waste carbon dioxides” from the graphite

1 Bridges v. Nelson Indus. Steam, 14-1250, pp. 8, 18 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/24/15), 169 So.2d
711, 716, 721.
2 Id. at 779.

3
remained in the final product, this matter constituted “waste materials in the

chemical reaction, the purpose of which was to produce chlorine (not carbon

oxides) for sale at retail.” 3

Similarly, a few years later, this Court in Vulcan Foundry, Inc. v.

McNamara, 414 So.2d 1193 (La. 1983), examined whether the plaintiff-taxpayer

owed sales tax on coke purchased for use in manufacturing manhole covers and

rims. Although the Court originally found the purchase exempt under La. R.S. §

47:305(4), which exempts boiler fuels from sales tax, on rehearing the Court found

the exemption inapplicable and proceeded to the issue of whether the “further

processing exclusion” applied. In its original opinion, after explaining Vulcan’s

manufacturing process, the Court noted, “although natural gas or electrical

furnaces could be used, Vulcan uses coke in its process, not only because coke is

an efficient fuel, but also because coke provides the additional benefit of adding

carbon content to the finished product.” 4 On rehearing, although the Court again

noted “the presence of carbon in the final product is beneficial to Vulcan,” it

emphasized “[T]he proper inquiry, however is the purpose for which the coke is

bought.”5 Thus, the Court held:

It is clear from the evidence in this case that coke is purchased for the
purpose of heating the scrap iron; the small amount of carbon in the
finished product is incidental. The fact that using coke as a fuel has
a beneficial side effect does not change the purpose for which it is
bought. Accordingly, we conclude that Vulcan’s purchase of coke is
as a “consumer” for a “purpose other than for resale,” that is, for its
use as a heat source to melt scrap iron and not for further processing
into an article of tangible property for sale at retail.[6]

Id. at 1999 (emphasis added).

Our decision in International Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, 07-1151 (La. 1/6/08),

972 So.2d 1121, contains this Court’s latest examination of the further processing

3 Id. at 782 (emphasis added).
4 Id. at 1994.
5 Id. at 1198.
6 Id. at 1999 (emphasis added).
4
exclusion. In International Paper, the Board of Tax Appeals (“Board”) issued a

decision finding certain chemicals purchased for the manufacture of white paper

products were exempt from sales tax, applying the following analysis:

The Secretary’s regulation LAC 61:I:4301(10) and the case law
provide that in order to be “material for further processing” as
contemplated by the above statute, the raw materials or their
component molecular parts must meet three criteria: (1) they must be
of benefit to the end product; (2) they must be a recognizable and
identifiable of the end product; and (3) they must have been
purchased for the purpose of reprocessing into the end product. 7

Examining the evidence in light of this test, the Board found the chemicals

at issue had been purchased to function as a source of the oxygen needed in the

bleaching process for creation of white paper products. The Board found a

significant amount of the oxygen from the chemicals was recognizable and

identifiable in the resulting bleached pulp. The Board also found the oxygen from

the chemicals is beneficial to the bleached pulp. Thus, the Board found the

chemicals met all three prongs of the test and qualified for the sales tax exclusion. 8

The District Court affirmed, finding the Board’s factual determinations

were not manifestly erroneous. However, on appeal, the Second Circuit reversed

the Board, holding the Board had committed an error of law in omitting a fourth

prong of the test required to determine applicability of the “further processing

exclusion.”9 In addition to the three requirements articulated by the Board, the

Court of Appeal held the jurisprudence required “the primary purpose for the

purchase of the material must to be to process into the end product.” 10 Applying

this additional prong to the facts, the Court observed, “Although the chemical

reactions in the process [of bleaching the paper] involve adding oxygen atoms

whose origins can be traced to the chemicals or processes in question, the purpose

7 Board of Tax Appeals’ written reasons for Judgment (10/28/2003), p. 2, cited and
emphasis added by International Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, 972 So.2d at 1121.
8 Id. at 1126.
9 International Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, 42,023 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/4/07); 954 So.2d 321.
10 Id. at 11-21, 329-34.

