In the Interest of: K.D., a Minor

J-S22016-16 & J-S22017-16

2016 PA Super 162

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.D., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: D.S. & L.S.

No. 1975 MDA 2015

Appeal from the Decree entered October 14, 2015,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County,
Orphans' Court, at No(s): A77-2013.

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.D., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: LACKAWANNA COUNTY
OFFICE OF YOUTH AND FAMILY
SERVICES

No. 1983 MDA 2015

Appeals from the Decree entered October 14, 2015,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County,
Orphans' Court, at No(s): A77-2013.

BEFORE: MUNDY, DUBOW, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

OPINION BY DUBOW, J.: FILED JULY 22, 2016

*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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D.S. and L.S. (“Pre-Adoptive Parents”) and the Lackawanna County

Office of Youth and Family (“the Agency”) appeal from the Decree that the

Orphan’s Court entered granting the Petition to Adopt K.D. (“Child”) that the

Child’s maternal grandmother, E.D. (“Grandmother”), filed pursuant to the

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S §§ 2101-2910.1 In granting Grandmother’s petition,

the Orphan’s Court denied the Petition to Adopt that the Pre-Adoptive

Parents filed.

After thorough review, we vacate the Decree granting Grandmother’s

adoption petition and remand to the Orphans’ Court with instructions to

grant the Petition to Adopt that Pre-Adoptive Parents filed. We do so

because the Orphan’s Court based its Decree solely on the Child’s biological

connection to Grandmother. The Orphans’ Court ignored the undisputed

evidence that the Child is traumatized by her visits with Grandmother and

Grandmother consistently shows poor judgment when attempting to meet

the Child’s needs. Moreover, the Child is bonded to, and is thriving in the

care of, Pre-Adoptive Parents. The Child, who is four years old, has lived

with Pre-Adoptive Parents for most of her life. Therefore, it is in the Child’s

best interests for Pre-Adoptive Parents to adopt the Child.

____________________________________________

1
On December 5, 2015, we denied Pre-Adoptive Parents’ motion for
consolidation of these appeals. After our substantive review of the parties’
briefs and the joint record submitted on appeal, we now sua sponte
consolidate the Agency’s and Pre-Adoptive Parents’ appeals in the interests
of judicial economy and for ease of disposition.

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Factual and Procedural History

The Child was born on December 14, 2011. On March 12, 2012, when

she was almost three months old, the Lackawanna County Office of Youth

and Family Services (“the Agency”) removed the Child from her mother

because the Child, while in the mother’s care, suffered severe chemical

burns to her eyes as a result of someone putting an alkaline cleaning

product in her eyes. The Child spent two weeks in Wills Eye Hospital. The

Child is legally blind and remains medically fragile. She has undergone, and

will continue to undergo, multiple eye surgeries for which extensive post-

operative care is required, including multiple kinds of eye drops a day and

various eye patches.

At the time of the injury, the Child was living with her mother, who

was seventeen years old, and Grandmother. Following an investigation by

the Agency, the Agency found that the injury was “non-accidental” and

“indicated” both the mother and Grandmother as the perpetrators of the

child abuse.

On May 12, 2012, the court adjudicated the Child dependent and

placed the Child with a family member. The family member, however, found

it too stressful to meet the Child’s medical needs and deal with the mother.

After two months, the family member asked the Agency to remove the Child

from her care. The Agency then placed the Child with Pre-Adoptive Parents,

who are trained to care for medically fragile children. The Child has

remained with Pre-Adoptive Parents for the past three and a half years. Pre-

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Adoptive Parents have years of experience fostering medically fragile

children and provide consistent and high quality medical care for the Child as

well as a loving and caring home.

In 2014, the mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights to the

Child. The court then terminated the parental rights of the Child’s father

and changed the Child’s permanency goal to adoption.

After the court terminated the mother’s parental rights, the court

ordered the Agency to provide Grandmother with a weekly two-hour, “line-

of-sight” supervised visit.2

Grandmother appealed her child abuse “indicated” status, and the

administrative agency eventually expunged the finding. Consequently, the

Agency arranged for the Child to have longer line-of-sight supervised visits

with Grandmother.3 Those visits occurred once a week and lasted four hours

each. The Agency never recommended increasing the length of the visits

because of the Agency’s concerns expressed in visitation reports. N.T. at

98.

