IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Jaime Serrano, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 2684 C.D. 2015
: Argued: December 15, 2016
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Ametek, Inc.), :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
HONORABLE JULIA K. HEARTHWAY, Judge
OPINION
BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: February 13, 2017
Jaime Serrano (Claimant) petitions for review of an adjudication of
the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board) that modified his compensation
benefits pursuant to Section 319 of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act).1 The
Board affirmed the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Judge (WCJ) that
Ametek, Inc. (Employer) was entitled to subrogate against all of Claimant’s
recovery from a third party tortfeasor. Claimant argues that the Board erred
because Employer did not prove that the fund created by his tort settlement related
to all of his work injuries. We vacate and remand.
Background
On March 6, 2006, a container of metal powders, with which
Claimant was working, exploded, creating a flash fire. Claimant sustained second
and third degree burns. On March 17, 2006, Employer issued a Notice of
1
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §671.
Compensation Payable (NCP), accepting liability for burns to Claimant’s “[f]ace,
chest, head, ears, hands, arms, [and] thighs.” Reproduced Record at 23a (R.R. __).
Pursuant to the NCP, Employer began paying Claimant total disability
compensation in the amount of $372.50 weekly.
In December 2006, Claimant sued Aramark Uniform and Career
Apparel, Inc. (Aramark), which had provided the flame-resistant coveralls
Claimant had been wearing at the time of the accident. Claimant alleged that the
coveralls did not protect him as warranted by Aramark. Two years later, Claimant
settled with Aramark for $2.7 million. In August of 2008, Employer asserted a lien
of $946,024.70 against Claimant’s settlement for its payment of medical and
disability compensation to Claimant. Deducting Employer’s proportionate share of
attorney’s fees and costs, the net lien asserted by Employer was $620,178.30.
Disputing Employer’s entitlement to the full amount of the lien
asserted, Claimant filed a review petition to have the amount of Employer’s
subrogation rights determined; $630,000 was placed into escrow pending the
outcome of litigation.2 Employer filed a modification petition, seeking to recover
alleged overpayments of disability compensation. The petitions were assigned to a
WCJ.
The parties entered into a stipulation of facts. The stipulation
acknowledged that Claimant was entitled to a specific loss benefit of $27,937.50
for the scarring to his neck, face and hands.3 The stipulation acknowledged that
2
The amount placed in escrow actually exceeded the amount of Employer’s asserted lien of
$620,178.30.
3
Section 306(c)(22) of the Act provides a specific loss benefit for “serious and permanent
disfigurement of the head, neck, or face ....” 77 P.S. §513(22). Section 306(c)(1), (9)-(16) also
provides a specific loss benefit for a total or partial loss of a hand. 77 P.S. §513(1), (9)-(16).
2
the burns to Claimant’s torso, shoulder, arms, and legs were aggravated by the
defective coveralls. The stipulation stated that Claimant’s work gloves melted
from his hands, and the air-supplied face shield and hood melted onto his face;
neither the gloves nor the hood were manufactured or supplied by Aramark.
The stipulation did not resolve the question of whether the coveralls
provided by Aramark contributed to the burns to Claimant’s neck, face and hands.
On that question, the stipulation stated as follows:
a. The Parties agree that Claimant’s burn injuries to his torso,
shoulder, arms, and legs were worsened and enhanced by the
insufficient/defective coveralls provided by A[ramark], and that
such injuries were made more severe than they otherwise would
have been if A[ramark] had supplied sufficiently protective
coveralls.
b. Claimant maintains that the injuries caused by the
insufficient/defective coveralls were limited to those injuries
described in paragraph 13(a).
c. While agreeing to the contents of paragraph 13(a),
[Employer] also maintains that the entirety of Claimant’s
injuries were caused and/or contributed to by the
insufficient/defective coveralls[.]
Stipulation ¶13; R.R. 26a (emphasis added). Claimant agreed that Employer was
entitled to subrogation for the injuries sustained to his “torso, shoulder, arms, and
legs” but disputed Employer’s right to subrogation for the injuries to his hands,
neck, face, head, trachea, larynx and lungs. Stipulation ¶16; R.R. 27a.4
The stipulation included a chart that listed each body part burned and
the medical bills associated with the treatment of that particular burn. There were
4
While not specifically listed in the NCP, there is no dispute that Claimant’s burn injuries
included his trachea, larynx and lungs.