5
of the chemicals is to process the lignin in the pulp for paper, not to incorporate

raw materials (the chemicals) into the paper product.”11 Thus, the Court of Appeal

found sales tax applied to the purchase of the chemicals.

This Court rejected the Second Circuit’s added prong:

[O]ur review of the applicable law and jurisprudence does not suggest
that the raw materials themselves (i.e., the exact chemical/physical
compositions of the raw materials) must appear in the end products,
nor does the law suggest that the primary purpose for the purchase of
these raw materials must be their incorporation into the end
products. 12

Recognizing the “further processing exclusion” had been explained by LDR

via an administrative rule13 and examining this rule in light of Legislative intent,

this Court pronounced:

From this rule, we recognize that raw materials “further processed”
into end products are excluded from the sales and use tax provisions
when: (1) the raw materials become recognizable and identifiable
components of the end products; (2) the raw materials are beneficial to
the end products; and (3) the raw materials are materials for further
processing, and as such, are purchased with the purpose of inclusion
in the end products. 14

Having found the Board applied the correct legal standard, this Court in

International Paper held the Board’s factual findings were not manifestly

erroneous, noting “the record contains testimonial evidence suggesting that the

presence of the oxygen with the final products was not only beneficial to these

products, but necessary for their production.”15

I find International Paper presents no legal obstacles for the lower courts’

analysis and factual findings in this case. Importantly, this Court in International

Paper declined to overrule its prior holding in Vulcan, where we had previously

found a material was purchased for the purpose of consumption even though the

end product contained a small but beneficial amount of a component of the raw

11 Id.
12 International Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, supra, p. 18, 972 So.2d at 1133.
13 LAC 61:I.4301.
14 Id. at 19, 1133-34.
15 Id. at 21, 1136.
6
material at issue. Instead the Court in International Paper noted the purchase of

coke at issue in Vulcan was made for a purpose (i.e., heat to melt scrap iron) other

than inclusion in the final product, relying on the lower courts’ factual findings the

admittedly identifiable beneficial “presence of the carbon (a component of the

coke)” in the final product was “merely incidental to the manufacturing

process.” 16 Likewise, in International Paper, we gave great deference to the

Board’s factual finding that the chemicals were purchased for the purpose of

reprocessing into the paper products at issue. Although the Court upheld as not

manifestly erroneous the Board’s finding the chemicals at issue had been

purchased for a dual purpose, this result does not foreclose future findings, such as

those of the lower courts in this case, that the presence of a material in the end

product is merely incidental rather than purposeful in any given instance.

Critically, neither International Paper nor other previous case law addressed

the novel situation before us, where an inevitable by-product of the manufacturer’s

process is itself saleable. In Traigle, it was undisputed the graphite was purchased

for the purpose of producing chlorine—the only question was whether the

taxpayer was the ultimate consumer of the graphite or whether the graphite was

purchased for further processing into the chlorine. In Vulcan, it was undisputed the

coke was purchased for the purpose of producing manhole covers and rims— the

only question was whether the taxpayer purchased the coke to consume it in the

manufacturing process or whether the coke was purchased for further processing

and incorporation into the manhole covers and rims. In International Paper, it was

undisputed the chemicals at issue were purchased for the purpose of

manufacturing white paper products, and the issue was whether chemicals were

purchased in order to be consumed in the manufacturing process or to be further

processed into those white paper products. In contrast, here, the lower courts found

16 Id. at 17, 1133.
7
(1) the limestone was purchased by NISCO for the purpose of generating

electricity and steam and (2) the ash was not an intentionally made product, but

merely incidental to the purpose for which the limestone was purchased.

