In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION TWO
Clinton Wheeler, ) No. ED104131
)
Appellant, )
) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Ste. Genevieve County
vs. ) Cause No. 15SG-CC00182
)
Edward Eftink, ) Honorable Wendy Wexler Horn
)
Respondent. ) Filed: November 8, 2016
OPINION
Clinton Wheeler (“Plaintiff”) appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his claim based on his
failure to diligently prosecute Edward Eftink (“Defendant”). The parties are familiar with the
facts and we will not recite them here. Nonetheless, we will discuss the facts as they relate to the
issues on appeal. Plaintiff failed to demonstrate the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing
his claim. Accordingly, we affirm.
I. Standard of Review
While exercising sound judicial discretion, trial courts have an inherent power to dismiss
a case for failure to prosecute with due diligence. Shirrell v. Missouri Edison Co., 535 S.W.2d
446, 448 (Mo. banc 1976). We acknowledge the trial court is in a superior position to determine
who caused the delay and if such delay was prejudicial to the defendant. State ex rel. Missouri
Highway & Transp. Comm’n v. Moulder, 726 S.W.2d 812, 813 (Mo. App. S.D. 1987)
1
(explaining that the trial court has “intimate knowledge of all aspects of the case[.]”).
Accordingly, we give great deference to the trial court, and its dismissal will not be disturbed
unless we find an abuse of discretion. Shirrell, 535 S.W.2d at 448. We presume the trial court’s
ruling is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of showing the court abused its discretion.
Id. at 449.
A trial court only abuses its discretion when its “ruling is clearly against the logic of the
circumstances then before the court and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it shocks the sense
of justice and indicates a lack of careful, deliberate consideration.” Lozano v. BNSF Ry. Co., 421
S.W.3d 448, 451 (Mo. banc 2014). We will uphold the ruling if it was proper on any grounds,
even if such grounds were not the basis for the trial court’s ruling. Id.
II. Discussion
In Plaintiff’s sole point on appeal, he argues that the trial court “erred” in dismissing his
claim because it was “timely filed” and complied with the requirements set forth in §§ 516.100,
516.120, and 516.2301 of the Missouri Revised Statutes and Missouri Supreme Court Rules
67.01, 67.02, and 67.03.2 Plaintiff must show that the trial court’s dismissal of Cause 15SG-
CG00182, with prejudice, was “arbitrary,” “unreasonable,” and clearly against the logic of the
circumstances before the court.” Peet v. Randolph, 103 S.W.3d 872, 876-877 (Mo. App. E.D.
2003). However, Plaintiff never acknowledges the appropriate standard of review. Furthermore,
he does not argue that the trial court abused its discretion or rendered an “unreasonable” or
“arbitrary” judgment. He merely asserts the trial court “erred,” and he fails to demonstrate the
court abused its discretion in dismissing his claim. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.
1
All references statutory references are to RSMo 2000.
2
All references to Rules are to Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2015).
2
Missouri law requires a plaintiff to promptly secure service against a defendant and
advance his cause of action with due diligence. Stephens v. Dunn, 453 S.W.3d 241, 254 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2014) (citing Atkinson v. Be-Mac Transport, Inc. 595 S.W.2d 26, 28 (Mo. App. E.D.
1980)). Here, Plaintiff must show that the trial court abused its discretion in dismissing his cause,
with prejudice, based on Plaintiff’s failure to diligently prosecute his claim against Defendant for
an automobile accident that occurred on March 3, 2006.3 Peet, 103 S.W.3d at 876. A fair test of
whether a trial court abused its discretion in dismissing a case for failure to prosecute with due
diligence is whether the plaintiff had a reasonable opportunity to resolve the matter at trial.
Branson Hills Associates, L.P. v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 258 S.W.3d 568, 573 (Mo. App. S.D.
2008). Mere delay in prosecution is insufficient to justify dismissal. West Central Concrete, LLC
v. Reeves, 310 S.W.3d 778, 783 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). There must be some evidence that the
delay was unnecessary to justify a trial court’s dismissal for failure to prosecute. Townsend v.
