NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 16a0595n.06
No. 16-2499
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT FILED
Nov 04, 2016
ROBERT DAVIS, DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
RUTH JOHNSON, ROBERT J. ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
COLOMBO, JR., CATHY M. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
GARRETT, and WAYNE COUNTY EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
ELECTION COMMISSION,
Defendants-Appellees.
BEFORE: CLAY, GIBBONS, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Robert Davis moves this Court for an emergency order
to expedite his appeal pursuant to Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Rule 27(f). Plaintiff appeals
the dismissal of his claims against The Honorable Robert J. Colombo, Jr., Chief Judge of the
Wayne County Circuit Court, for constitutional violations under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based on his
First Amendment right to free speech and Fourteenth Amendment right to due process.
In this appeal, Plaintiff is essentially requesting that this Court prohibit Judge Colombo
from presiding over a future election-related quo warranto complaint he plans to file on
No. 16-2499
November 9, 2016, which will name Judge Colombo as a defendant and allege election fraud
arising from orders Judge Colombo entered in prior state court election-related matters.1
For the following reasons, we DISMISS this appeal in its entirety for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction and REMAND to the district court with instructions to dismiss any and all
pending claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. As a result of this decision, Plaintiff’s
emergency motion to expedite the briefing schedule and this Court’s decision is DENIED AS
MOOT.
A. Background
Plaintiff’s suit arises out of his interactions with the Wayne County, Michigan court
system. Defendants in the instant complaint are individuals who work for the state government,
Wayne County Election Commission, and the state court system, including Judge Colombo. The
district court dismissed Plaintiff’s claims against Judge Colombo on the basis of the Rooker-
Feldman doctrine and judicial immunity. The district court also dismissed co-Plaintiff Tawanna
Simpson from the case and held all proceedings in abeyance while Plaintiff proceeds with the
formal administrative process provided by M.C.L. § 169.215(2).2
On appeal, Plaintiff (1) requests that this Court remove Judge Colombo from presiding
over the future state election-related matter Plaintiff plans to file on November 9, 2016, and
(2) challenges the district court’s judicial immunity and Rooker-Feldman rulings. Because we
1
Local Administrative Order 2015-15 for the State of Michigan Third Judicial Circuit provides that all actions
involving election issues shall be assigned to Judge Colombo for purpose of administrative efficiency. (See R. 10-
10, Ex. I, Local Administrative Order 2015-15.)
2
On October 31, 2016, ten days after Plaintiff filed his notice of appeal, Plaintiff, through his attorney, Andrew
Paterson, filed an emergency motion to reopen the case in district court. (See R. 28, Emergency Motion to Reopen
Case; R. 26, Notice of Appeal.) On November 1, 2016, the district court denied Plaintiff’s motion. (See R. 29,
Order Denying Emergency Motion to Reopen Case.) Because the notice of appeal divested the district court of
jurisdiction over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal, the district court should have struck the emergency
motion from the docket as an improper filing. See Griggs v. Provident Consumer Disc. Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982)
(“The filing of a notice of appeal is an event of jurisdictional significance—it confers jurisdiction on the court of
appeals and divests the district court of its control over those aspects of the case involved in the appeal.”)
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determine that this Court and the district court lack subject matter jurisdiction over any of the
claims asserted in this action, we only address Plaintiff’s challenge to the Rooker-Feldman ruling
inasmuch as the request to remove Judge Colombo and the judicial immunity challenge should
be left to the state court to determine.
B. Standard of Review
This Court reviews de novo the district court’s ruling that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine
precluded subject matter jurisdiction over the claims against Judge Colombo. McCormick v.
Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 389 (6th Cir. 2006). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine applies “when a
plaintiff asserts before a federal district court that a state court judgment itself was
unconstitutional or in violation of federal law.” McCormick, 451 F.3d at 395. “The key inquiry
in deciding whether Rooker-Feldman applies is determining the source of the plaintiffs’ alleged
injury.” Reguli v. Guffee, 371 F.App’x 590, 595 (6th Cir. 2010). “If the source of the injury is
the state court decision, then the Rooker-Feldman doctrine would prevent the district court from
asserting jurisdiction. If there is some other source of injury, such as a third party’s actions, then
the plaintiff asserts an independent claim.” McCormick, 451 F.3d at 393.
