FILED
Jun 27 2016, 6:06 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Debra A. Mastrian REVIEW BOARD
Catherine E. Sabatine Gregory F. Zoeller
SmithAmundsen LLC Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Frances Barrow
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Employer, June 27, 2016
Appellant, Court of Appeals Case No.
93A02-1512-EX-2182
v. Appeal from the Review Board of
the Indiana Department of
Review Board of the Indiana Workforce Development
Department of Workforce Case No.
Development and Employee, 15-RB-1838
Appellees.
Brown, Judge.
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[1] M.F. (“Employer”) appeals a decision of the Review Board of the Indiana
Department of Workforce Development (the “Board”) in favor of C.G.
(“Claimant”) with respect to Claimant’s claim for unemployment benefits.
Employer raises one issue which we restate as whether the Board erred in
concluding that Claimant was not discharged from her employment for just
cause. We reverse.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Claimant worked as a full-time receptionist for Employer, a health care
provider, until August 4, 2015, when her employment was terminated. She
filed a claim for unemployment benefits, and in September 2015, a claims
deputy with the Indiana Department of Workforce Development (“DWD”)
determined that she had been discharged for just cause due to a work-related
breach of duty.
[3] Claimant appealed, and a hearing was held on October 5, 2015, before an
administrative law judge (“ALJ”). Employer testified that his business is a
medical practice and that Claimant was discharged because “[s]he had multiple
issues such as incomplete job duties, data entry problems that were incorrect
and this happened repetitively. As well as, disruption amongst other personnel
with (Inaudible).” Transcript at 5. When asked if there was one incident that
led to her discharge, Employer testified that “I think it was a culmination. So,
you will see in the written section that there was . . . a progressive number of
letters written that finally culminated in the discharge.” Id. When asked about
the last thing that happened, he testified “the major thing was that we had
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multiple patient complaints about not billing insurance correctly,” “[i]n other
words, the insurance cards, which are presented at the time of entry into the
office, the numbers on the insurance cards were incorrectly entered,” “[a]s well
as, incorrect insurance policies were entered,” “we have multiple persons
within the office that have to deal with these insurance cards” and “[t]hey are
all able to enter it correctly, but unfortunately that was kind of the final straw
that [Claimant] was not able to correctly enter those,” and “that resulted
directly in harm to the business by losing payments for surgeries and office
visits.” Id. at 5-6. When asked “was [Claimant] warned,” Employer
responded: “Yes, multiple times. And, just as a correlation, she has peers in the
office doing the same types of duties and they were all able to perform. She was
the only one who was not performing.” Id. at 6. Employer also testified that
“the general gist of this is that over . . . a long period of time myself and the
office staff attempted to write [sic] [Claimant’s] low performance by
encouragement, by teaching, by example,” that “despite all of that, we have
numerous different issues that were given rise to office turbulence and harm,”
that “it was not corrected,” and that, “therefore, there was a long track record
which culminated in this discharge. It was not an impulsive decision by any
means. It was a slow but gradual realization that it was not working.” Id.
[4] The ALJ admitted into evidence a number of letters and notes submitted by
Employer related to Claimant’s job performance. A letter to Claimant dated
July 25, 2012, stated “[p]lease put the co-pay amount on the fee slip for each
patient in the upper right corner” and “[t]hank you so much!” Exhibits at 28.
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A note dated August 6, 2012, states “[a]dvised [Claimant] to schedule . . .
patients as soon as possible – advised a month is too long.” Id. at 27. A note
dated December 20, 2012, to Claimant states “[w]hen patients have Sagamore,
be sure to put in group number with a space and then the SAG number such as:
. . .” and “[t]hank you.” Id. at 24. A note dated January 15, 2015, to Claimant
states “[p]lease update these charts for demographics as [illegible] are not
getting the bills to patients,” “this is dropping our collections despite having
done our . . . work,” and “Thanks.” Id. at 20. A note dated February 18, 2015,
titled “Meeting / performance / improvements,” states “[d]iscussed wide range
of issues and also job description” and listed eight numbered items, including in
part: “teamwork/helping others at any task,” “[n]eed to collect co-pay,”
“[c]harts incompletely put together,” “[r]egistration of insurance cards not
complete,” “[i]ncomplete e-mails,” “[n]o homework on job,” “[c]heck
insurance card for exact type & enter properly,” and “[u]pdated job description
list.” Id. at 19. A note dated April 10, 2015, states “[d]iscussed with
[Claimant],” “[c]ontinued problems with inaccurate insurance computer
entries,” “[t]hus, we don’t get paid or the corrective steps are taken by other
office staff,” “[t]his decreases revenue & increases expenses,” and “[h]ave again
asked to inspect the insurance cards to get the correct info into the computer.”