The majority cites LDR’s regulation in support of its finding the “further

processing exclusion” applies in this case. The relevant provision, found in a

section titled “Uniform State and Local Sales Tax Definitions,” under the heading

“Retail Sale or Sale at Retail,” states in pertinent part:

b. While specific exclusions are provided in R.S. 47:301(10) with
respect to sales of materials for further processing into articles for
resale and with respect to casual, isolated, or occasional sales, and
exemptions are provided for sales of particular items or classes of
property by R.S. 47:305 and R.S. 47:305.1 through R.S. 47:305.52, the
intent of the law is to classify every sale made to the final user or
consumer for any imaginable purpose, other than for resale, as a
retail sale or a sale at retail. For purposes of R.S. 47:301(10), whether
a transaction is exempt from taxation by statute, jurisprudence, or by
constitution has no bearing on classification of the transaction.

d. Sales of materials for further processing into articles of
tangible personal property for subsequent sale at retail do not
constitute retail sales. This exemption does not cover materials which
are used in any process by which tangible personal property is
produced, but only those materials which themselves are further
processed into tangible personal property. Whether materials are
further processed or simply used in the processing activity will depend
entirely upon an analysis of the end product. Although any particular
materials may be fully used, consumed, absorbed, dissipated or
otherwise completely disappear during processing, if it does not
become a recognizable and identifiable component which is of some
benefit to the end product, it is not exempt under this provision. The
fact that a material remained as a recognizable component of an end
product by accident because the cost of removal from the end product
was prohibitive or for any other reason, if it does not benefit the
property by its presence, [sic] it was not material for further processing
and the sale is not exempt under this provision.[17]

The majority relies on the above-italicized sentence for the proposition this Court

may only look to the contents of the end product —i.e., the ash—to determine

whether the “limestone” was further processed. However, this interpretation would

require the reader to begin with the assumption that every conceivable saleable

17 LAC 61:I.4301(C) (emphasis added).
8
product was itself purposefully produced “for subsequent sale at retail.” I find

the italicized sentence in the regulation above clearly provides guidance for

situations, such as were presented in previous case law, where a raw material was

undisputedly purchased for a “processing activity” to produce the “end

product” “for subsequent sale at retail,” and the operative inquiry is whether the

material was used up in the processing activity or became a recognizable,

beneficial component of the intentionally-created end product. This case, however,

presents the operative question of whether the “end product” itself, i.e., ash, was

even produced for the purpose of “subsequent sale at retail” at all. The

characterization of ash as a by-product, while not determinative on its own, is not a

distraction, as the majority insists, but is relevant to whether the manufacturer

purchased the items at issue for the purpose of processing them for subsequent sale

at retail or, as the lower courts found here, for the purpose of consumption.

Having found the lower courts applied the correct legal standard, I

additionally note that my review of the record indicates the District Court’s finding

the production of ash was not purposeful but merely incidental to the generation

of electricity and steam is well-supported by the record evidence. For example, the

Tax Collectors introduced into evidence an email in which NISCO’s business

manager Sandi Boyles wrote:

Sand is utilized in the NISCO process for injection into the circulating
fluidized bed boiler along with petroleum coke and limestone for the
purpose of producing electricity for sale .[18]

Furthermore, the record contains the following testimony of Ms. Boyles:

Q: Would you purchase limestone to manufacture and sell ash if you
didn’t have the electricity to sell?

A: That’s not our business.

Q: Okay, I understand that. I understand that’s not your business. My
question to you is: Would you or anybody construct a facility to
purchase limestone for the sole purpose of producing ash and reselling

18 (Emphasis added.)
9
 ash?

A: No.

At another point, Ms. Boyles participated in the following exchange:

Q: Let’s assume that you can no longer get anybody to pay you for the
ash, okay, but they’re willing to come and pick it up for free. So that
basically the ash is taken off your hands, you don’t pay anything, but
you don’t receive any revenue from it. You understand?

A: Yes.

Q: But you still need to generate electricity and generate that, roughly,
195 million dollars a year in revenue you’re getting from electricity.
Would you still buy the limestone?

A: More than likely, yes.

In a different email, Ms. Boyles wrote she “decided not to cover the ash

analysis in the meeting on Thursday with the entire management team. Instead, I

have attached the presentation for your review.… Please let me know if you have

any questions or need further clarification.” The attached presentation reviewed

options for economical transfer of ash, including resale and disposal in a landfill.

