IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
WESTERN DISTRICT
STATE OF MISSOURI ex rel. POLARIS )
INDUSTRIES, INC., )
)
Relator, )
) WD79746
v. )
) OPINION FILED:
) November 22, 2016
THE HONORABLE JAMES K. )
JOURNEY, )
)
Respondent. )
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING IN PROHIBITION
Before Writ Division: Lisa White Hardwick, Presiding Judge, and
Karen King Mitchell and Gary D. Witt, Judges
Relator, Polaris Industries, Inc., seeks a writ prohibiting Respondent, the Honorable
James K. Journey, Circuit Judge of Bates County, from taking any action other than granting
Polaris’s motion for judgment on the pleadings in the underlying action. Finding Polaris did not
demonstrate a clear and unequivocal right to the relief requested, we quash the preliminary writ of
prohibition.
Background
The parties largely agree on the relevant facts. On May 27, 2004, Plaintiff Tonna
Cummings’s husband was operating a 1995 Polaris “Big Boss 6x6” all-terrain vehicle (ATV) to
spray weeds for Husband’s employer when the ATV allegedly overturned. Cummings claims that,
as a result of the incident, Husband became trapped underneath the ATV and sustained fatal
injuries.
On March 4, 2005, Cummings commenced a wrongful-death action against Polaris (the
Original Action), alleging defects in the ATV’s design, manufacture, and warnings. After the
litigation had been pending for over five years, Respondent entered an order placing the case on
the court’s “inactive docket.” The order was signed by Respondent on November 3, 2011, and
filed the same day. The order placing the Original Action on the inactive docket explained that
the case could be removed from the inactive docket “only on written motion, with notice to the
opposing parties, and for good cause shown.” The order further stated that, “Absent removal from
the inactive docket within 60 days of this date [November 3, 2011], this case will automatically be
dismissed without prejudice and without further order.” (Emphasis in the original document.)
This is consistent with Local Rule 37(3), (6),1 which states that “[a]ny case placed on the inactive
docket shall be dismissed without prejudice upon sixty (60) days of placement on the inactive
docket” unless the party shows good cause for its removal from the inactive docket. All such
dismissals “shall be automatic upon the expiration of the 60 day time period without further action
by the Court.” Local Rule 37(5).2
Cummings did not file a motion to remove the case from the inactive docket at any time
on or before January 2, 2012—the sixtieth day after the November 3, 2011 order placing the case
1
All “Local Rule” citations are to the rules adopted by the Circuit Court of Bates County. All other rule
citations are to the Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2016).
2
Cummings disagrees with Polaris’s characterization of the trial court’s order placing the Original Action on
the inactive docket as an “order.” “Every direction of a court made or entered in writing and not included in a judgment
is an order.” Rule 74.02. “In Missouri a written entry signed by the trial court is either a judgment, see Rule 74.01,
or an order. Rule 74.02.” Lake v. McCollum, 324 S.W.3d 481, 487 n.12 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010). The order placing
the Original Action on the inactive docket was signed and meets the definition of an order. Cummings provides no
real support for her assertion otherwise.
2
on the inactive docket.3 An unsigned docket entry dated January 10, 2012 notes: “Dismiss by Ct
w/o Prejudice”; and, at the top of the docket sheet it reads, “Disposition: Dismiss by Ct w/o
Prejudice” and “Disposition date: 10-Jan-2012.”
On January 4, 2013, Cummings commenced a second action (the Second Action) by filing
a Petition for Damages, restating her wrongful-death claims against Polaris. Polaris filed a motion
for judgment on the pleadings on the ground that the statute of limitations barred Cummings’s
claims. Polaris noted that the three-year statute of limitations for wrongful-death actions expired
many years before Cummings filed the Second Action, and it further argued that the statute’s
one-year savings provision did not apply because the Second Action was commenced more than
one year after January 2, 2012, which Polaris argued was the date of dismissal of the Original
Action. Cummings opposed Polaris’s motion, arguing that the dismissal of the Original Action
did not take effect until January 10, 2012, when the entry was made on the circuit court’s docket
sheet.
Following a hearing on Polaris’s motion, Respondent entered an order denying the motion.
Polaris sought a writ of prohibition from this court, and we entered a preliminary order.
Standard of Review
“Prohibition is a discretionary writ that . . . issues [only] to prevent an abuse of judicial
discretion, to avoid irreparable harm to a party, or to prevent exercise of extrajurisdictional power.”
State ex rel. Schwarz Pharma, Inc. v. Dowd, 432 S.W.3d 764, 768 (Mo. banc 2014). “A writ of
prohibition ‘is the appropriate remedy to prevent a lower court from proceeding on an action barred
3
At oral argument, Polaris acknowledged that if the November 3, 2011 order was self-executing, taking
effect automatically on the expiration of the 60 days, the effective date was likely January 3, 2012, rather than
January 2, 2012. This is because in 2012 New Year’s Day fell on Sunday, and, thus, Monday January 2, was likely
an observed holiday. Because below and in briefing to this court, both parties used the January 2, 2012 date, we will
use that date throughout this opinion.