____________________________________________

2
“Line-of-sight” visits are the Agency’s most restrictive types of visits. They
require that someone monitor the visit at all times. See Notes of Testimony
(N.T.), 8/13/15, at 84-85.
3
Grandmother also accompanied Pre-Adoptive Parents and the Child to
many of the Child’s medical appointments and would visit at the Pre-
Adoptive home on major holidays.

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On March 6, 2015, Pre-Adoptive Parents filed a Report of Intention to

Adopt the Child in accordance with 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2530 and 2531(c), and

attached a pre-adoptive investigation and home study. They then filed a

Petition for Adoption on April 9, 2015.

On May 5, 2015, the Agency filed a Petition to Intervene, which the

Orphans’ Court granted. The Orphans’ Court also continued an evidentiary

hearing on Pre-Adoptive Parents’ Adoption Petition, and directed that

Grandmother be given notice of the petitions and the new date for the

hearing on the Petition for Adoption of May 26, 2015.

On May 21, 2015, Grandmother filed a response to Pre-Adoptive

Parents’ Adoption Petition, as well a counterclaim Petition for Adoption. The

Agency and Pre-Adoptive Parents filed preliminary objections asserting that

Grandmother had not properly intervened and had not attached appropriate

documentation to her counterclaim adoption petition. The trial court denied

the preliminary objections.

On August 13, 2015, the Honorable Thomas Munley held an

evidentiary hearing on both Petitions to Adopt. At the hearing, Pre-Adoptive

Parents presented the testimony of Pre-Adoptive Mother, as well as that of

present and former Agency caseworkers, Sharon Roginski, Stephanie Herne,

Jane Leach, and Lisa Gruszewski, who worked closely with the Child and the

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parties, and an in-home nurse, Tammy Miller.4 Grandmother presented

testimony from the relative with whom the Agency had initially placed the

Child, as well as her own testimony.

At the end of the hearing, the Child’s Guardian Ad Litem, Kevin

O’Hara, Esq., testified that it was in the Child’s best interest to remain in the

Pre-Adoptive parents’ home. The Orphans’ Court requested briefs from the

parties, articulating his analysis of this case as between the Pre-Adoptive

Parents, to whom the Child is more attached than anybody, and the

Grandmother who is a blood relative:

… [T]he [C]hild has been living with the [Pre-Adoptive Parents]
for three years. And they’re doing a great job raising this child.
I’m sure at this point the child is more attached to the [Pre-
Adoptive Parents] than anybody. But the point is [Grandmother]
is a blood relative. So, this is what we have to decide, amongst
other things. But that’s a major issue here.

N.T. at 238.

On October 14, 2015, the Orphans’ Court granted Grandmother’s

Petition to Adopt and entered a Decree stating that the Orphan’s Court

“accept[ed] the Petition filed by [Grandmother] in regard to [the Child], and

will permit her to schedule an Adoption Hearing within six months of the

date of this Decree[.]” Decree, 10/14/15. In addition, the court directed

the Agency “to facilitate the transition of [the Child] from foster placement
____________________________________________

4
Tammy Miller, R.N., works at the pre-adoptive home 5 days a week, 8
hours a day, to provide care for one of the other medically fragile children in
the family.

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to placement with [Grandmother] as the child’s adoptive resource.” Id.

Both Pre-Adoptive Parents5 and the Agency filed timely appeals. The

Orphans’ Court did not require the parties to comply with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

Issues Raised on Appeal

Pre-Adoptive Parents raises the following issues:

1. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law in denying
[Pre-Adoptive Parents’] petition for adoption and
accepting [Maternal Grandmother’s] petition for
adoption when the orphans’ court did not engage in any
analysis of [K.D.’s] best interests, did not consider [her]
special medical needs or emotional needs, and issued a
decision contrary to the evidence presented and the
recommendations of the [A]gency, [K.D.’s] guardian ad
litem and [K.D.’s] Court-Appointed Special Advocates?

2. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law in
overemphasizing [Maternal Grandmother’s] status as a
“blood relative” of [K.D.] by making it the controlling
factor in its decision and in minimizing [Pre-Adoptive
Parents’] relationship to [K.D.] by treating them as
foster parents rather than preadoptive [sic] parents?

3. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law in allowing
[Maternal Grandmother] to participate in adoption
proceedings and in accepting [her] petition for adoption
over [Pre-Adoptive Parents’] petition for adoption when
[Maternal Grandmother] was not granted leave of court
to intervene in the adoption proceedings and did not
secure the required consent of the [A]gency to her
proposed adoption, and accordingly lacked standing to
adopt [K.D.]?
____________________________________________

5
Although this ruling appears to be interlocutory and the Orphans’ Court did
not expressly deny Pre-Adoptive Parents’ competing adoption petition, we
conclude that Pre-Adoptive Parents’ appeal is properly before us. See
Adoption of J.E.F., 864 A.2d 1207 (Pa. Super. 1996).

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4. Did the orphans’ court err as a matter of law in failing
to consider whether the statements in [Maternal
Grandmother’s] petition were true, whether the needs
and welfare of [K.D.] will be promoted by [Maternal
Grandmother’s] adoption, and whether [she] met the
requirements of the Adoption Act when Section 2902 of
the Adoption Act requires a court to make these
findings in permitting an adoption?

Pre-Adoptive Parents’ Brief at 4-5.

The Agency raised the following issues:

1. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by allowing [E.D.] to
participate in these adoption proceedings without a
hearing or an order filed of record allowing intervention,
by not dismissing the counter[-]petition [for] adoption,
and by dismissing [Maternal Grandmother’s] petition for
adoption for failure to have the required attachments?

2. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by not performing a
best interests of the child analysis and by not
determining if the three requirements of 23 Pa.C.S.A.
[§] 2902 were met?

3. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by not considering
the concerns about [Maternal Grandmother] raised by
the Agency and [K.D’s court-appointed special
advocates] including [Maternal Grandmother’s]
behavior during visits with [K.D.], difficulty in
administering medication during visits, [K.D.’s] behavior
following visits, and whether [K.D.] has a bond with
[Maternal Grandmother], who has not moved past line
of sight supervision?

4. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by concluding that
the Agency did not increase visitation when the
evidence shows that [K.D.] was dependent and all
aspects including visitation were subject to the three
months permanency review hearings of the Juvenile
Division of the Court of Common Pleas?

5. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by determining that
[Maternal Grandmother] as an eligible foster parent was
on an “equal footing” to the Pre-Adoptive Parents when

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it makes clear that foster parents have a subordinate
and temporary status[?]

6. Whether the Orphans’ Court erred by stating that but
for the indicated status, [Maternal Grandmother] would
have been considered for foster care and [K.D.] placed
with her when the undisputed evidence is that
[Maternal Grandmother’s] home would not be approved
for placement when [K.D.’s] mother, who was and still
is indicated, was a member of the household?

The Agency’s Brief at 4-5 (excess capitalization removed).

Standard of Review

Our paramount concern in child custody cases is to determine the best

interests of the child. Choplosky v. Choplosky, 584 A.2d 340, 341 (Pa.

Super. 1990); M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11, 19 (Pa.Super. 2010). Thus,

“our appellate function is to make an independent judgment that, based on

the testimony and evidence before us, is in the best interest of the child.”

Id. at 19.6

We review a trial court’s custody determination for an abuse of

discretion. In re B.L.L., 787 A.2d 1007, 1015 (Pa. Super. 2001). An abuse

of discretion does not exist merely because a reviewing court would have

reached a different conclusion. In Re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826

(Pa. 2012). Appellate courts will find a trial court abuses its discretion if, in

reaching a conclusion, it overrides or misapplies the law, or the record shows

____________________________________________

6
Although M.A.T is a custody case, the best interest of the child analysis
equally applies in an adoption case.

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that the trial court’s judgment was either manifestly unreasonable or the

product of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will. Id.

