In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-14-00199-CV
BRIAN RUSSELL AND RONALD RUMPF, APPELLANTS
V.
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 47th District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. V-101657-00-A, Honorable Dan L. Schaap, Presiding
May 31, 2016
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellants Brian Russell and Ronald Rumpf, appearing pro se, are incarcerated
in the Clements Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Appellants filed suit
against the Department, alleging it violated their rights under the Texas Constitution by
its disposition of items of their property and in other ways. The trial court sustained the
Department’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissed the suit with prejudice. Appellants
bring three issues on appeal. We will affirm.
Background
Appellants’ suit stemmed from a May 2011 search and inventory of their
belongings. Appellants alleged that when their cells were searched, they were
temporarily placed in solitary confinement. They further alleged some of their property
was confiscated as contraband, they were disciplined for its possession, and the
property was later disposed of without appellants’ knowledge. By their amended suit
alleging six claims,1 appellants contended they were denied their constitutional rights
with regard to their placement in solitary confinement, with regard to the disciplinary
hearing held in June 2011, and with regard to the disposition of their property. 2 They
sought both monetary and non-monetary relief. Appellants each executed detailed
affidavits and included grievance documentation in their pleadings to the trial court.
Appellants also appended to their petition a copy of the Department’s Administrative
Directive AD-03.72 concerning Offender Property.
The Department filed a plea to the jurisdiction, generally asserting the
Department’s sovereign immunity. The trial court sustained the plea, and dismissed
appellants’ claims with prejudice.
1
As appellants plead them, “causes of action” one, three and five apply to
Russell, two, four and six, to Rumpf.
2
Russell’s claims relate to the confiscation and loss of a book, magazines,
stamps, commissary items and a bottle of facility-issued cleaner. Rumpf’s claims relate
to the confiscation and loss of commissary bags and items, clothing, game pieces,
writing materials, binders, books, pictures and address books.
2
Analysis
We begin with appellants’ second issue on appeal, which challenges the trial
court’s agreement with the Department’s plea to the jurisdiction. Appellants’ brief
contends the trial court erred “because appellants . . . have alleged facts demonstrating
violations of their due course of law rights, guaranteed by Article I, § 19 of the Texas
Constitution, and their property rights, guaranteed by Article I, § 17 of the Texas
Constitution.”3 Appellants generally assert that the Department is not immune from the
suit asserting their constitutional claims.
Immunity
The State and its agencies are generally immune from suit in the absence of an
express waiver of its sovereign immunity. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t v. Sawyer Trust,
354 S.W.3d 384, 388 (Tex. 2011). Immunity from suit deprives a trial court of subject
matter jurisdiction in lawsuits in which the State has been sued without the unit's
consent. Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. 2004).
Standard of Review
We review a trial court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. City of Elsa v.
Gonzalez, 325 S.W.3d 622, 625 (Tex. 2010). In performing this review, we do not look
to the merits of the case, but consider only the pleadings and evidence relevant to the
jurisdictional inquiry. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227; County of Cameron v. Brown, 80
S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002).
3
Footnotes in brief omitted.
3
Causes of Action One and Two – Solitary Confinement
Russell alleged that an assistant warden initiated4 an “offender protection”
investigation (“OPI”), also called a “safe prisons” investigation, causing Russell to be
moved to solitary confinement and classified as “transient pending OPI.” As a part of
the investigation, staff from the prison unit’s “safe prisons” office seized and inventoried
all the personal property in his possession. Some of the property was returned but
other items were confiscated as contraband. The inventorying officer designated some
items as “altered,” others “improperly stored,” some in “excessive amounts,” and others
of “questionable ownership.” Despite his efforts to do so, Russell was not allowed to
designate his preferred disposition of the items officers retained, and he later was told
they had been destroyed. He was released from solitary confinement after three days.
Rumpf made similar allegations. Officers disposed of some items of his personal
property in a way he did not select. He was released from solitary confinement after
two days.
By their first and second causes of action, appellants alleged they were housed
in solitary confinement “without any kind of preliminary hearing, either for arbitrary,
preemptive punishment or purely for the convenience of the unit’s classification staff.”
Their placement in solitary confinement without a hearing, they alleged, violated their
“due process rights.” As relief, appellants sought a declaratory judgment and “injunctive
relief barring the Clements unit from using solitary confinement to house offenders who
are not actually assigned to solitary confinement.”