Id. at 18.
[5] A letter from Employer to Claimant dated May 7, 2015, which contains a
written note that it was given to Claimant May 14, 2015, by Employer’s
business manager and reviewed with her, states “[a]s a reminder, we would
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need to have an accurate scheduling with patients for their office visit
coordinated with hearing testing,” that “[t]hese requirements are listed at the
end of the office note,” that “[i]f they are not scheduled appropriately then great
confusion arises and patient frustration becomes an issue,” that “[y]ou are
responsible for pulling and prepping the charts,” and “[t]hank you very much
for your help in these office matters! I appreciate your contributions!” Id. at 17.
A letter from Employer to Claimant dated June 18, 2015 states, “[a]s per our
previous conversations, please refrain from overriding the new patient office
slots until the day prior to the office time,” “[a]t this present time we already
have overrides for July and August,” “[w]e need to keep those slots open for
new patients,” “[a]dditionally, we are seeing patients until 5 p.m.,” and
“[p]lease make a note of this. Thank you for your help!” Id. at 15. A letter
from Employer to Claimant dated June 25, 2015, states “[a]s per our telephone
conversation there have been some issues that have arisen once again that are
impeding the front office from properly progressing during the business day,”
“[s]pecifically, please enter all insurance demographics into the charts and
Athena system prior to the patients being seen by me,” “[i]f this does not
happen it creates great confusion,” “[a]dditionally, please make sure that the
total cash is verified and labeled,” “[l]astly, please keep a cordial and polite
conversation going with others in the front office, so that impersonal friction
does not arise,” and “Thank you very much for your help in these matters!” Id.
at 14. A note dated July 14, 2015, indicates “Reviewed w/ [Claimant]. Pulled
charts form [sic] shelf w/ her to confirm demos not entered at check in.” Id. at
16.
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[6] The ALJ questioned Employer’s business manager and the following exchange
occurred:
Q [ALJ]: The most recent warning or corrective notice that I
see is from June of this year. Was any other warning or
corrective action issued to [Claimant] after June?
A [Employer’s business manager]: Verbal. We did a lot of
verbal between me and her. Then, I know [Employer] had
multiple conversations with her on this. And, then, we
obviously offered her, you know, to ask questions if she
wasn’t sure to put the accounts on hold.
Q: So, again, my question is was any other . . .
A: (INAUDIBLE)
Q: . . . correction or warning issued to [Claimant] after the
June 23, 2015 . . .
A: Correct. Me and her . . .
Q: . . . letter.
A: . . . communications about it at least weekly.
Q: Was she ever told that her job was in jeopardy?
A: Yes.
Q: When?
A: During the conversations (INAUDIBLE) we said, you
know, that this, you know, a jeopardy that we won’t be
able to continue to employee [sic] people if you can’t pay.
Q: Was she told that her job was in jeopardy because of her
job performance?
A: You’re saying like somebody came out straight and said if
you do this again you’re going to be fired? No.
Q: Yes.
A: I have not.
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Q: Alright. I, I don’t have any other specific questions for
you, [Employer’s business manager]. Is there anything
else, [Employer], is there anything else you’d like to
question [Employer’s business manager] about?
A: No, I took under consideration that the warning would be
implied. That if it didn’t get corrected that it would not,
you know, that you wouldn’t have a job. And, I did make
that statement multiple times to [Claimant] and our other
employees in here.
Q: Thank you, [Employer’s business manager]. [Employer]? .
. . Would you like to question [Employer’s business
manager] on any other areas that I didn’t cover?
[Employer]: I think she covered her part fine.