This Court has observed that this Court has the broadest discretion in

reviewing appeals from Adoption Decrees:

[A]ppellate review of child custody Orders is of the broadest
type, McMillen v. McMillen, 529 Pa. 198, 602 A.2d 845 (1992),
and we may modify the trial court's custody determination where
it is shown by evidence of record to be manifestly unreasonable,
In re: David L.C., 376 Pa.Super. 615, 546 A.2d 694 (1988);
see also Robinson v. Robinson, 538 Pa. 52, 645 A.2d 836
(1994) (appella[te] interference warranted where custody Order
is manifestly unreasonable). Further, our review is not bound by
the trial court's deductions, inferences and interpretations of
evidence and we will exercise independent judgment to consider
the merits of the case and to enter an Order that is correct and
just. Bucci v. Bucci, 351 Pa.Super. 457, 506 A.2d 438 (1986).

In re Adoption of D.M.H., 682 A.2d 315, 318 (Pa. Super. 1996).

The proceedings in an adoption hearing are unique and involve parties,

experts, investigators, and non-parties to a greater extent than in custody

hearings, but ultimately are subject to the same standard, ”that being the

best interest of the child.” In re B.L.L., 787 A.2d at 1015, citing In re

Adoption of A.S.H., 674 A.2d 698 (Pa. Super. 1996). .

Thus, where the trial court has abused its discretion and the record is

sufficiently developed, this Court may, rather than remand the case,

“substitute our judgment for that of the trial court and decide the case on

the merits.” Wiseman v. Wall, 718 A.2d 844, 851 n.3 (Pa. Super. 1998).

See also In re Michael T.L. v. Marilyn J.L., 525 A.2d 414, 421 (Pa.

Super. 1987) (having found that the award of custody to father was

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unsupportable by the facts of record, this Court considered the best interests

of the child and granted custody to mother); In re Custody of Temos, 450

A.2d 111, 119 (Pa. Super. 1982) (reversing trial court order and awarding

custody to mother based on facts of record); McAnallen v. McAnallen, 446

A.2d 918, 923 (Pa. Super. 1982) (awarding custody to mother where

evidence indicated the best interests of the child would be served by

awarding custody to mother); W.C.F. v. M.G., 115 A.3d, 323, 331-32

(Pa.Super. 2015) (vacating as unreasonable the trial court’s order awarding

the mother primary physical custody, and remanding for entry of “an order

consistent with the trial court’s findings and this Court’s decision.”).

In this case, the Orphans’ Court made a significant error of law and

abused its discretion by foregoing a proper and complete analysis of the

undisputed evidence regarding the best interests of the Child. The court

based its decision solely on the Child’s biological connection to Grandmother,

rather than a reasoned review of the entire record. Since the record is

complete, we reverse the Orphans’ Court granting Grandmother’s Petition to

Adopt and remand for the Orphans’ Court to enter an Order granting Pre-

Adoptive Parents’ Petition to Adopt.

Legal Analysis

Pre-Adoptive Parents’ third issue and the Agency’s first issue challenge

the Orphans’ Court’s consideration of Grandmother’s and the Pre-Adoptive

Parents’ competing adoption petitions. They assert that because the trial

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court did not hold a hearing on Grandmother’s Petition for Intervention prior

to holding a hearing on the adoption petitions, this Court should reverse the

trial court’s Order. For the following reason, at this juncture of the

proceedings, reversal on that basis alone would be inappropriate and not in

the interests of judicial economy.

After Pre-Adoptive Parents filed their adoption petition, Grandmother

responded with an answer and a counterclaim Petition for Adoption. The

Pre-Adoptive Parents and the Agency filed preliminary objections to

Grandmother’s Counterclaim and Petition for Adoption, arguing that

Grandmother was not a party to the proceedings and had not filed a Petition

to Intervene. They also challenged the lack of documentation supporting

Grandmother’s counterclaim petition. Grandmother subsequently filed a

Petition to Intervene as well as her own separate Adoption Petition.

Although the trial court did not enter an Order that appeared on the lower

court’s docket permitting Grandmother to intervene, the trial court

ultimately stated that it had granted Grandmother’s request to intervene.

See Orphans’ Court Decision and Decree, 10/14/15, at 2, citing In re

Adoption of Hess, 608 A.2d 10 (Pa. 1992).