4
Appellants’ pleadings referred to the investigation as a “sham investigation.”
4
As noted, appellants’ contention on appeal is that they established the trial
court’s jurisdiction by pleading violations of their rights under the Texas Constitution.
While there is no implied private right of action for damages against governmental
entities for violations of the Texas Constitution, sovereign immunity does not prohibit
suits seeking equitable remedies for such violations. City of Elsa v. M.A.L., 226 S.W.3d
390, 392 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam) (citing City of Beaumont v. Bouillion, 896 S.W.2d 143,
144, 149 (Tex. 1995). The governmental entity retains immunity, however, from suits
for injunctive relief “seeking imposition of an affirmative duty based on a past alleged
actionable wrong.” City of Arlington v. Randall, 301 S.W.3d 896, 907 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2009, pet. denied); see also Board of Trs. of the Galveston Wharves v. O'Rourke,
405 S.W.3d 228, 236 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (addressing
immunity from suits to control state action); Tex. Empl’t Comm’n v. Martinez, 545
S.W.2d 876, 877 (Tex. Civ. App.—El Paso 1976, no writ) (“Generally, it is the purpose
of injunctive relief to halt wrongful acts threatened or that are in the course of
accomplishment, rather than to grant relief against past actionable wrongs or to prevent
the commission of wrongs not eminently threatened”).
Appellants’ requests for declaratory judgments5 add nothing to the jurisdictional
allegations in their causes of action over solitary confinement. The Declaratory
Judgment Act is not a general waiver of sovereign immunity, and generally does not
alter a trial court’s jurisdiction. Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 388.
5
Appellants asked for judgments declaring, “Is the [Department] permitted to use
solitary confinement as a non-disciplinary housing status for the convenience of housing
offenders?” and “Is the [Department] permitted to house offenders in solitary
confinement prior to filing disciplinary charges without some kind of preliminary
hearing?”
5
We note also that appellants have not shown that they have standing to seek
injunctive relief as to the Clements Unit’s use of solitary confinement for other inmates.
See Abbott v. G.G.E, 463 S.W.3d 633, 647 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015, pet. filed) (test for
standing under Texas Constitution) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
560-61, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 119 L. Ed. 2d 351 (1992)).
The trial court did not err by dismissing appellants’ first and second causes of
action on the Department’s plea to the jurisdiction.
Causes of Action Three and Four – Disciplinary Proceedings
Appellants’ third and fourth claims alleged violations of their “due process rights”
during their offender disciplinary hearings. 6 On appeal, they point to their contentions
the hearing officer engaged in ex parte conversations with the charging officer and with
the warden who initiated the investigation against them, refused to consider their
commissary receipts and other documentary evidence, and denied them the ability to
cross-examine the charging officer in violation of Department policy despite her
presence at the time of the hearing.
Although couched in terms of declaratory relief,7 the substance of appellants’
third and fourth causes of action asked that their disciplinary proceedings be
6
Despite their occasional references to due process, as we have noted
appellants’ contentions on appeal refer expressly to their rights under the Texas
Constitution.
7
The declaratory relief appellants sought in conjunction with their third and fourth
causes of actions asked, “Is an offender entitled to rely on the plain-language definitions
and rules used in [Department] policy regarding offender property to determine what is
6
“overturned and dismissed with prejudice.”8 See Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 389
(“central test for determining jurisdiction is whether the ‘real substance’ of the plaintiff’s
claims falls within the scope of a waiver of immunity from suit”) (citation omitted).
Appellants do not cite us to authority holding our state constitution or statutes authorize
suits in Texas courts against the Department to set aside offender disciplinary
proceedings, and we are aware of none.
Although they do not expressly say so, appellants may be contending their third
and fourth claims seek equitable remedies for violations of our state constitution,
pursuant to City of Elsa v. M.A.L., 226 S.W.3d at 392, and City of Beaumont v. Bouillion,
896 S.W.2d at 144, 149. As with their first and second claims, however, the
Department retains its immunity from such suits. Randall, 301 S.W.3d at 908-09; see
Board of Trs. of the Galveston Wharves, 405 S.W.3d at 236.
And, as with their first and second claims, appellants’ request for declaratory
relief does not remedy the jurisdictional failing. See Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 388.