C. Analysis
The claims in Plaintiff’s instant complaint “could be read as challenges to state court
orders which are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine.” Reguli, 371 F.App’x at 595. These
allegations arise from state court orders concerning challenges to various candidates on the ballot
for the Detroit Community School District Board of Education.
Specifically, Counts I through III of the instant complaint arise from Plaintiff’s challenge
to a provision of the Michigan Campaign Finance Act, Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 169.247(1), (6)
(1976), which prohibits the distribution of anonymous campaign literature unless the distributor
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is acting independently of a candidate or committee. Plaintiff asserts that Judge Colombo and
other individuals employed by the state government, the state court system, and the election
commission violated his First Amendment right to free speech by adversely ruling against him in
prior state court actions and by not appealing Judge Colombo’s decision as they relate to his
challenges to the board of education candidates.
Counts IV through V, and VIII through IX, allege facts relating to the state action, Bailer
v. Wayne Cty. Election Comm’n, Wayne County Circuit Court Case No. 16-011797-AW, filed on
September 14, 2016, in which Plaintiff and his sister, Desmond White, moved to intervene as
parties in an action brought by Penelope Bailer. Bailer moved the court to reinstate her on the
ballot because the Wayne County Election Commission removed her from the ballot due to the
fact that she did not include her ward and precinct number in her Affidavit of Identity. Plaintiff
alleges in the instant complaint that he was the one that informed the Wayne County Election
Commission of the deficiencies in Bailer’s Affidavit of Identity. Judge Colombo denied Plaintiff
and White’s motion to intervene as moot and for lack of standing, and granted Bailer’s writ of
mandamus and ordered the Wayne County Election Commission to place Bailer’s name on the
ballot as a candidate for the City of Detroit Community School District. Plaintiff appealed to the
Michigan Court of Appeals, which held that Plaintiff had no standing to appeal Judge Colombo’s
order. See Bailer v. Detroit City Clerk, No. 334823, 2016 WL 5328522 (Mich. Ct. App. Sept.
21, 2016). Plaintiff then sought leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court, which denied
his application for leave to appeal. See Bailer v. Detroit City Clerk, 884 N.W.2d 788 (Mich.
2016). In the instant complaint, Plaintiff alleges that the Wayne County Election Commission
retaliated against him by failing to appeal Judge Colombo’s order since Plaintiff brought the
deficiencies in Bailer’s affidavit to the Election Commission’s attention. Plaintiff goes on to
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allege that “[t]he Defendant Election Commission thus so retaliated against Plaintiff Davis for
exercising his First Amendment Rights by purposefully failing and refusing to appeal Defendant
Judge Colombo’s erroneous . . . Order.” (R. 10, Amended Complaint, PageID# 185.)
Count VI relates to another election case, Davis v. Garrett, Wayne County Circuit Court
Case No. 16-012226-AW, filed on September 23, 2016, in which Plaintiff and his sister filed a
complaint against Wayne County court employees, the Wayne County Election Commission,
Bailer, and the Detroit City clerk. Plaintiff and White sought removal of Bailer’s name from the
1,300,000 ballots that had been printed and delivered. Judge Colombo dismissed the complaint
as violative of Michigan Court Rule 2.114(D)(2), (3) and barred by the doctrine of laches. Judge
Colombo found that Plaintiff, White and their attorney, Andrew Paterson, filed a frivolous
complaint not grounded in fact and not warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument.
Judge Colombo also subjected Plaintiff, White, and Paterson to attorney fees and costs. Plaintiff
then filed a motion for disqualification of Judge Colombo which was denied in an order by judge
Colombo and in an order entered by The Honorable Timothy M. Kenny, Judge Pro Tem of the
Wayne County Circuit Court. Plaintiff filed an application for leave to appeal, which was denied
by the Michigan Supreme Court prior to decision by the Michigan Court of Appeals because the
Michigan Supreme Court was not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed
before consideration by the Michigan Court of Appeals. See Davis v. Wayne Circuit Clerk, 885
N.W.2d 473 (Mich. 2016).
Count VII relates to Judge Colombo’s opinion ordering Bailer’s name to be put back on
the ballot in Bailer v. Wayne Cty. Election Comm’n, Wayne County Circuit Court Case No. 16-
011797-AW. In the instant complaint, Plaintiff claims that this order created the alleged election
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No. 16-2499
fraud which he claims will be the basis of his November 9, 2016 quo warranto action against
Judge Colombo and other individuals.