Although the lower court’s docket is devoid of an explicit written Order

granting Grandmother’s Petition to Intervene, we conclude that because

Grandmother filed a separate Petition for Adoption, the trial court’s

consideration in one proceeding of all of the parties’ requests for relief was

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proper. See In re J.E.F., 902 A.2d 402 (Pa. 2006) (concluding that a single

proceeding is the most expeditious way to address competing adoption

petitions). To do anything else at this point of the proceedings would

elevate form over substance and serve only to delay further the Child’s

adoption. Accordingly, we review the remaining issues in the interests of

judicial economy.

We will now address the Agency’s and Pre-Adoptive Parents’ remaining

issues together because they each pertain to the failure of the trial court to

analyze the Petitions for Adoption according to well-established law.

Both Pennsylvania’s Adoption Act and case law require the court

deciding a Petition for Adoption to base its decision on the “physical, mental,

and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 2724(b); In Re:

Adoption of A.S.H., supra at 700. In other words, the court must make its

decision on a case-by-case basis after consideration of “all factors that bear

on the child’s physical, emotional, intellectual, moral and spiritual well-

being,” and the “best interest of the child.” Id.; In Re B.L.L., 787 A.2d at

1015. See also In re: Adoption of Hess, 562 A.2d 1375, 1378 (Pa.Super.

1989) (observing that adoptees “have the right to have their ‘best interests’

determined upon a consideration of all relevant facts.”).

We are mindful that, when possible, the preservation of the family is

the desired outcome in custody matters. However, “[t]he goal of preserving

the family unit cannot be elevated above all other factors when considering

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the best interests of the children, but must be weighed in conjunction with

other factors.” In re Adoption of G.R.L., 26 A.3d 1124, 1127 (Pa. Super.

2011) (citation omitted).

Additionally, the Orphans’ Court has the duty to consider the

statements and opinions of the Guardian Ad Litem when making its

determination of which family would better serve the bests interests of the

child. Adoption of D.M.H., 682 A.2d 315, 322 (Pa. Super 1996).

In this case, the Orphans’ Court focused only on Grandmother’s

interests as a “blood relative,” and the purported inaction of the Agency to

facilitate increased contact between the Grandmother and Child. 7 See

Decision and Decree at 9-10. In doing so, the court ignored much

unrebutted evidence that established that it was not in the Child’s best

interest to grant Grandmother’s Petition for Adoption. That evidence

includes the following:

Child’s Negative Reaction to Visiting with Grandmother

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7
The Orphans’ Court relies upon In the Interest of Tremayne Quame
Idress R., 429 A.2d 40, 44 (Pa. Super. 1981), to support its legal
conclusion of the primacy of blood relationship in determining the best
interest of a child. This Court in that case discusses the importance of the
biological relationship for a child. However, after doing a best interest
analysis, we held that the trial court properly granted custody to the foster
parent and not to the grandmother.

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The trial court, without any factual basis, concludes that the Child’s

visits with Grandmother “are reported to be enjoyable for all involved, and

have occurred without incident.” Decision and Decree at 2. Although the

Child has shown no disruptive behavior during her visits with Grandmother,

the trial court’s conclusion is contrary to the overwhelming evidence, and

ignores the testimony from numerous witnesses that the Child is

traumatized by her visits with Grandmother.

The undisputed evidence at trial indicated that both before and after

visits with Grandmother, the Child has tantrums, becomes

uncharacteristically aggressive, is unable to sleep, and periodically will

urinate and defecate on herself. See N.T. at 101-02, 110, 119-121, 150-

151, 153, 177, 179-80. Even when the Child speaks to Grandmother on the

telephone, the Child becomes aggressive after the phone call. N.T. at 153.

It generally takes a few days for the Child’s behavior to settle down after

these visits. N.T. at 111, 119, 151, 153, 182.

In contrast, during the weeks that the Child does not visit with the

Grandmother, the Child is pleasant and easy-going. Id. at 111, 153.

Grandmother’s Inability to Provide Basic Medical Care and
Address the Child’s Other Needs at Visits.

The Agency worker testified that Grandmother had not been able to

provide basic care to the Child’s eyes during the visits without reminders and

assistance from the Agency supervisor. See N.T. at 71-72. On one occasion,

Grandmother took off the Child’s eye patch to take a photo of the Child,

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placed the eye patch on the floor, and almost placed the contaminated eye

patch back on the Child’s eye. N.T. at 90-91.