Union Pacific R. Co., 968 S.W.2d 767, 770 (Mo. App. E.D. 1998).
A. Reasonable Opportunity
In this case, Plaintiff had ample opportunity to bring the matter to trial. Plaintiff’s claim
is based on an underlying automobile accident that Plaintiff alleges Defendant negligently
caused. The relevant automobile accident occurred on March 3, 2006. Plaintiff and his wife both
filed a suit as plaintiffs against Defendant in October of 2006. A trial was scheduled to
commence in May of 2008. All three parties were deposed. Additionally, Defendant’s treating
physician was deposed to testify on Defendant’s behalf, as well as other witnesses. Before trial
began Defendant made a motion for summary judgment, and the court held a hearing for the
3
In Plaintiff’s first lawsuit, which was filed on October 23, 2006, Plaintiff alleged he was injured in a motor vehicle
accident on March 8, 2006. However, in his third action, which is the case on appeal, he alleged the underlying
accident occurred on March 3, 2006.
3
parties’ arguments on May 6, 2008. On that date, Defendant and Plaintiff’s wife settled her
claim, and Plaintiff voluntarily dismissed his claim.
For nearly three years after his voluntary dismissal, Plaintiff made no effort to proceed
with his claim. On March 2, 2011, Plaintiff re-filed the case pro se. A summons for Defendant
was issued, but it was returned non est on March 23, 2011, because Defendant had moved.
However, Defendant’s new address was included on the returned summons. The case remained
dormant for more than three years until August of 2014, when the court sent a notice to Plaintiff
explaining that the case was going to be put on the dismissal docket due to its inactivity. The
court held a dismissal conference hearing on October 7, 2014. Plaintiff failed to attend the
conference, and the trial court dismissed the case without prejudice. Approximately ten months
after the dismissal, Plaintiff re-filed his claim, which is the subject of this appeal, a third time on
September 16, 2015. Plaintiff’s petition was substantially similar to his first two, however, he
alleged an additional, new injury caused by Defendant (“seizure episodes”). This suit was filed
more than nine and a half years after the automobile accident and approximately nine years after
Plaintiff’s original suit. Based on the foregoing, the record shows Plaintiff had “reasonable
opportunity to bring the matter to trial.”
B. Unjustified Delay
Additionally, Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that his delay in prosecution was justified.
During the motion to dismiss hearing, Plaintiff contended that one of the reasons for the delay in
the case was Plaintiff’s inability to locate and serve Defendant notice of the pro se suit filed on
March 2, 2011. Plaintiff claimed he could not find Defendant and “[t]he only thing [he] found
out about [Defendant was], he moved somewhere into…the State of Oklahoma.” However, the
returned summons clearly listed Defendant’s new address. Thus, Plaintiff could have discovered
4
where Defendant had moved and properly served him with any reasonably diligent effort.
Instead, Plaintiff’s suit laid dormant for three and a half years without Plaintiff taking any steps
to prosecute his case or serve Defendant.
In Plaintiff’s appellate brief, he primarily argues that his cause of action was filed within
the statute of limitations, and therefore, not time barred by any Missouri statutes.4 However,
whether Plaintiff brought the cause of action before the statute of limitations ran is not at issue in
this case. The trial court’s dismissal with prejudice was based on Plaintiff’s failure to diligently
pursue his cause of action against Defendant under Rule 67.03; it was not based on Defendant
raising an affirmative defense based on the statute of limitations tolling. Moreover, Defendant
does not even argue that the lawsuit is time-barred. Accordingly, the fact that the Plaintiff filed
the cause of action before the statutory deadline is uncontroverted.5 Nonetheless, it is immaterial
to Plaintiff’s appeal, and our analysis focuses on whether Plaintiff failed to diligently prosecute
his claim against Defendant.
Plaintiff primarily relies on Giles v. Carmi Flavor and Fragrance Company, Inc. to
support his argument that he diligently prosecuted his claim. 475 S.W.3d 184 (Mo. App. W.D.