Transcript at 9-10.
[7] Claimant indicated that she did not understand that her job was in jeopardy for
her work performance. She testified that she did not feel the documents
submitted by Employer were truthful. She testified that “[i]t was never a
warning to me that my job was in jeopardy,” that “[t]hey and [Employer’s
business manager] would say it to everyone in the office,” that “[s]he never
warned me directly and said your job is in jeopardy. That you are going to be
fired,” that “[t]hat was never stated to me,” that “the documents to me are just
for him to build a case,” “such as today to say that this was, this did happen
and we did tell her that,” and that “[s]ome of these documents I’ve never even
seen before.” Id. at 11.
[8] Claimant further testified that she worked for the company for sixteen years,
that Employer “came in after . . . approximately five years,” that she worked
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under him and there was never a problem with her doing her job, that in the last
year of working for Employer she was overloaded with an abundant amount of
work, that she “was the only one that was doing it. Checking in, checking out,
taking copays, entering demographics, filing, prepping the charts,” that she
“was doing all of the front office work,” that she felt like Employer “did that to
squeeze [her] out” and “[t]o make [her] quit,” and that, “when he saw that
wasn’t working he decided to go to another level.” Id. at 12. Claimant testified
that Employer implemented a new software system which required input of
insurance information, that she did that, and that “some of the insurances I did
not get and that’s what he used to terminate me,” but that she “never talked to
[Employer] multiple times about [her] job.” Id. She also testified that, when
she asked Employer’s business manager about insurances, “she could never
help [her],” that the manager “would always send [her] to [] another girl that
worked in the office. And, sometimes she couldn’t get it either,” that
“therefore, she would implement the insurances and I would go to her on
numerous occasions to enter the insurances for me . . . because she was
supposed to be the one that’s going over the insurances and verifying insurances
and making sure they were correct,” and that she did not agree with the
different statements that were made by Employer and Employer’s business
manager. Id. The ALJ asked Employer if he had any questions for Claimant,
Employer asked Claimant how she can state this was made up when there is
objective evidence that shows that she did not perform, and Claimant stated: “I
wasn’t aware that I was supposed to be saying that these documents didn’t
show that I did it. [] I asked you for training. You never trained me” and
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“[y]ou told me to train myself. And, that you were not going to give me any
training. And, I entered most of those insurances correctly. The firing and the
termination of me was not justice. There’s no justice with it.” Id. at 13.
[9] The ALJ issued a decision on October 9, 2015, reversing the deputy’s
determination and finding that Employer did not have just cause to discharge
Claimant. The ALJ’s decision provided in part:
FINDINGS OF FACT:
Employer operates as a medical practice. Claimant began
working for Employer on April 1, 2011 as a receptionist.
Employer discharged Claimant on August 4, 2015 for
unsatisfactory work performance, specifically, issues with
gathering patient demographic information and billing medical
insurance companies for services provided.
Employer provided Claimant with notes on work to be done,
requests to update patient information, reminders, and
instructions on tasks. Some of these notes are addressed to
Claimant along with other co-workers. The most recent letter
regarding direction on Claimant’s work is dated June 25, 2015,
and ends with “Thank you very much with your help in these
matters!” A June 18, 2015 memo to Claimant reminding
Claimant of issues with patient scheduling ends with “Please
make a note of this. Thank you for your help!” On May 7, 2015,
[Employer’s] memo to Claimant reminding her of a different
scheduling matter includes, “Thank you very much for your help
in these office matters! I appreciate your contributions!” These
notes and memos had been issued to Claimant and other
employees from June 2013 to June 2015. [Employer] and
[Employer’s business manager] met with Claimant in February
2015, [Employer] met with Claimant in April 2015, and
[Employer’s business manager] met with Claimant in July 2015,
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all to provide Claimant with direction, reminders, and
instructions regarding her work tasks.