Slide one of the presentation described the types of ash generated at NISCO:

● Two types of ash: FLY and BED

○ Fly Ash - fine residue removed from stack glasses
using various types of air quality control equipment.
The residue that remains after petcoke is burned
consists primarily of lime, calcium carbonate and
calcium sulfate. Because of the high lime content,
when hydrated, has a self-cementing effect.

○ Bed Ash - coarse, solid matter that sinks to the bottom
of the fluidized bed combustion chamber and is
periodically removed. Similar chemical composition
to fly ash, but its form ranges from fine sand to small
aggregate.[19]

Slide two discussed the variability in valuation of ash:

● The value of ash varies significantly among power plants
depending on product quality, the plant’s proximity to the
market and product availability.

● A new power plant in Alexandria, LA is starting up in June

19 (Emphasis added.)
10
 2009 and is considering selling its ash for only $2 - $3/ton.

● Other power plants are paying ash companies to take their
ash because it’s cheaper than putting it in a landfill.[20]

The remainder of the presentation explained the considerable costs of using a

landfill as well as the prospects of a different potential buyer for the ash. This

slideshow demonstrated power plants not only do not generally produce ash

intentionally but also will sell ash for a nominal price or even pay companies to

take the ash residue from the process “because it’s cheaper than putting it in a

landfill.”

Furthermore, the parties to the Partnership Agreement which formed NISCO

agreed the ash would not be considered revenue but would generally be treated as a

recoupment of costs of electricity production. Indeed, NISCO’s facilities produced

no ash in the first four years of NISCO’s existence. NISCO’s own expert witness

testified:

Q: And you agree with me, do you not, Dr. Scott, that ash is not the
driver in this production process? It’s the electricity that’s the driver
of this production process in NISCO’s decisions, correct?

A: That’s exactly right.

The record indicates the vast majority of the value of the limestone is used

up in its role of absorbing the sulfur emissions generated by burning of the

petcoke. In testimony, LA Ash’s President and CEO, Gary Livengood, stated

NISCO does not use the ash or collect sales tax when it sells it to LA Ash. LA Ash

re-sells the ash to government entities for construction and other applications and

to commercial establishments, some of which sell the ash yet again.

The Tax Collectors’ expert witness, Dr. Daryl Burckel, had been a financial

officer for industrial corporations and testified in the area of tax and cost

accounting. In his review of NISCO’s voluminous documents, he characterized the

ash as an incidental by-product and noted the sale of the ash constituted less than

20 (Emphasis added.)
11
one percent of NISCO’s sale of electricity. He testified NISCO purchased the

limestone for the purpose of controlling sulfur emissions to meet permitting

standards. Even though NISCO’s attorney repeatedly asked Dr. Burckel to affirm

NISCO had an additional purpose to make and to sell ash, Dr. Burckel answered:

“Every one of those businesses are looking for every revenue stream that they can

find; and just because they can find it doesn’t mean that the purpose for which you

buy a product changes. The purpose for that product, that I keep coming back to,

was to inhibit sulfur….”

The Court of Appeal correctly noted this language hearkened back to this

Court’s observation in Vulcan:

The fact that using coke as a fuel has a beneficial side effect does not
change the purpose for which it is bought. Accordingly, we conclude
that Vulcan’s purchase of coke is “as a consumer” for a “purpose
other than for resale,” that is, for its use as a heat source to melt scrap
iron and not for further processing into an article of tangible property
for sale at retail.[21]

In short, the District Court simply had to determine whether it believed

NISCO’s assertion it was purchasing the limestone for purposes including

production of ash or whether it agreed with the Tax Collectors’ argument the ash is

an incidental, unavoidable burnt residue rather than a purposefully-produced

product. From the Tax Collectors’ view, NISCO purchased the limestone to be its

ultimate consumer and found a cost-saving mechanism for disposing of by-

products leftover from its manufacturing process, i.e., sale of the ash. From the

majority’s view, as the Court of Appeal opinion quipped, “[I]t appears, then, that

one of the ultimate consumers who finally pays the tax on NISCO’s $46 million

purchase of limestone is the neighbor John Doe who buys a sack of ash at Home

Depot to put in the hole that he dug in his backyard in preparation of planting his

new azalea bush.” Clearly, the lower courts found NISCO’s stated additional

purpose for purchasing the limestone to be incredulous, instead finding NISCO the
21 Bridges, 14-1250 at 19, 169 So.3d at 171, quoting Vulcan, 414 So.2d at 1199.
12
“ultimate consumer” of the material.

