IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1961
Filed February 8, 2017
IN THE INTEREST OF H.C. AND H.C.,
Minor children
D.C., Father,
Appellant,
L.A., Mother,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Adams County, Monty W. Franklin,
District Associate Judge.
A mother and a father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to their children, H.C. and H.C. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.
Kevin E. Hobbs, West Des Moines, for appellant father.
Bryan J. Tingle of Tingle Law Office, Des Moines, for appellant mother.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Janet L. Hoffman, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Jane A. Orlanes of Orlanes Law Office, P.L.C., Clive, guardian ad litem for
minor children.
Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
2
DOYLE, Judge.
A mother and a father separately appeal the termination of their parental
rights to their children. Both parents challenge the grounds for termination found
by the juvenile court. Additionally, they argue termination of their parental rights
is not in the children’s best interests, and they assert the closeness of each
parent’s relationship with the children along with their placement with a relative
should obviate termination of their parental rights. After our independent review
of the record, we concur with the decisions of the juvenile court, and we affirm its
orders terminating the parents’ parental rights.
I. Statutory Procedure and Standard of Review.
Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 (2016) follows
a three-step analysis. See In re M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). First,
the juvenile court must determine if a ground authorizing the termination of
parental rights under section 232.116(1) has been established. See id. Second,
if a ground for termination is established, the court must apply the framework set
forth in section 232.116(2) to decide if proceeding with termination is in the best
interests of the children. See id. at 219-20. Third, if the statutory best-interests
framework supports termination of the parent’s parental rights, the court must
consider if any of the three permissive exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3)
should serve to preclude termination. See id. at 220, 225.
Our review of the termination-of-parental-rights proceedings is de novo,
which requires that we examine both the facts and law and that we judge anew
those issues properly preserved and presented. See id. at 219; In re K.C., 660
N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa 2003). We will uphold an order terminating parental rights
3
only if a statutory ground found for termination was established by clear and
convincing evidence, i.e., if the evidence leaves no serious or substantial doubt
about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from it. See M.W., 876 N.W.2d
at 219; In re D.D., 653 N.W.2d 359, 361 (Iowa 2002); see also In re D.W., 791
N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (noting the juvenile court’s order can be affirmed
on any single ground found by that court if it is supported by clear and convincing
evidence). “As always, our fundamental concern is the [children’s] best
interests.” In re J.C., 857 N.W.2d 495, 500 (Iowa 2014).
II. Grounds for Termination.
A. Grounds Found.
At issue here are the parental rights to H.C., born in 2012, and H.C., born
in 2014.1 In July 2016, the children’s guardian ad litem (GAL) filed her petition
seeking termination of the parents’ parental rights, asserting that, among other
grounds, termination of the parents’ rights to each child was proper under
paragraph (h) of Iowa Code section 232.116(1). That paragraph required the
State to prove as an element of the ground that the child was “three years of age
or younger.” See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(1). However, the elder H.C. had
turned four approximately two weeks prior to the GAL’s filing of the petition.
At the beginning of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing, the GAL
moved to amend the petition as to the elder child, explaining that the child was
now over the age of three. Over the parents’ objections of untimeliness, the
juvenile court orally granted the GAL’s motion to amend. Then, in its written
1
The children have a sibling born 2016 that was not a subject of the termination-of-
parental-rights rulings at issue here.
4
termination-of-parental-rights ruling concerning the oldest child, the juvenile court
explained it granted the amendment of paragraph (h) in the petition to paragraph
(f) as to that child because
the parents’ due process rights [would] not be violated or impaired if
the amendment [was] allowed. The parents and their attorneys
[were] fully aware of the child’s age and the length of time that the
child [had] been removed from the parents’ custody and there [was]
no asserted dispute concerning either of these issues. The proof
requirements of each section [were] basically the same and the
parents’ preparation and evidence concerning either of these
sections [were] also basically the same, with the only real
difference being the additional burden of showing a longer time
period of removal from the parents’ custody being placed upon the
[State] if the petition [was] allowed to be amended.
It also expressly found:
[The elder child] was four years of age or more . . . . An
order was entered which removed physical custody of the [elder
child] from the child’s parents for at least twelve (12) of the last
eighteen (18) months, or for the last twelve (12) consecutive
months and any trial period at home [had] been less than thirty (30)
days. There exist[ed] clear and convincing evidence that the [elder
child could not] be returned to the custody of the child’s parents as
provided in Iowa Code section 232.102 at the present time, all
within the scope and meaning of section 232.116(1)(f).