At no time did Employer inform Claimant that if she continued
to make errors in updating patient demographics or in insurance
billing that her employment would be terminated. On August 4,
2015, Employer discharged Claimant for unsatisfactory work
performance.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW:
*****
In the instant case, Employer had been writing memos, notes,
and reminders to Claimant since June 2013. In May and June of
2015, memos to Claimant from [Employer] reminding her of
scheduling tasks and updates to patient demographics included
language thanking her for her contributions to the office rather
than warning her that her position was in jeopardy. The [ALJ]
concludes that a reasonable employee of Employer would not
have understood that Claimant’s performance had violated a
duty or that Claimant was subject to discharge for her job
performance. Employer did not have just cause to discharge
Claimant as defined by Ind. Code Ann. 22-4-15-1.
Exhibits 29-31.
[10] Employer appealed the ALJ’s decision and argued that Claimant was
repeatedly counseled about her job performance and that Claimant’s
unsatisfactory job performance was a breach of her duties to Employer. On
November 17, 2015, the Board entered a decision which affirmed the ALJ’s
decision and adopted and incorporated by reference the ALJ’s findings of fact
and conclusions of law.
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Discussion
[11] The issue is whether the Board erred in concluding that Claimant was not
discharged from her employment for just cause. Employer maintains that the
Board’s decision is unreasonable and contrary to law because the evidence
established that Claimant repeatedly failed to perform her job responsibilities
properly and follow Employer’s instructions, had been informed about the
importance of entering accurate patient demographic and insurance
information and prepping patient charges on a number of occasions, and was
given multiple chances to correct her deficiencies. Employer further argues
that, even if the manager did not explicitly inform Claimant that her job was in
jeopardy, explicit notice is not required where, despite repeated correction, an
employee demonstrates a pattern of substandard work performance. Employer
also argues that a reasonable person would not conclude that Claimant’s
repeated mistakes, errors, refusal to follow instructions, and inability to perform
her job duties should be overlooked or ignored because Employer occasionally
thanked her for her services.
[12] The Board asserts that Employer never told Claimant she would be subject to
discharge if she continued making mistakes, that for more than two years
Employer chose to inform Claimant of her mistakes and at the same time thank
her for her efforts, and that Employer’s business manager acknowledged that
Claimant was never explicitly told that her job was in jeopardy. The Board
argues that no warning could be implied from Employer simply correcting
Claimant without providing any hint that her job was at stake, that “[g]iven this
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pattern, a reasonable employee would believe that Employer was willing to
tolerate mistakes and would simply continue bringing the errors to [Claimant’s]
attention,” and that the notes ending with “Thank you!” show that Employer
“wanted to soften the message contained in the list of corrections instead of
confronting [Claimant] with a warning about her performance.” Appellee’s
Brief at 10. The Board also argues that Employer’s general theory is that poor
performance alone is a breach of duty providing just cause for discharge and
that, unlike in cases cited by Employer, there is no evidence that Claimant had
a poor attitude, was defiant, rude, confrontational, or uncooperative, disliked
the work, or simply refused to improve.
[13] In reply, Employer argues that an employer is not required to issue a warning
prior to discharging an employee in order for just cause to exist, that just cause
exists when an employee breaches a duty in connection with work which is
reasonably owed to the employer or refuses to obey instructions, and that
Claimant’s continuous poor performance constituted a breach of her duty to
Employer.
[14] The standard of review on appeal of a decision of the Board is threefold: (1)
findings of basic fact are reviewed for substantial evidence; (2) findings of mixed
questions of law and fact—ultimate facts—are reviewed for reasonableness; and
(3) legal propositions are reviewed for correctness. Recker v. Review Bd. of Ind.
Dep’t of Workforce Dev., 958 N.E.2d 1136, 1139 (Ind. 2011) (citing McClain v.
Review Bd. of Ind. Dep’t of Workforce Dev., 693 N.E.2d 1314, 1318 (Ind. 1998),
reh’g denied). Ultimate facts are facts that involve an inference or deduction
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based on the findings of basic fact. Id. (citing McClain, 693 N.E.2d at 1317).
Where such facts are within the special competence of the Board, this court will
give greater deference to the Board’s conclusions, broadening the scope of what
can be considered reasonable. Id. (citing McClain, 693 N.E.2d at 1318).