2015). However, in that case the trial court found that the plaintiff filed his suit outside of his
five year statute of limitations and entered summary judgment for the defendant. The sole issue
on appeal was determining when the plaintiff’s cause of action should have been “deemed to
accrue.” Id. at 188.
4
Plaintiff concludes his appellate brief by stating, “Therefore, [Plaintiff] suggests that [Plaintiff’s] filing of his
lawsuit against [Defendant]…is within the five year statute of limitations of Sections 516.100 RSMo and 516.120
RSMo, and the one year savings provided by Section 516.230 RSMo.”
5
Plaintiff’s statute of limitations for his action was originally five years under § 516.120, and it was extended one
more year by savings provision of § 516.230.
5
In Giles, the plaintiff worked for one of the defendants6 at a facility where he was
exposed to a chemical called diacetyl. Id. at 185. The plaintiff brought a claim against the
defendants for exposing him to this chemical and causing his lung condition called bronchiolitis
obliterans. Id. at 188. After filing the suit on January 4, 2012, the plaintiff voluntarily dismissed
the case. Id. at 187. The plaintiff then re-filed his suit on December 3, 2013, and the trial court
dismissed the suit, explaining the claim was filed outside of the five-year statute of limitations.
Id. The parties agreed that the action was filed on January 4, 2012, and the operative date to
determine whether the action was timely filed was January 4, 2007. Id. at 188. The defendants
argued that the plaintiff’s cause of action began to accrue in 2001-2002 or 2005 when he saw
two different pulmonologists who examined his lungs. See id. 193-94. The plaintiff saw both
doctors because he was experiencing “shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing.” Id. at 185.
Both doctors acknowledged the possibility that his lung troubles were caused by exposure to
diacetyl while at his workplace, but both ultimately concluded his ailments were caused by
asthma. Id. at 186-87. The plaintiff argued that his claim did not begin to accrue until he was
examined by another doctor7 in “November or December of 2011,” who officially “diagnosed
him with bronchiolitis obliterans, caused by exposure to diacetyl.” Id. at 187.
For the plaintiff’s claim to have been filed within the statute of limitations, the date his
claim “accrued” must have been on January 4, 2007, or later. Id. at 188. A claim does not begin
to accrue until damages are “capable of ascertainment.” Id. at 189. The Missouri Supreme Court
explained:
[T]he test for when damages are capable of ascertainment and thus when the statute
of limitations begins to run [is] when the ‘evidence was such to place a reasonably
prudent person on notice of a potentially actionable injury…[a]t that point, damages
6
In addition to his former employer, the plaintiff sued several companies who “designed, manufactured, and/or
sold” the products containing diacetyl that he was exposed to at his workplace.
7
This doctor was an occupational physician.
6
would be sustained and capable of ascertainment as an objective matter [or, in other
words,] that is the moment when the damages would be substantially complete.’ Id.
at 189. (quoting Powel v. Chaminade College Prepatory, Inc., 197 S.W.3d 576, 582
(Mo. banc 2006)).
In Giles, the trial court concluded that there was “no genuine issue of material fact”
because the plaintiff’s action accrued at some point “prior to 2007,” and was thus time-barred.
See id. The appellate court disagreed, noting that “[a]lthough it may be the case that a reasonably
prudent person in [the plaintiff’s] position would have been on notice of a potentially actionable
injury prior to 2007…this conclusion does not follow as a matter of law.” Id. at 193. (emphasis
added). Accordingly, the Western District reversed and remanded the cause for proceedings to
determine the factual issue of when the plaintiff’s claim became “capable of ascertainment,” and
thus, when the plaintiff’s claim began to accrue. Id. at 194.
Giles in unpersuasive for several reasons. First, Giles focuses solely on whether the
plaintiff’s case was filed before the applicable statute of limitations. The case does not touch
upon, even tangentially, whether the plaintiff failed to diligently prosecute his claim, which is the
sole issue on appeal.
Presumably, Plaintiff’s argument that Giles supports the proposition that the date
“damages [were] capable of being ascertained” is the date of Plaintiff’s diagnosis of episodic
seizures, which could be used to provide a justifiable excuse for the delayed prosecution.