Plaintiff is essentially moving the district court and this Court to remove Judge Colombo
from a future election-related quo warranto matter in Wayne County Circuit Court which he
plans to file on November 9, 2016 concerning alleged election fraud stemming from Judge
Colombo’s prior state court orders. The injuries alleged by Plaintiff in the instant complaint are
purportedly caused by the judicial orders handed down by Judge Colombo. See McCormick, 451
F.3d at 391-92 (“In both [Rooker and Feldman], the losing party in state court filed suit in
federal court after the state court proceedings ended, complaining of an injury caused by the
state-court judgment and seeking rejection of that judgment. Plaintiffs in both cases, alleging
federal-question jurisdiction, called upon the District Court to overturn an injurious state-court
judgment.” (quoting Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 289 (2005));
see also Executive Arts Studio, Inc. v. City of Grand Rapids, 391 F.3d 783, 793 (6th Cir. 2004)
(“[A] federal claim is inextricably intertwined with a state court judgment and thus implicates
Rooker-Feldman when the federal claim succeeds only to the extent that the state court wrongly
decided the issues before it.” (internal quotations and citation omitted).) Moreover, the instant
complaint fails to assert an independent claim that would bring the case outside the scope of the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine. McCormick, 451 F.3d at 393.
We recognize that there is an argument that Rooker-Feldman does not bar Davis’ claims
where there has been no state-court judgment. The only claims of this type that we have
identified relate to Davis’ allegations in Counts VI and VII, in which he challenges the local
administrative rules requiring all election cases to be submitted to Judge Colombo, including the
upcoming case in which Judge Colombo is allegedly going to be a defendant, and asks for the
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No. 16-2499
removal of Judge Colombo. But these claims are barred as well, even if Rooker-Feldman is
inapplicable. By virtue of a 1996 amendment to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the statute prohibits the
granting of injunctive relief against judicial officers for acts taken in their official capacities,
except in situations where a declaratory decree has been violated or is unavailable. Ward v. City
of Norwalk, 640 F. App’x 462, 467 (6th Cir. 2016). Davis makes no argument that declaratory
relief is unavailable. Of course, courts exercise discretion in granting declaratory relief and
granting Davis relief might well be seen as an improper encroachment on state jurisdiction. See
Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 554 (6th Cir. 2008) (noting that “whether the use of
a declaratory action would increase friction between our federal and state courts and improperly
encroach upon state jurisdiction” as one factor for federal courts to consider when determining
whether to exercise their declaratory-judgment authority). And ripeness would certainly be an
issue as well. In addition, Davis has an alternative remedy under Michigan law. See Mich. Ct.
R. 2.003 (outlining the conditions under which a party may request the removal of a judge from
its case); see also Flowers, 513 F.3d at 554 (listing “whether there is an alternative remedy
which is better or more effective” as another factor weighing against the exercise of declaratory-
judgment authority). But none of that means the relief is unavailable. Thus, based on the
language of § 1983, this Court has no authority to grant any relief to Davis regarding claims
asserted in Counts VI and VII. 3
3
The separate concurrence/dissent filed in connection with this matter incorrectly asserts that this Court’s ruling
departs from “this court’s usual practice of issuing a show cause order . . . when we question our jurisdiction sua
sponte.” Contrary to this assertion, our Court has no requirement of always issuing a show cause order when a case
is filed in the absence of jurisdiction. See Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 455 (2004) (citing Mansfield, C.
& L.M.R. Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379, 382 (1884) (challenge to a federal court’s subject-matter jurisdiction may be
made at any stage of the proceedings, and the court should raise the question sua sponte)); Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3)
(“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.”)
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No. 16-2499
In conclusion, we find that this entire matter should be in state court since we lack subject
matter jurisdiction to entertain it. Therefore, the district court and this Court are precluded from
reviewing Plaintiff’s challenges to the state court orders.
Although not pertinent to the adjudication of this appeal, we find it important to note that
Plaintiff Robert Davis and his attorney, Andrew Paterson, have a prolific history litigating cases
in Michigan state courts and federal courts. Their filings could be defined, in many instances, as
repetitive, vexatious, and frivolous. As it pertains to this appeal, Plaintiff filed in state court and
federal district court a complaint involving the upcoming election, Plaintiff attempted to
intervene in another action involving the upcoming election, and Plaintiff filed countless appeals
in all three actions. This litigation history encompasses only those election-related matters from
September and October of 2016 that are connected to the instant appeal.