[15] “Under the Unemployment Compensation System established by the General
Assembly, an individual is disqualified from receiving benefits if discharged for
just cause by the most recent employer.” Id. at 1140 (citing Ind. Code § 22-4-
15-1(a)).1 Ind. Code § 22-4-15-1(d) delineates nine non-exclusive scenarios that
can amount to “[d]ischarge for just cause,” which include “any breach of duty
in connection with work which is reasonably owed an employer by an
employee.” Id. “This basis for a just cause discharge does not explicitly
condition a claimant’s ineligibility on a requirement that the breach of duty
must have been knowing, willful, or intentional.” Id. The breach of duty
1
Ind. Code § 22-4-15-1(a) provides:
Regarding an individual’s most recent separation from employment before filing an initial
or additional claim for benefits, an individual who voluntarily left the employment without
good cause in connection with the work or was discharged from the employment for just cause is
ineligible for waiting period or benefit rights for the week in which the disqualifying
separation occurred and until:
(1) the individual has earned remuneration in employment in at least eight
(8) weeks; and
(2) the remuneration earned equals or exceeds the product of the weekly
benefit amount multiplied by eight (8).
If the qualification amount has not been earned at the expiration of an individual’s benefit
period, the unearned amount shall be carried forward to an extended benefit period or to
the benefit period of a subsequent claim.
(Emphasis added).
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“ground for just [cause] discharge is an amorphous one, without clearly
ascertainable limits or definition, and with few rules governing its utilization.”
Id. (quoting Hehr v. Review Bd. of Ind. Emp’t. Sec. Div., 534 N.E.2d 1122, 1126
(Ind. Ct. App. 1989)).
In considering whether an employer may utilize this provision as a
basis for justifying its action, the Board should consider whether
the conduct which is said to have been a breach of a duty
reasonably owed to the employer is of such a nature that a
reasonable employee of the employer would understand that the
conduct in question was a violation of a duty owed the employer
and that he would be subject to discharge for engaging in the
activity or behavior.
Id. at 1140-1141 (quoting Hehr, 534 N.E.2d at 1126). “The duties reasonably
owed to the employer by the employee may vary considerably depending on the
circumstances.” P.K.E. v. Review Bd. of Ind. Dep’t. of Workforce Dev., 942 N.E.2d
125, 132 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied.
[16] In addition, 646 Ind. Administrative Code 5-8-6(b) (filed Apr. 26, 2011)
provides that a breach of duty reasonably owed to an employer includes, but is
not limited to, conduct which establishes that the claimant (1) damaged the
employer’s trust and confidence in the claimant’s ability to effectively perform
the job; (2) willfully failed to meet the employer’s reasonable expectation; (3)
chose a course of action that the claimant knew, or should have known, would
negatively impact the employer’s financial interests; (4) demonstrated an
intentional or substantial disregard for the employer’s interests; (5) intentionally
or knowingly injured, or attempted to injure, the employer’s financial interests;
(6) intentionally chose a course of action that pitted the claimant’s interests
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against the employer’s interests to the detriment of the employer; or (7) showed
carelessness or negligence to such a degree, or with such recurrence, as to cause
damage to the employer’s interests.
[17] The record reveals that Employer testified that Claimant repeatedly failed to
complete certain job tasks and to enter patient insurance information into
Employer’s computer system correctly, that Employer received complaints from
patients regarding incorrect bills, and that Claimant’s performance resulted in
harm to the business. Employer submitted several progress notes and other
documents which reflected the various work-performance issues, and the fact
these issues impacted revenue and expenses was discussed with Claimant.
Claimant worked in the front office of a medical practice, and she had notice
regarding the expectations of her position, including with respect to the
accurate filing of insurance claims, the collection of payments, and the filing of
patient information. These tasks were an intrinsic part of the work
responsibilities of an employee in Claimant’s position, and an employee
“should reasonably expect a duty fundamental to the [employee’s] job.” See
Recker, 958 N.E.2d at 1141.