Despite this finding, the court stated at the end of its ruling it was terminating the
parents’ rights to the elder child under paragraph (h); no reference to paragraph
(f) was made. It does not appear that the parties pointed out the court’s
reference to paragraph (h) by way of an Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2)
motion to amend or enlarge or an order nunc pro tunc.
On appeal, the mother challenges the juvenile court’s ruling on this basis,
among others. However, she does not challenge the juvenile court’s grant of the
GAL’s request to amend the petition from paragraph (h) to paragraph (f).
Because it “is well-settled law that a prevailing party can raise an alternative
5
ground for affirmance on appeal without filing a notice of cross-appeal, as long as
the prevailing party raised the alternative ground in the district court,” we can
consider paragraph (f) here as a basis for termination of the mother’s parental
rights to the elder child. M.W., 876 N.W.2d at 221. Moreover, we decline to
place form over substance and waste judicial resources on what was clearly a
clerical error. See generally State v. Hess, 533 N.W.2d 525, 527 (Iowa 1995)
(“An error is clerical in nature if it is not the product of judicial reasoning and
determination.”); see also generally State v. Pearson, 876 N.W.2d 200, 205-06,
207-08 (Iowa 2016) (discussing nunc pro tunc orders to correct an error in
sentencing and explaining that, because a mistake “occurred at the original
sentencing hearing [that] was inconsequential to the sentence imposed . . . ,
there was absolutely no reason for any court to order resentencing as a means to
fix the mistake. Nor was there any reason for the mistake to consume the time
and expense of two appeals and now the further review of this court. Nor was
the mistake one that should further require the time and expense of
postconviction relief proceedings.”). “No matter how diligent the typist and
proofreader, clerical errors are bound to creep in from time to time. It even
happens in judicial opinions.” First Nat’l Bank v. Francis, 342 N.W.2d 468, 474
(Iowa 1984) (Larson, J., dissenting). Here, it is clear the court’s use of “(h)” at
the end of the ruling was merely a clerical error and not what that court intended,
evidenced by the court’s allowance of the amendment of the petition from
paragraph (h) to (f) and its express findings that the child was four years of age
or older and within the scope of paragraph (f). See In re E.S.R., No. 14-1917,
2015 WL 791795, at *2 n.3 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 25, 2015) (“[I]t is clear when
6
viewing the totality of the order that the court terminated the father’s rights to [the
child] under the proper paragraph, that is, (h).”); In re A.H., No. 1999-519, 2000
WL 72092, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 26, 2000) (“We find the [S]tate did plead the
wrong code sections and the order terminating therefore refers back to the
incorrect code sections but this error is an obvious typographical error. The error
does not prejudice [the mother] as the full text of the correct code sections plead
is clearly contained within the petition to adequately advise her of the
allegations.”). The juvenile court clearly terminated the mother’s parental rights
to her elder child pursuant to paragraph (f), despite the typo, and to the younger
child pursuant to paragraph (h).
B. Paragraphs (f) and (h).
Iowa Code section 232.116(1) paragraphs (f) and (h) are essentially the
same but for the applicable age of the child and the amount of time the child has
been out of the home, as noted above. Compare Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)
(“The child is four years of age or older” and “has been removed . . . for at least
twelve of the last eighteen months”), with id. § 232.116(1)(h) (“The child is three
years of age or younger” and “has been removed . . . for at least six months of
the last twelve months”). Both paragraphs require the State to prove, by clear
and convincing evidence, the child cannot be returned to the custody of the
child’s parents at the present time. See id. § 232.116(1)(f)(4), (h)(4). Both
parents challenge this element of each ground. Upon our de novo review, we
find the State met its burden.
7
1. Mother.
The mother takes issue with the juvenile court’s statement in its rulings
that she provided no evidence she was substance-free and involved in treatment
programs, and she cites two exhibits showing she attended substance-abuse
evaluation and treatment in late August 2016 and early September 2016 and
provided three clean urinalysis tests during that time frame. However, even
assuming the court’s statement was in error, “we need not separately consider
errors made by the . . . court in its findings” on a de novo review. In re Voeltz,
271 N.W.2d 719, 722 (Iowa 1978). Importantly, the court did not rest its ruling on
that finding alone, stating:
Whether [the mother] is sincere in her assertions or simply saying
what she thinks people want to hear remains to be seen but either
way, it will be quite some time before she has been able to deal
with all of the issues that are present in her life and show that she is
capable of being a protective, stable, and nurturing parent so that
she could be a proper custodian for a child.