Causes of Action Five and Six – Disposition of Property Items
By their fifth and sixth causes of action, appellants seek a judgment declaring
“When an offender has contacted the unit property officer in accordance with
[Department] policy, has not been allowed to select a method of disposition for
confiscated property, and is still attempting to secure the return of that property, under
_______________
prohibited, or are correctional officers permitted to exercise quasi-judicial discretion to
define “contraband” on a case-by-case, day-by-day basis?”
8
The only punishment appellants specifically mention in their pleadings as
resulting from the disciplinary proceedings is the loss of their level 1 line class.
7
what circumstances, if any, is the [Department] permitted to make its own disposition of
the property?” They also plead for “specific performance in the form of restitution” in the
amounts they allege should have been paid for their items under section 501.007 of the
Texas Government Code.9 TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.007 (West 2012) (“Inmate
Claims for Lost or Damaged Property”).
To establish the trial court’s jurisdiction, appellants rely on article I, section 17 of
the Texas Constitution, which provides, “No person's property shall be taken, damaged,
or destroyed for or applied to public use without adequate compensation being made,
unless by the consent of such person." TEX. CONST. art. I, § 17(a). The three distinct
claims allowed by this section—taking, damaging, and destruction of property—are all
commonly referred to as a "taking." Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d at 391.
One whose property has been “taken, damaged, destroyed for, or applied to,
public use without adequate compensation” may bring an inverse condemnation claim
pursuant to article I, section 17 to recover compensation for loss of the property. See
McAllen Hospitals, L.P. v. Suehs, 426 S.W.3d 304, 312 (Tex. App.—Amarillo, 2014, no
pet.). To establish a taking or inverse condemnation claim, the plaintiff must show that
“(1) a governmental entity intentionally performed certain acts (2) that resulted in a
taking or damaging of property (3) for public use.” Id. (citing Gen. Servs. Comm’n v.
Little-Tex Insulation Co., Inc., 39 S.W.3d 591, 598 (Tex. 2001); see also Sw. Bell. Tel.,
L.P. v. Harris County Toll Rd. Auth., 282 S.W.3d 59, 61 (Tex. 2009). Only an intentional
act will give rise to liability under this constitutional provision. Sawyer Trust, 354 S.W.3d
9
Russell asked for $482.76 and Rumpf, $350.00, plus costs, expenses and
interest.
8
at 405. Whether a taking has occurred is a question of law. See Tex. Dep’t of Transp.
v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 644 (Tex. 2004); Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of
Criminal Justice, 135 S.W.3d 731, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.).
The Department argues appellants have not plead a valid takings claim. We
agree. Other Texas courts have considered, and rejected, takings claims arising from
confiscation or destruction of inmate property. See Fernandez v. T.D.C.J., 341 S.W.3d
6, 14 (Tex. App.—Waco 2010, pet. denied) (citing Tex. Dep't of Crim. Justice v.
Jackson, No. 01-07-00477-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 3943, at *13 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] May 29, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)). We find persuasive the
reasoning applied by the First Court of Appeals in Jackson, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS
3943, at *13.10 Jackson alleged a taking occurred when prison officials said his
confiscated typewriter and box fan would be disposed of under the Department’s
Administrative Directive 03.72. Id. The appellate court held his pleadings did not allege
a taking for public use and could not be construed as alleging an unconstitutional taking.
Id. at *13-14. Appellants do not point to any other “public use.”
In Steele v. City of Houston, 603 S.W.2d 786 (Tex. 1980), the Texas Supreme
Court observed that “the prohibition against uncompensated takings ‘was designed to
bar Government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all
fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole.’” Id. at 789 (quoting
Armstrong v. United States, 364 U.S. 40, 49 (1960)). No reason appears why the public
10
The court subsequently withdrew its opinion but explicitly stated in its opinion
that its “disposition and judgment remain unchanged.” Jackson v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal
Justice, No. 01-10-00598-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 9234 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] Oct. 25, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
9
as a whole should bear the burden of reimbursing items of personal property held in
violation of prison regulations. Cf. City of Dallas v. Stewart, 361 S.W.3d 562, 569 (Tex.
2012) (government commits no taking when it abates a public nuisance).
Sovereign immunity does not preclude a claim alleging that the State deprived
the plaintiff of property without due process of law. Bohannan v. Tex. Bd. of Criminal
Justice, 942 S.W.2d 113, 118 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, writ denied) (collecting cases).