As to the other two prongs of the three pronged “further processing

exclusion” test, it matters not whether the limestone is beneficial to the ash or

recognizable or identifiable in the ash, because the limestone was not purchased

for the purpose of creating ash, thus clearly failing one of the required prongs.

Many manufacturing processes result in by-products or residues, which must be

eliminated, either through disposal or sale in a secondary market. Resale of such

by-products or residues is judicious and laudable, as it results in less waste in the

environment and more cost-savings for the taxpayer. However, it still remains the

taxpayer bought its original materials for the purpose of a manufacturing process

which merely incidentally includes the unavoidable production of the by-product

or residue.

In summary, I find the Third Circuit did not, as the majority insists, covertly

insert a “primary purpose” requirement into the “further processing exception.”

Rather, the District Court and the appellate court simply did not believe NISCO’s

assertion that production of ash was even one of the purposes for which NISCO

purchased this limestone. The record evidence amply supports the lower courts’

position. As shown above, NISCO’s corporate witness in its La. C.C.P. art. 1442

testimony testified NISCO would not buy limestone if it did not manufacture

electricity, and NISCO would still buy the limestone if it could not sell the ash. Put

another way, the operative question in this case is “Why [i.e., for what purpose]

does NISCO buy limestone?” Although NISCO artfully insists otherwise, I find the

lower courts did not manifestly err in concluding NISCO buys limestone for the

purpose of producing steam and electricity or in recognizing ash is merely an

incidental by-product of NISCO’s production process, rather than an

intentionally produced end product. Thus, I respectfully dissent and would affirm

the holdings of the lower courts.

13
05/03/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2015-C-1439

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.
VERSUS
CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT.,
ET AL.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.
VERSUS
CALCASIEU PARISH SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT.,
ET AL.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT,
PARISH OF CALCASIEU

WEIMER, J., dissenting in part.

As noted in the majority opinion, this matter came before this court previously

following a summary judgment in Bridges v. Nelson Indus. Steam Co., 13-0171 (La.

3/8/13), 108 So.3d 1168. In a per curiam, the summary judgment in favor of the tax

collector was reversed, with a finding that “genuine issues of material fact exist,” Id.,

as to whether the limestone is “material for further processing, and as such, [is]

purchased with the purpose of inclusion in the end products.” See International
Paper, Inc. v. Bridges, 07-1151, p. 19 (La. 1/16/08), 972 So.2d 1121, 1133-34. On

remand, the lower courts found that Nelson Industrial Steam Company (Nelson) buys

limestone for the purpose of producing steam and electricity and that its production

of ash is merely an “incidental by-product” of Nelson’s production process, not an

intentionally produced end product. See Bridges v. Nelson Indus. Steam Co., 14-

1250, p. 18-21 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/24/15), 169 So.3d 711, 721-23.

As recognized by the majority, sales tax is levied on the “sale at retail,” which

is defined in La. R.S. 47:301(10)(a).1 See La. R.S. 47:302(A). Sale at retail “does not

include sale of materials for further processing into articles of tangible personal

property for sale at retail.” La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa). “[R]aw materials ‘further

processed’ into end products are excluded[2] from the sales and use tax provisions

when: (1) the raw materials become recognizable and identifiable components of the

end products; (2) the raw materials are beneficial to the end products; and (3) the raw

materials are material for further processing, and as such, are purchased with the

purpose of inclusion in the end products.” Bridges v. Nelson Indus. Steam Co.,

15-1439, slip op. at 8 (La. 5/___/16) (quoting International Paper, Inc., 07-1151 at

19, 972 So.2d at 1134). The first two prongs are derived from LAC 61:I.4301(C),

which the Louisiana Department of Revenue promulgated to provide guidance on the

meaning of the “further processing” phrase in La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa).3 This

administrative regulation clarifies that a raw material “become a recognizable and

identifiable component which is of some benefit to the end product.” LAC

1
See Bridges v. Nelson Indus. Steam Co., 15-1439, slip op. at 5 (La. 5/___/16).
2
Notably, the distinction between an exclusion and an exemption (of which the legislature should be
aware) has been blurred due to the significance attached the classification, which bears on the burden of
proof imposed on the parties to an action.
3
See Bridges, 15-1439, slip op. at 7.