Logically, if a reasonably prudent person would not be able to recognize his seizure episodes
were possibly caused by a defendant’s alleged conduct until years after the occurrence, it would
help show that Plaintiff’s delay was justified here. However, the alleged seizure episodes, the
only new categories of injuries alleged in the claim on appeal, are just one category of injuries
amongst many others that Plaintiff was “capable” of ascertaining and subjectively did ascertain
more than nine years prior to his filing. A plaintiff’s cause of action begins to accrue when
7
“damage is substantially complete…even if some additional damage may occur in the future and
even if the [plaintiff] has not actually discovered the injury.” Cook v. DeSoto Fuels, Inc., 169
S.W.3d 94, 103 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005).
Moreover, Plaintiff’s application of Giles’s analysis to his claim is also questionable.
Although Plaintiff acknowledges that Missouri courts use an objective, reasonably prudent
person standard, he argues that the Western District in Giles reviewed “the holdings in similar
cases” and “held that damages are not capable of ascertainment until the plaintiff is
[subjectively] aware of the condition and its cause.” This is an overstatement. The Western
District acknowledged that our Court “rejected the argument that [damages are not capable of
being ascertained] until the injured party has actual knowledge of his injury and its cause.” Id. at
192 (discussing Johnson v. Norfolk & W. Ry. Co., 836 S.W.2d 83, 86 (Mo. App. E.D. 1992)).
Moreover, the Supreme Court of Missouri “specifically rejected” the application of a subjective
test. Powel, 197 S.W.3d at 581 (discussing Jepson v. Stubbs, 555 S.W.2d 307, 313 (Mo. banc
1977). The Missouri Supreme Court articulated the appropriate test in Powel:
[T]he capable of ascertainment test is an objective one. The issue is not when the
injury occurred, or when [the] plaintiff subjectively learned of the wrongful conduct
and that it caused his or her injury, but when a reasonable person would have been
put on notice that an injury and substantial damages may have occurred and would
have undertaken to ascertain the extent of the damages.
Id. at 584-85 (emphasis added).
Additionally, in Giles, the Western District did not determine that the plaintiff’s date of
diagnosis controlled the date his action began to accrue. Giles, 475 S.W.3d at 193. Rather, the
court found that there was merely a possibility that Plaintiff’s claim did not begin to accrue until
he was diagnosed, and such determination was a question for the trier-of-fact. Id. Accordingly, in
isolation, Plaintiff’s argument that he was not subjectively aware of “the [likely] cause of his
8
seizure condition” until he was diagnosed on April 23, 2013, and thus, there was actually
“minimal delay in proceeding,” is unpersuasive. Plaintiff did not file his action on appeal until
nearly two and a half years after the diagnosis and approximately one year after his counsel
obtained the relevant medical records.8 Moreover, Plaintiff’s “damages need not be complete at
the time they are first ascertained. A cause of action accrues when a party can first ascertain the
fact of damage, even though he may not know the extent of the damage.” Powel, 197 S.W.3d
576 at 589 (explaining that the date “the fact of damage” becomes ascertainable controls when
an action begins to accrue, not the date the full extent of damages can be determined.).
Moreover,
Plaintiff acknowledges that the date a plaintiff’s damages are capable of ascertainment is
a “factual question.” The trial court is in a superior position to “determine factual issues than an
appellate court reviewing only the record on appeal.” Pearson v. Koster, 367 S.W.3d 36, 43 (Mo.
banc 2012). Accordingly, Plaintiff has not established that the trial court abused its discretion by
finding Plaintiff failed to diligently prosecute his action and thereby dismissing it.
Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff failed to meet his burden of showing the trial court
abused its discretion by dismissing his suit. Point denied.
III. Conclusion
Judgment affirmed.
_______________________________
Colleen Dolan, Judge
Sherri B. Sullivan, P.J., concurs.
Roy L. Richter, J., concurs.
8
The relevant diagnosis occurred on April 23, 2013. Plaintiff’s attorney obtained Plaintiff’s medical records from
his doctor on September 24, 2014. Plaintiff filed the lawsuit on appeal on September 16, 2015.
9