With respect to a due course of law claim under article I, section 19 of the Texas
Constitution, it is well established that acts by officials of a state prison that result in loss
of property do not present constitutional violations as long as the prisoners have an
adequate post-deprivation remedy. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533-35, 104 S. Ct.
3194, 3204-05, 82 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1984); see also Aguilar v. Chastain, 923 S.W.2d 740,
743-44 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1996, writ denied) (holding no due process violation alleged).
It is immaterial whether the official's acts are negligent or intentional. Hudson, 468 U.S.
at 533; Aguilar, 923 S.W.2d at 743-44. The Government Code provides such a remedy.
Aguilar, 923 S.W.2d at 744; see TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 501.007, 501.008 (West
2012) (authorizing maximum payment of $500 as remedy for inmate's lost or damaged
property and outlining specific “inmate grievance” procedures to be completed to
exhaust administrative remedies). The maximum $500 remedy afforded by section
501.007 is “the exclusive administrative remedy available to an inmate for a claim for
relief” against the Department “that arises while the inmate is housed” by the
Department “other than a remedy provided by writ of habeas corpus.” TEX. GOV’T CODE
ANN. §§ 501.007-.008.
10
Appellants contend that, for different reasons, they were not compensated under
the Government Code provision. That the administrative remedy did not lead to
compensation in their individual cases, however, does not lessen its adequacy as a
post-deprivation remedy. See Hammonds v. Camp, No. 07-03-0496-CV, 2004 Tex.
App. LEXIS 3293, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 12, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing
Aguilar, 923 S.W.2d at 743).
We resolve appellants’ second issue against them.
Opportunity to Amend Pleadings
In their third issue, appellants contend the trial court erred by denying them the
opportunity to amend their pleadings to cure the jurisdictional defects.
A failure to allege sufficient facts to demonstrate jurisdiction does not necessarily
authorize immediate dismissal. City of Austin v. L.S. Ranch, Ltd., 970 S.W.2d 750, 753
(Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.). When a plaintiff fails to plead facts that establish
jurisdiction but the petition does not affirmatively demonstrate incurable defects in
jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency, and the plaintiff should be afforded
the opportunity to amend. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 223 (citing County of Cameron v.
Brown, 80 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 2002)). See also Tex. A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu,
233 S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2007) (a pleader must be given an opportunity to amend in
response to a plea to the jurisdiction only if it is possible to cure the pleading defect). If
the pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the
jurisdiction may be granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 223. Additionally, if a party has re-pleaded in an attempt to
11
cure disputed jurisdictional issues and if a court can ascertain the nature and issues of
the controversy and the evidence that probably would be relevant, that party is not
entitled to an opportunity to re-plead. Id. at 394 (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 47).
In this case, appellants first plead their claims against the Department under the
authority of the Texas Tort Claims Act11 and the Administrative Procedure Act.12 The
trial court sustained the Department’s plea to the jurisdiction as to those pleadings but
allowed appellants the opportunity to amend. The result was the pleadings currently
under review, alleging claims for the same injuries under the Uniform Declaratory
Judgment Act13 and sections 17 and 19 of article 1 of the Constitution.14 Appellants
responded to the Department’s second plea to the jurisdiction but did not amend their
petition further. From their two efforts at pleading their claims against the Department,
and from their response to the Department’s second plea to the jurisdiction, we find the
record shows the trial court well ascertained the nature and issues in controversy and
the evidence likely to be relevant. The trial court’s dismissal order states the court’s
conclusion that appellants’ pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction
over their claims against the Department. We agree, and find the trial court did not err
by denying appellants a further opportunity to amend their petition. See, e.g., Harris
11
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 101.001-.109 (West 2014).
12
See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 2001.001-.902 (West 2014).
13
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 37.001-.011 (West 2014).
14
U.S. CONST. art. 1, §§ 17, 19.
12
County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 640-41 (Tex. 2004). We resolve appellants’ final
issue against them.15
Conclusion
Having overruled each of appellants’ issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
James T. Campbell
Justice
15
By their first issue appellants point out that on the same day the trial court
dismissed the case under the Department’s plea to the jurisdiction, it signed an order
granting the motion to dismiss the Department had filed under Rule 91a of the Texas
Rules of Civil Procedure, and dismissing appellants’ causes of action for that reason as
well. Because we find subject-matter jurisdiction was lacking, we have no need to
consider the propriety of the trial court’s dismissal under Rule 91a. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
13