2
61:I.4301(C), Retail Sale or Sale at Retail (d),(emphasis added). As recognized by the

majority, the third prong of this test (that is at issue in this case) finds its origin in

Traigle v. PPG Indus., Inc., 332 So.2d 777, 781 (La. 1976), and was reiterated in

Vulcan Foundry, Inc. v. McNamara, 414 So.2d 1193, 1198-99 (La. 1982) (on

reh’g).4

Nelson is principally in the business of producing electricity and steam, but also

produces and sells ash. It purchased limestone for the primary purpose of reducing

the sulfur emissions that resulted from its choice of fuel (petcoke) for the boilers used

in its fuel producing process, so as to comply with federal and state regulations.

Clearly, limestone was not purchased for the purpose of being incorporated into the

end products–electricity and steam. However, since La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa) and

the test advanced by International Paper are not limited to a primary purpose5 or a

single purpose,6 it is conceivable that Nelson’s purchase of limestone served a dual

purpose, one of which satisfied the requirements of the further processing exclusion.

The limestone (absent the calcium carbonate from the limestone that interacted with

the sulfur emitted from the petcoke and was consumed during the fuel production

process) ultimately formed part of the ash–Nelson’s third end product in this case.

Significantly and importantly for this analysis, the evidence submitted below

established that the ash has several commercial applications and is sold to third parties

unrelated to Nelson in legitimate arm's-length transactions. The gross tonnage of the

4
See Bridges, 15-1439, slip op. at 7-8.
5
See International Paper, 07-1151 at 21, 972 So.2d at 1135 (in which this court dispelled the idea of
a primary purpose test, implying that the purpose may be a secondary or tertiary purpose).
6
Furthermore, La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa) does not preclude a byproduct from qualifying as an
“article[] of tangible personal property,” and the International Paper test does not preclude a byproduct
from qualifying as an “end product[].” International Paper, 07-1151 at 21, 972 So.2d at 1135.

3
limestone used approximately equaled the gross tonnage of the ash produced. As a

result of the limestone’s interaction with the sulfur emitted during Nelson’s fuel

production, ash is produced, even if incidentally. In this context, some portion of the

limestone is further processed as required by La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa).

Nelson’s decision to use petcoke, instead of natural gas, as a fuel source in its

fuel production process was made with full awareness that Nelson would become a

producer of ash. Upon making this decision, Nelson made revisions to its facilities to

accommodate the ash that would be produced as a result of its conversion to a more

economical circulation fluidized boilers technology. Therefore, the inescapable

conclusion is that the limestone was purchased for the purpose of inclusion in the ash.

This satisfies the requirement of the third prong of the further processing test

advanced by International Paper. Without the limestone, there would be no ash.

Although the production of ash was not Nelson’s primary purpose for purchasing the

limestone, I believe, given the record in this case, that the limestone was undoubtedly

“purchased [by Nelson] with the purpose of inclusion in the end products”–the ash,

as required by International Paper, 07-1151 at 23, 972 So.2d at 1136. Accordingly,

the further processing exclusion of La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa) applies in this case.