The unrebutted testimony also established that Grandmother lacked

good judgment when engaging in activities with the Child. For instance,

Grandmother wanted to paint the Child’s fingernails. This was a concern

because there was a risk that, because the Child rubs her eyes frequently,

the nail polish could get into the Child’s eyes and cause additional damage.

(N.T. at 74, 82 158-159). In fact, the Grandmother did put glitter nail polish

on the Child’s nails at one visit and some of the glitter ended up in one of

the Child’s eyes.

Additionally, the activities that Grandmother engages in with the Child

are, at times, for the benefit only of Grandmother and not the Child. For

instance, Grandmother would bring her dogs to her visits even though

Grandmother knows that the Child is afraid of dogs. N.T. at 101, 104-05.

When the Agency supervisor discussed this concern with Grandmother,

Grandmother told the supervisor that the Child would have to get used to

the dogs because the dogs are part of Grandmother’s life. N.T. at 101.

Grandmother ultimately stopped bringing the dogs to the visits.

Grandmother would also bring clothes to the visits for the Child,

change the Child into those clothes, even though the Child had no interest in

constantly changing her clothes, and change her back to her original clothes

at the end of the visit. N.T. at 71.

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Grandmother would discuss inappropriate matters with the Child, such

as the Child’s biological mother, Grandmother’s desire to have unsupervised

visits, or the status of the court proceedings. N.T. at 72, 93. As a result of

Grandmother’s inappropriate activities, the caseworkers had to coach

Grandmother on appropriate conduct at visits with a three-year-old child and

the manner in which Grandmother should appropriately play and talk with

the Child. N.T. at 71-73.

Supervised Visits

Additionally, the Orphans’ Court faults the Agency for the

Grandmother’s failure to be granted more than one, four-hour visit per week

with the Child. However, as discussed below, the Grandmother’s

inappropriate behavior during supervised visits and the Child’s trauma after

the visits was the reason for Grandmother not progressing to additional

contact with the Child. See N.T. at 98. The Agency is responsible to the

Child when making recommendations about visitation and given

Grandmother’s inappropriate behavior during visits and the Child’s negative

response to the visits, the Agency properly limited Grandmother’s supervised

visits. To blame the Agency for the limits on Grandmother’s visits, instead of

Grandmother’s conduct during the visits, ignores much of the evidence that

the parties presented at the hearing.

Grandmother’s Self-Centered View of
Her Role in the Child’s Life

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The trial court also failed to consider the Grandmother’s self-centered

view of her role in the Child’s life. When Grandmother’s attorney asked her

the reasons that it is in the Child’s best interest to adopt the Child,

Grandmother’s response was not about her desire to meet the Child’s needs,

but about Grandmother being a good person and falling in love with the

Child when the Child was in utero:

I love my granddaughter with all my heart. I didn’t do anything
wrong. I would never, ever do anything wrong. I am a good
person. I’ve always done right. Right from the get-go, right from
school, after school. I’ve done nothing but good things. I’ve never
been in any kind of trouble. I have gone to all of her doctor’s
appointment. I have fallen in love with her while she was still in
my daughter’s stomach. I saw all of the ultrasounds. I heard the
heartbeats. One ultrasound stood out. It was like a child pressed
up against the screen door with the nose pressed in. And my
daughter’s great big fat cheeks. I just so fell in love with my
granddaughter.

N.T. p. 203.

Although it is important that adoptive parents love the adopted

children, it is also important that an adoptive parent understand the daily

work and challenges in providing stability, security and safety for a child,

especially a medically fragile child. In this case, Grandmother loved the

theory of having a child to love, but lacked the understanding of the daily

and never ending commitment to meet the needs of the Child.