3
by the statute of limitations.’” State ex rel. Beisly v. Perigo, 469 S.W.3d 434, 437 (Mo. banc 2015)
(quoting State ex rel. Holzum, 342 S.W.3d 313, 315 (Mo. banc 2011)). However, “[a] party
seeking a writ has ‘the burden of showing that it had a clear and unequivocal right to the . . . relief
requested.’” Estate of Hutchison v. Massood, 494 S.W.3d 595, 608 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016)
(quoting Pub. Sch. Ret. Sys. of Sch. Dist. of Kansas City v. Mo. Comm’n on Human Rights, 188
S.W.3d 35, 42 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006)).
Both Polaris and Cummings submitted materials outside of the pleadings in connection
with Polaris’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. Thus, Polaris’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings is treated as a motion for summary judgment. Rule 55.27(b) (“If, on a motion for
judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the
court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment . . . .”). An appellate court “seldom
grants a writ to compel the grant of a motion for summary judgment, but . . . issuance of a writ
‘can be an appropriate remedy where a trial court erroneously permits a claim that is barred by the
statute of limitations to proceed to trial.’” State ex rel. Heart of Am. Council v. McKenzie, 484
S.W.3d 320, 324 (Mo. banc 2016) (quoting State ex rel. Bloomquist v. Schneider, 244 S.W.3d 139,
141 (Mo. banc 2008)). “The standard of review of the grant or denial of summary judgment is
de novo.” Id.
Analysis
“Section 537.080.1 sets forth the cause of action for wrongful death and delineates who is
entitled to sue for damages.” Beisly, 469 S.W.3d at 437. “Section 537.100 states that every action
brought pursuant to section 537.080 ‘shall be commenced within three years after the cause of
action shall accrue.’” Id. Much more than three years passed between the accident and the filing
of the Second Action. However, “[s]ection 537.100 contains explicit tolling exceptions . . . .” Id.
4
One of the exceptions applies when “any such action shall have been commenced within the time
prescribed in this section, and the plaintiff therein take or suffer a nonsuit.” § 537.100. In that
situation, “such plaintiff may commence a new action from time to time within one year after such
nonsuit suffered.” Id. “Thus, where refiling of a lawsuit would otherwise be barred by an
applicable statute of limitations, the savings statute allows the lawsuit to be refiled within one year
of a ‘nonsuit.’” Zinke v. Orskog, 422 S.W.3d 422, 425 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013).
“A ‘nonsuit’ is ‘[a] term broadly applied to a variety of terminations of an action which do
not adjudicate issues on the merits.’” Id. (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1058 (6th ed.
1990)). “A dismissal without prejudice is a nonsuit and permits a party to bring another civil
action for the same cause.” Molder v. Trammell Crow Serv., Inc., 309 S.W.3d 837, 841 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2010). “The savings statute allows a lawsuit to be re-filed within one year after a dismissal
without prejudice of the first suit.” Id. at 842 (interpreting identical language in § 516.230).
“Moreover, the initial dismissal begins the running of the one-year grace period provided in the
savings statute, so that a re-filing within one year of the dismissal is within the statute of
limitations.” Id.
If the one-year period to re-file the suit is calculated from January 2, the Second Action
was filed more than a year from the nonsuit, and was untimely. Polaris argues that the dismissal,
and therefore nonsuit, was automatic by the November 3, 2011 order’s terms, depriving the trial
court of jurisdiction over the matter after January 2, and rendering the subsequent docket entry a
nullity. Cummings argues that the November 3, 2011 order did not specify the date upon which
the involuntary dismissal would take effect and that, therefore, the clerical entry of dismissal was
necessary in order to effectuate a nonsuit. We need not determine whether the dismissal
5
automatically went into effect on January 2, because Polaris is incorrect that the trial court was
divested of jurisdiction once the order was entered.
Polaris argues that the dismissal was automatically effective on January 2, and that the trial
court was immediately divested of jurisdiction, rendering the subsequent docket entry “a nullity.”
In support, Polaris cites Rickner v. Golfinopoulos, 271 S.W.3d 32 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008) and
Kirby v. Gaub, 75 S.W.3d 916 (Mo. App. S.D. 2002), cases holding, correctly, that trial court
orders of dismissal following a party’s voluntary dismissal are “a nullity,” because the trial court
immediately loses jurisdiction over the action when a voluntary dismissal is filed. However,
“[t]hese cases are inapposite as they involve involuntary dismissals which are governed by
different rules.” Zinke, 422 S.W.3d at 426 n.8; Kirby, 75 S.W.3d at 918 n.3 (“An involuntary
dismissal is not this case. Because different rules govern, the involuntary dismissal cases cited by
Plaintiffs are inapposite.”). “With a voluntary dismissal, it is the plaintiff deciding to dismiss his
cause of action, and it is the plaintiff acting to dismiss the case . . . , [thus] no action by the trial
court” is required. Peet v. Randolph, 103 S.W.3d 872, 876 (Mo. App. E.D. 2003). “Once a
permitted voluntary dismissal is filed, there is nothing pending before the trial court on which it is
permitted to act, [other than to] enter administrative orders such as those with regard to the
assessment of costs.” Zinke, 422 S.W.3d at 427.