[18] Under the circumstances, we conclude that Claimant showed carelessness or
negligence to such a degree or with such recurrence as to cause damage to
Employer’s interest, breached a duty in connection with work which was
reasonably owed Employer, and that Claimant’s conduct was of such a nature
that a reasonable employee of Employer would understand that the conduct
was a violation of a duty owed Employer. See Recker, 958 N.E.2d at 1141
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(noting that the ability to back up a truck was an intrinsic part of the work
responsibilities of an employee in the claimant’s position, that the claimant had
notice that the inability to perform the task would be a violation of a duty owed
to her employer, and that actual driving competence was an integral component
of the claimant’s duties); Seabrook Dieckmann & Naville, Inc. v. Rev. Bd. of Ind.
Dep’t of Workforce Dev., 973 N.E.2d 647, 651-652 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (observing
that the claimant’s errors were continual and included preparation of funeral
documents which contained misspellings, typographical errors, and
misidentification of family members, concluding that claimant breached a duty
in connection with work which was reasonably owed the employer and that the
claimant’s conduct was of such a nature that a reasonable employee of the
employer would understand that the conduct was a violation of a duty owed the
employer, and reversing the Board’s decision that the claimant was not
discharged for just cause) (citing VanCleave v. Rev. Bd. of Ind. Emp. Sec. Div., 517
N.E.2d 1260, 1264 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988) (noting that the claimant persisted in a
pattern of substandard work performance, including failures to complete an
order, to timely turn in monies collected, and to correctly mark paperwork
resulting in improper bills, and that there was sufficient evidence of a
continuing disregard of the interests of the employer to outweigh the claimant’s
explanations of a few of his errors)). Also, the statements in the notes to
Claimant thanking her for her contributions, especially when viewed together
with the work-performance instructions contained in the notes, did not change
the fact that Claimant had notice regarding the expectations of her position and
the fact that the tasks were an intrinsic part of her work responsibilities.
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[19] To the extent the Board asserts that poor performance alone does not constitute
a breach of duty, we have previously observed that, as the Indiana Supreme
Court has made clear, there must also be evidence that the breach of duty was
Claimant’s fault. See Conklin v. Rev. Bd. of Ind. Dep’t of Workforce Dev., 966
N.E.2d 761, 765 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (noting that “despite language in Recker
suggesting that a ‘just cause’ discharge determination for ‘breach of duty’
statutorily does not require any consideration of the willfulness of the
employee’s conduct,” the Court “still deemed it necessary to address whether
an employee’s conduct was volitional and/or whether he or she exercised
‘some control’ over the circumstances leading to the discharge,” that, “[a]s
Giovanoni [v. Rev. Bd. of Ind. Dep’t of Workforce Dev., 927 N.E.2d 906 (Ind.
2010),2] and Recker both make clear, . . . there must also be evidence that this
breach was Conklin’s fault,” and that “[i]n other words, the accident must have
been the result of a ‘volitional act’ or circumstances over which Conklin
exercised ‘some control’”) (citing Recker, 958 N.E.2d at 1142), reh’g denied.
Here, Claimant’s failure to enter patient insurance information into Employer’s
computer system correctly or perform other payment and filing functions as
described in the record were matters over which Claimant had “some control.”
See Recker, 958 N.E.2d at 1142 (concluding that the claimant’s “unsuccessful
2
In Giovanoni v. Rev. Bd. of Ind. Dep’t of Workforce Dev., the stated reason for discharge, which was a violation
of an employer attendance policy, statutorily required consideration of the employee’s intent in violating the
policy, and the Indiana Supreme Court stated that “‘just cause’ determinations, as they pertain to an
employee’s discharge, must be consistent with the legislative purpose underlying the Act—to provide
financial assistance to an individual who had worked, was able and willing to work, but through no fault of his
or her own, is temporarily without employment.” 927 N.E.2d 906, 910 (Ind. 2010) (emphasis added).
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attempts to properly back up a truck were matters over which [the claimant]
had ‘some control’ under the Giovanoni analysis”); cf. Conklin, 966 N.E.2d at
765 (concluding that an unexplained, involuntary act of passing out while
driving cannot be construed as a “volitional” act or a circumstance over which
Conklin exercised “some control”). Based upon the record, we conclude
Claimant was discharged for just cause. See Recker, 958 N.E.2d at 1140-1142.
Conclusion
[20] For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the Board that Claimant
was not discharged for just cause.
[21] Reversed.
Baker, J., and May, J., concur.
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