However, the difference in the costs of the limestone and sales price of the ash

reveals that most of the limestone’s value lies in its calcium carbonate, which is

consumed in Nelson’s fuel production process to inhibit sulfur emissions and is, thus,

not included in the ash.7 For this reason, I disagree with the majority’s approach as

7
As noted by the majority, Nelson buys $46 million worth of limestone, which results in the production
of $6.8 million worth of ash. See Bridges, 15-1439, slip op. at 11. The majority awards a tax-free pass
on the entire $46 million limestone purchase. The fallacy of that award is no business would be in business
if it spent $46 million on a raw material to produce an end product that sells for only $6.8 million. The
statute does not sanction that absurdity. See La. R.S. 1:4 (“When the wording of a Section is clear and
free of ambiguity, the letter of it shall not be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.”); La. C.C.
art. 9 ("When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd consequences,

4
I do not believe under the facts of this case that the entire cost of the limestone should

be excluded from sales tax under the guise of the further processing exclusion. I

believe, like Justice Marcus in Traigle v. PPG Industries, Inc., 332 So.2d 777, 783

(La. 1976) (Marcus, J., dissenting in part), that the better approach in a case such as

this, where all of the limestone (after removal of the calcium carbonate during Nelson’s

fuel production process) goes into the production of an undeniably marketable

product, although incidentally, would be to allocate the costs of the limestone based

on its use.8 Accordingly, I believe that sales tax is owed on that portion of the

limestone that is not incorporated into the ash. Simply stated, taxes are due on what

is consumed (calcium carbonate), not what goes into what is produced (ash).

Such an apportionment would be based on the value of the limestone consumed

(the calcium carbonate) and the value of what remains of the limestone for

incorporation into the ash. The market value of the ash would be an important factor

in determining this apportionment. Such an interpretation of these statutory provisions

is in accord with the language of La. R.S. 47:302(A) and La. R.S. 47:301(10),

particularly La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa), which limits the applicability of the exclusion

to those materials “further process[ed] into articles of tangible personal property for

sale at retail.” Furthermore, La. R.S. 47:301(10)(c)(i)(aa) does not indicate that the

entire purchase of a raw material must be either taxable or nontaxable. The fact that

expert testimony may be needed to determine what portion of the sale of raw material

to Nelson constitutes a “sale at retail” as contemplated by La. R.S. 47:301(10)(a) for

the law shall be applied as written ....”).
8
This case differs from those in which only a small amount of the material in question appears in the end
product. See e.g., Vulcan Foundry, Inc., 414 So.2d at 1199 (on reh’g).

5
purposes of computing sales and use tax should not preclude the adoption of this

statutorily authorized approach.

Failure to adopt a divisible sale approach would allow the purchaser of raw

materials to escape the payment of sales tax on that portion of the raw materials

consumed in the manufacturing process of which the purchaser/manufacturer is the

ultimate consumer. Because the portion of raw material consumed during the

manufacturing process forms no part of end products in this case (electricity, steam

and ash), the purchasers of those end products would not be the ultimate consumers

on which the sales tax burden would lie. This case does not involve an issue of

double taxation, rather it involves an issue of tax avoidance as to the portion of the

limestone that is consumed by Nelson. The majority opinion provides the taxpayer

(Nelson) with a windfall by finding that the entire purchase price of the limestone

qualifies for the further processing exclusion despite that the taxpayer (Nelson) is the

ultimate consumer of the most valuable component of the limestone. However, the

taxpayer (Nelson) should not be taxed on the additional raw material that is used to

make an end product for sale at retail that it had the innovation and creativity to

produce, market, and sell.

In summary, Nelson is the ultimate consumer of that portion of the limestone

that is consumed during the manufacturing process of electricity and steam and thus

is responsible for the payment of sales tax on the amount to be consumed in its

manufacturing process. As an incidental benefit of the divisible sale approach,

businesses would be encouraged to be creative and innovative in their efforts to

fashion other revenue sources which benefit the economy and, as in this instance,

make a marketable product as opposed to generating disposable waste.

6
 Accordingly, I respectfully dissent in part from the majority opinion. In all other

respects, I agree with the majority opinion.

7
05/03/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2015-C-1439

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

CYNTHIA BRIDGES, SEC., DEPT. OF REV., STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO.

CONSOLIDATED WITH

NELSON INDUSTRIAL STEAM CO. VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SCHOOL SYSTEM SALES AND USE TAX DEPT., ET AL.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF CALCASIEU

HUGHES, J., concurs in part and dissents in part for the reasons assigned
by Weimer, J.