“On the other hand, court action is required for an involuntary dismissal. There is no
dismissal unless the court acts—either on its own motion, or by granting a defendant’s motion to
dismiss.” Peet, 103 S.W.3d at 876. Further, even if the court acts to enter an involuntary dismissal,
unless the dismissal is denominated as a judgment, the court retains jurisdiction. Davis v. Dep’t
of Soc. Servs. Div. of Child Support Enf’t, 15 S.W.3d 42, 44-45 (Mo. App. W.D. 2000). When a
court involuntarily dismisses a case without prejudice, the court does not immediately lose
6
jurisdiction over the matter, but instead “retains jurisdiction over the matter so that the court [is]
allowed to reconsider its action, correct any errors, and modify or set aside its order.” Peet, 103
S.W.3d at 876.
Here, regardless of whether the involuntary dismissal of the Original Action was effective
on January 2, the trial court retained jurisdiction to modify its order. Polaris argues summarily
that “[t]here is no evidence” that the trial court’s intent in making the January 10 docket entry was
to modify the January 2 dismissal and make its order of dismissal effective January 10, 2012. But
“[s]ummary judgment is proper [only] when the moving party demonstrates there is no genuine
dispute about material facts and, under the undisputed facts, the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Parr v. Breeden, 489 S.W.3d 774, 778 (Mo. banc 2016).
Accordingly, if there was a factual issue related to the court’s intent in entering the January 10
docket entry, there remained an issue of material fact and the grant of summary judgment in favor
of Polaris would have been inappropriate.
Stated another way, the question is whether the January 10 docket entry is an order that
communicates a direction from the court or whether it is a ministerial act that simply memorializes
the earlier court order. Polaris argues that the docket entry was simply a ministerial act. But there
is nothing about the January 10 docket entry that precludes it from being an order, which can be
accomplished by unsigned docket entry. Rule 74.02 (“Every direction of a court made or entered
in writing and not included in a judgment is an order.”). A “trial court’s [unsigned] typewritten
docket entry . . . qualifies as an ‘order’ under [Rule 74.02]. Notably, nothing in Rule 74.02 requires
an order to be handwritten or signed by the judge.” Norfolk v. State, 200 S.W.3d 36, 39 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2006). And, in ruling on the dispositive motions, the trial court apparently determined that
the intent and effect of the docket entry was to make the dismissal effective on January 10. See
7
Garner v. Dir. of Revenue, 893 S.W.2d 394, 395 (Mo. App. E.D. 1995) (using the trial court’s
records to determine when “the [trial] court intended the dismissal to occur.”). Importantly, the
same judge presided over both the Original Action and the Second Action, and was in the best
position to discern the intent in making the docket entry. See Radmer v. State, 362 S.W.3d 52, 58
(Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (“It is . . . important that the same judge presided at the trial and at the
[subsequent] hearing, and was thus better equipped to assess the” prior case) (quoting State v.
Wells, 804 S.W.2d 746, 749 (Mo. banc 1991))).
Further, the record provides a possible reason why the trial court might have felt additional
direction was necessary: while Local Rule 37 clearly indicates that the parties are to be notified
of the date a dismissal is to occur,4 the order placing the Original Action on the dismissal docket
is not so clear, stating only that the dismissal will take place “without further order,” “[a]bsent
removal from the inactive docket within 60 days.”5
Polaris has “the burden of showing that it had a clear and unequivocal right to” a writ.
Estate of Hutchison, 494 S.W.3d at 608 (quoting Pub. Sch. Ret. Sys. of Sch. Dist. of Kansas City,
188 S.W.3d at 42). Under the circumstances of this case, we cannot say that Polaris has
demonstrated a clear and unequivocal right to prohibition.
4
Under Local Rule 37(5), dismissal is “automatic upon the expiration of the 60 day time period without
further action by the Court.” Local Rule 37(4), requires that the notice to counsel “that the case has been set on the
inactive docket” (in this case the order placing the Original Action on the inactive docket) is to contain “the date on
which the case will be dismissed.”
5
We note that much, if not all, of the parties’ confusion over the dismissal date could have been avoided, had
the trial court: (1) more closely followed the directive of Local Rule 37(4) by including a date certain for dismissal
on its order; and/or (2) clearly specified on the subsequent docket entry whether its intent was to effectuate dismissal
on that date, or merely to note that dismissal had taken place per the terms of the order. We encourage the trial court,
as well as courts in other circuits with similar local rules, to review the procedures for placement of cases on inactive
or dismissal dockets, removal from those dockets, and dismissal of cases not timely removed, so as to avoid similar
confusion.
8
Conclusion
Because Polaris has failed to establish a right to a writ of prohibition, the preliminary writ
is quashed.
Karen King Mitchell, Judge
Lisa White Hardwick, Presiding Judge,
and Gary D. Witt, Judge, concur.
9