Moreover, Grandmother did not offer any evidence that it would be in

the Child’s best interests to be with her. She did not rebut the

overwhelming evidence presented that the Child was thriving with the Pre-

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Adoptive Parents. She did not rebut the evidence of the Child’s pre- and

post-visit behavior from which it is reasonable to infer that the visits

negatively affected the Child’s normally pleasant disposition. Although

Grandmother’s attorney suggested in cross-examining one of the Pre-

Adoptive Parents witnesses that it was not just before and after

Grandmother’s visits that the Child acted out, Grandmother did not rebut the

testimony provided by multiple witnesses that the Child displayed signs of

stress and aggression before and after visits with Grandmother, and those

behaviors would subside until the next visit or contact. Most significantly,

there was no evidence presented to counter the overwhelming evidence that

the Child has a meaningful, stable, and loving bond with her Pre-Adoptive

family with whom she has lived nearly her entire life. See N.T. at 18, 49,

91, 113, 131, 159. See In the Interest of Tremayne Quame Idress R.,

429 A.2d 40, 44 (Pa. Super. 1981) (holding that “where the custody dispute

is between two third parties, one who is a relative but not a parent and one

who is not a relative, the burden of proof should be allocated equally

between the parties.”).

Grandmother’s Difficulties Raising Her Own Child

The trial court also ignored that Grandmother had difficulties raising

her daughter, the biological mother of the Child. The Agency had to remove

the daughter from the care of the Grandmother for a year. N.T. at 235.

Although this factor is not dispositive in determining whether an adoptive

parent can adopt, it is a factor that the trial court failed to consider.

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Pre-Adoptive Parents Close Relationship with the Child

In contrast to Grandmother, when asked if it would be in the Child’s

best interest to remain with the Pre-Adoptive Parents, the Pre-Adoptive

Mother’s testimony was not about herself, but about the impact removing

the Child would have on the Child:

Because she is stable. She’s has a mom and she has a dad. Which
is very important in a girl’s life. She’s been there since almost day
one. I know she was only 6-months old, but she knows her
territory. [The Child] still has trouble seeing. I’ve watched that
little girl crawling on the floor and bumping into cupboards. She’s
come a long ways. We have worked very hard to get [the Child]
where she is. And I feel like to take her away from us now,
[Grandmother] may get what she wants, but in the end she won’t
want what she has. Because it’s going to be devastating. And it’s
going to do a very, very bad damage to [the Child.]

N.T.161.

The testimony presented at trial established that the Child has a

meaningful and loving bond with her pre-adoptive family that has provided

her with a safe and nurturing home. See N.T. at 13, 89, 131, 148, 150-152,

159, 161-62. The Child stays physically close to the Pre-Adoptive Parents,

hugging them, laughing and interacting with them. N.T. at 90, 112, 152.

She calls her Pre-Adoptive Parents “mom” or “mommy,” and “dad.” N.T. at

73, 152. This is not surprising because the Pre-Adoptive Parents have not

only provided the Child with safety, security and stability for the past three

years (nearly all her life), but have gone to great lengths to ensure that she

receives quality medical care for her eyes.

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Pre-Adoptive Parents have taken her to and cared for her after seven

eye operations, and arranged for her to participate in blind therapy and then

vision therapy. They purchased a Nook for her to help her eyes to focus and

they, along with other caregivers in the house, do books, puzzles and other

activities with her to help her focus her eyes. N.T. 149-50. In addition, the

Child receives homeschooling from a teacher who comes to the house each

day. N.T. at 167.

Under the care of Pre-Adoptive Parents, the Child has gone from a six

month old who was unable to see to a happy, well-adjusted, vibrant,

precocious, smart, and funny four year old. N.T. at 109, 112, 161.

Significantly, the trial court essentially dismissed the substantial bond

between the Child and the Pre-Adoptive Parents with whom the Child has

lived for all but the first six months of her life. In fact, in dismissing the

relevance of the testimony that the Child has a meaningful and loving bond

with the Pre-Adoptive Parents, the trial court actually faults the Pre-Adoptive

Parents for developing a bond with the Child. See Decision and Decree at 8.

Recommendation from the Guardian Ad Litem and CASA workers

The trial court also, without any explanation and contrary to its

obligation, ignored the recommendations of the Guardian Ad Litem and the

CASA worker who worked closely with the Child, that it should be the Pre-

Adoptive Parents who adopt the Child. See N.T. at 18, 54, 239. Adoption

of D.M.H., 682 A.2d at 322.

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Conclusion

Based upon the undisputed testimony and the complete record, we

reverse the Orphans’ Court grant of the Grandmother’s Petition to Adopt

and order that the Orphans’ Court grant the Pre-Adoptive Parents Petition to

Adopt.

Order vacated. Case remanded for proceedings consistent with this

Opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/22/2016

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