We agree.
The case commenced two years prior to the termination-of-parental-rights
hearing, after the children were removed from her care due to significant abuse
perpetrated by the father on the younger child—the facts of which are particularly
disturbing. The children were returned to her care, only to be removed again in
March 2016 after the father was discovered staying in the mother’s home, even
though she knew he was to only have supervised visits with the children, he had
been using methamphetamine regularly, and there was a warrant out for his
arrest based upon his past endangerment of the child. The father admitted at
that time he had been staying with the mother off and on, and the children told
8
the social worker that the father had slept in their home and that they had “seen
him a lot.” Nevertheless, the mother denied that she had allowed him to be in
her home and around her children.
Additionally, as late as June 2016, the mother and her newborn child
tested positive for methamphetamine, but she only admitted responsibility for the
positive test about a month before the hearing. She did not obtain a substance-
abuse evaluation until mid-August 2016, about a month after the GAL filed her
termination-of-parental-rights petition. The mother’s late interest in sobriety and
her failure to take responsibility for her actions demonstrate that she continues to
make decisions without thinking of the impact on her children. Upon our de novo
review, we conclude that there is clear and convincing evidence in the record that
the children could not safely be returned to the mother’s custody under Iowa
Code section 232.102 at the time of the termination hearing. Therefore, we find
there is clear and convincing evidence in the record that meets the requirements
of Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (h). The State has proven these grounds
support the termination of the mother’s parental rights to the children.
2. Father.
The father also asserts the children could have been returned to his care
at the time of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing, arguing “there was no
definitive evidence that [the father] intentionally caused the injury to one of the
children that led to the initial removal.” He also argues there was no evidence
that he presented a current threat to the children or that he lacked sobriety.
Upon our de novo review, we disagree.
9
First, at the inception of this case, the father reported to law enforcement
that the child’s September 2014 injuries were an accident, stating he “was weak,”
“there was a shelf and the baby hit it.” Yet, despite the child’s extensive injuries,
neither he nor the mother obtained medical care for the child. The doctor that
examined the child indicated the history of how the accident occurred was not
consistent with the child’s injuries, and the cause of the injuries was never
determined. The father ultimately pled guilty to child endangerment relating to
the injuries. The father’s guilty plea, coupled with his failure to obtain medical
treatment for the child and the child’s inconsistent injuries, demonstrates, at the
very least, one child suffered, and the other was thus imminently likely to suffer,
harmful effects as a result of the father’s failure to exercise a reasonable degree
of care in supervising the children—intentional or not. See, e.g., In re J.S., 846
N.W.2d 36, 43 (Iowa 2014) (“[W]e do not require neglect or physical or sexual
abuse to be on the verge of happening before adjudicating a child as one in need
of assistance.”).
Moreover, though his therapist reported in December 2015 that the father
was making progress, including taking responsibility for his actions, the father
continued to use methamphetamine. After pleading guilty to child endangerment,
he was sentenced to sixty days in jail, but he did not appear to serve his
sentence in January 2016, causing a warrant for his arrest to be issued. The
father admitted to social workers in March 2016, when he was discovered at the
mother’s home while evading the warrant, he had been using methamphetamine
and marijuana. Other than his unsanctioned visits while staying with the mother,
the father had no visits with the children from January 2016 until August 2016,
10
due to either having a no-contact order with one of the children, being a fugitive
from justice, serving jail time, or failing to contact the service provider. At the
termination-of-parental-rights hearing, the social worker testified the father had
“not actively participated in treatment services for a period of time. There [had]
not been ongoing contact between [the father and the children], and he [had] not
been able to participate in their therapy services.” The worker testified the father
recently reported he had “initiated treatment services” and signed a release for
her to obtain information from the service provider, but she had not yet received
a response. Though present, the father did not testify at the termination-of-
parental-rights hearing, nor did he provide any documentary evidence to show he
was no longer abusing substances, having previously admitted to using them, or
that he was no longer a threat to his children, given the circumstances of the
initial incident.