Prolific and vexatious litigators “which abuse[] the judicial process” can be appropriately
sanctioned for such conduct. See generally Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44-45
(1991) (discussing a court’s inherent authority to fashion an appropriate sanction for an attorney
who abuses the judicial process and acts in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive
reasons). Plaintiff’s filings related to the instant “emergency” appeal border on the line of
vexatious inasmuch as the proper forum for Plaintiff’s alleged injuries is clearly the state court.
To the extent that Plaintiff is dissatisfied with the disposition of his matter before the
Wayne County Circuit Court, there exists an adequate state court appellate process via appeal to
the Michigan Court of Appeals and the Michigan Supreme Court. Federal court review of state
court rulings is ordinarily precluded by Rooker-Feldman where the state has made appellate
review available in the state courts. See McCormick, 451 F.3d at 396 (“The Rooker-Feldman
doctrine prevents a party who loses in state court from appealing that decision to the lower
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federal courts, as only the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over state court decisions.”)
Plaintiff should not be allowed to “waste the court’s time and resources with cantankerous
conduct.” Chambers, 501 U.S. at 53 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
D. Conclusion
Accordingly, we DISMISS this appeal in its entirety for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and REMAND to the district court with instructions to dismiss any and all pending
claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
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No. 16-2499
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting.
The sole issue before us is whether to grant Davis’s motion to expedite briefing and
decision. I join in the denial of that motion. I dissent, however, from the panel’s departure from
this court’s usual practice of issuing a show cause order inviting the appellant’s response when
we question our jurisdiction sua sponte. There is no need to reach the jurisdictional issue at this
time, and appellant should be permitted to address the issues raised by this order.
Although it is certainly correct that this court must be sure of its own jurisdiction, Davis
appeals only those aspects of the district court’s order that dismissed Chief Judge Colombo as a
defendant. Only two counts of the complaint (Counts VI and VII) were directed at Chief Judge
Colombo, and those counts asked only for prospective declaratory relief. Thus, the doctrine of
absolute judicial immunity, applied by the district court, is irrelevant.
As to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, I agree that Count VI—which seeks a declaration
that the Wayne Circuit Court’s administrative assignment rule is unconstitutional as applied to
Davis’s yet-to-be-filed quo warranto action because Chief Judge Colombo is actually biased
against him--was effectively rejected by the state courts in denying Davis’s motion for
disqualification of Chief Judge Colombo in a prior state proceeding. Count VII, however,
challenges the case-assignment rule in the context of the yet-to-be filed quo warranto action on
the basis that Chief Judge Colombo will be a party to that action. Davis has not challenged the
assignment rule on that basis in state court and I would not dismiss that claim based on the
Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Further, Davis expressly seeks declaratory relief, not injunctive
relief, thus the 1996 amendatory language is not at issue. Nevertheless, declaratory relief is a
matter of discretion, see Scottsdale Ins. Co. v Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 554 (6th Cir. 2008), and I
agree that there are other reasons why the Michigan state courts should address the issue of Chief
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No. 16-2499
Judge Colombo’s recusal in the first instance, after the state quo warranto case is filed and Davis
challenges the application of the assignment rule in the context of that case. For this reason, I
join in the denial of Davis’s motion to expedite this appeal.
It may very well be that defendants have arguments for dismissal of this appeal, but they
have not responded to Davis’s motion and have not challenged this court’s jurisdiction. Further,
this court must itself be satisfied that jurisdiction is proper. But the practice of the court is to
issue a show cause order when it has reason to believe that an appeal is not properly before it.
Here, the court dismisses the appeal and orders the district court to dismiss the case without
giving Davis any opportunity to argue against such actions. Davis might be a vexatious litigator,
but he is still entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard, especially when this court grants
relief in excess of that ordered by the district court and which defendants do not seek. For these
reasons, I would deny the motion for expedited briefing and decision, but would not at this point
order sua sponte that the appeal be dismissed or that the district court dismiss the case, and
instead would permit the parties to address the jurisdictional issue.
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