Based upon the father’s lack of involvement in the case, his admission to
using methamphetamine, his history of domestic violence, and the child’s
substantial injuries at the beginning of the case, we conclude that there is clear
and convincing evidence in the record that the children could not safely be
returned to his custody under Iowa Code section 232.102 at the time of the
termination hearing. Therefore, we find there is clear and convincing evidence in
the record that meets the requirements of section 232.116(1)(f) and (h). The
State has proven these grounds support the termination of the father’s parental
rights to the children.
11
III. Best Interests.
Each parent argues termination of parental rights is not in the children’s
best interests. We disagree.
“It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after
the State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by
hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable
home for the child.” In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010). Children require
permanency. See In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 802 (Iowa 2006) (Cady, J.,
concurring specially) (noting the “defining elements in a child’s best interest” are
the child’s safety and “need for a permanent home”). As we have stated
numerous times, children are not equipped with pause buttons. “The crucial
days of childhood cannot be suspended while parents experiment with ways to
face up to their own problems.” In re A.C., 415 N.W.2d 609, 613 (Iowa 1987);
see also In re D.J.R., 454 N.W.2d 838, 845 (Iowa 1990) (“We have long
recognized that the best interests of a child are often not served by requiring the
child to stay in ‘parentless limbo.’” (citation omitted)); In re Kester, 228 N.W.2d
107, 110-11 (Iowa 1975) (refusing to “gamble with the children’s future” or force
the children to “await their [parent]’s maturity” where the parent’s history shows
“good intentions, but feeble resistance to temptation and wrongdoing”). While
the law requires a “full measure of patience with troubled parents who attempt to
remedy a lack of parenting skills,” this patience has been built into the statutory
scheme of chapter 232. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa 2000). Our
supreme court has explained that “the legislature, in cases meeting the
conditions of [the Iowa Code], has made a categorical determination that the
12
needs of a child are promoted by termination of parental rights.” In re M.W., 458
N.W.2d 847, 850 (Iowa 1990) (discussing then Iowa Code section
232.116(1)(e)). Consequently, “[t]ime is a critical element,” and parents simply
“cannot wait until the eve of termination, after the statutory time periods for
reunification have expired, to begin to express an interest in parenting.” C.B.,
611 N.W.2d at 495. At some point, as is the case here, the rights and needs of
the children must rise above the rights and needs of the parent. See In re C.S.,
776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). The public policy of the state having
been legislatively set, we are obligated to heed the statutory time periods for
reunification.
In this case, each parent has been given more than ample time to address
his or her adult issues and demonstrate that he or she could provide and sustain
a safe, stable, drug-free home for the children, and neither parent was able to do
so. We credit the mother’s recent sobriety, but her overall track record is not a
good one. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 778 (Iowa 2012) (“Insight for the
determination of the [children’s] long-range best interests can be gleaned from
‘evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance may be
indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of providing.’”
(citation omitted)). Here, the children are adoptable and doing well in the care of
their grandmother. Giving “primary consideration to the [children’s] safety, to the
best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the [children],
and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the [children],”
see Iowa Code § 232.116(2), we conclude termination of the parents’ parental
rights was in the children’s best interests.
13
IV. Statutory Exceptions to Termination.
Finally, we consider whether any exception in section 232.116(3) applies
to make termination unnecessary. See D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 709. “The factors
weighing against termination in section 232.116(3) are permissive, not
mandatory, and the court may use its discretion, based on the unique
circumstances of each case and the best interests of the child, whether to apply
the factors in this section to save the parent-child relationship.” In re A.M., 843
N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the juvenile court found none of the exceptions apply, and we agree.
Although the children are placed with a relative, the children are not in the
grandmother’s legal custody, as required under section 232.116(3)(a). See id.
Additionally, we do not find that termination would be detrimental to the children
based solely on the relationship between each parent and child. See Iowa Code
§ 232.116(3)(c). Neither parent’s bond with the children outweighs the children’s
need for permanency. We agree with the juvenile court that the children’s best
interests are served by severing the children’s legal ties with the parents, and we
therefore decline to invoke section 232.116(3).
V. Conclusion.
Upon our de novo review of the record, we agree with the juvenile court
that the State proved the grounds for terminating the parents’ parental rights
under Iowa Code section 232.116(1) paragraphs (f) and (h); termination of the
parents’ parental rights was in the children’s best interests; and none of the
statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3) apply to overcome the need
14
for termination of parental rights. Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s order
terminating the parents’ parental rights.
AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.