3
invoices for physical therapy and surgery that related only to Claimant’s hands,
and invoices for a bronchoscopy that related solely to his lung injury. For the most
part, however, Claimant conceded that the medical benefits paid by Employer
could not be precisely prorated according to each body part injured. Because two-
thirds of Claimant’s burns were areas covered by the coveralls, Claimant argued
that Employer was entitled to two-thirds of its asserted lien against the fund created
by Claimant’s settlement with Aramark.
Claimant presented the deposition testimony of Martin K. Brigham,
Esq., who represented Claimant in his tort claim against Aramark. The tort
complaint initially alleged that the coveralls accumulated a static electrical charge
that caused the explosion. This would have made Aramark liable for all of
Claimant’s injuries. However, further testing contradicted this claim. Ultimately,
the tort settlement was based solely on the claim that the defective coveralls failed
to protect Claimant and actually intensified his burns.5
Brigham testified that prior to completing the settlement with
Aramark, he informed Employer that Aramark had refused liability for the injuries
to Claimant’s neck, face, head, and hands because the coveralls did not aggravate
those injuries. Likewise, Aramark refused liability for the injuries to Claimant’s
esophagus and lungs caused by his inhalation of hot air because the coveralls were
not intended to prevent such injuries.
5
The tort complaint was introduced into evidence. It alleged, inter alia, that Aramark was aware
that the coveralls were not safe for use where there was a risk of exposure to molten metal. In
such a case, the coveralls would fail to self-extinguish due to the thermal energy generated from
the ignition of a metal powder dust cloud. Claimant’s coveralls did not self-extinguish. They
burned through Claimant’s undergarments, intensifying the fire and the severity of the burns.
4
As noted, the stipulation preserved Employer’s right to claim that the
“entirety of Claimant’s injuries” were caused by the defective coveralls.
Stipulation ¶13; R.R. 26a. The stipulation also preserved Claimant’s objection to
that claim. Employer did not present any evidence to show that the burns to
Claimant’s body parts not covered by the coveralls were caused, in any way, by
Aramark’s negligence.
In its decision of February 7, 2012, the WCJ concluded that Employer
was entitled to $610,181.59 of the escrowed funds. The WCJ held that Employer
was entitled to recover all of the wage loss benefits paid to Claimant. The WCJ
also held that Employer was entitled to recover the medical expenses it incurred for
the injuries to Claimant’s torso, arms and legs caused by Aramark’s negligence.
However, Employer was not entitled to recover $15,302.31 in medical expenses
paid to treat Claimant’s hands, neck, face, head, trachea, larynx, and lungs.
Likewise, Employer was not entitled to reimbursement for the specific loss benefit
of $27,937.50 for the scarring to Claimant’s neck, face, and head.6 In making this
determination, the WCJ credited the testimony of Brigham that Claimant’s “work-
related injuries to his neck, face, head, and arms, and his inhalation injuries to his
esophagus and lungs, were not caused in whole or in part by the acts or omissions
of A[ramark].” WCJ Decision, 2/7/2012, Finding of Fact No. 13.
Both parties appealed to the Board. Claimant argued the WCJ erred
in finding Employer was entitled to 100% of the wage loss benefits and all medical
benefits paid, minus $15,302.31. Employer argued that it was error for the WCJ to
6
Employer had not yet paid the specific loss benefit as of the conclusion of this litigation.
Generally, specific loss benefits are not paid until total disability payments end. Coker v.
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Duquesne Light Company), 856 A.2d 257, 261 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2004).
5
deny Employer subrogation with respect to injuries Claimant sustained to his
hands, face, head, trachea, larynx, and lungs, including the specific loss benefit of
$27,937.50.
The Board reversed the WCJ’s decision. Section 319 of the Act states
that an employer is entitled to recover its expenses when a third party causes the
work injury “in whole or in part.” 77 P.S. §671.7 The Board concluded that
Claimant’s discrete work injuries, as separately enumerated in the NCP,
constituted a single compensable injury for purposes of Section 319 of the Act.
Because Aramark caused some of Claimant’s work injuries, the Board reasoned
that Employer was entitled to recover all of its compensation expenses from the
Aramark settlement. The Board remanded the matter to the WCJ to determine the
amount of Employer’s net lien and whether Employer was entitled to a credit for
overpayment of disability benefits it had paid from August 15, 2008, through
November 8, 2010, as well as future disability compensation.
On February 3, 2015, the WCJ issued a remand decision that awarded
Employer $620,178.30 for reimbursement of all wage loss benefits and medical
expenses paid prior to August 15, 2008, and for the specific loss benefit of
$27,937.50. The WCJ modified Claimant’s wage loss benefits to a rate of $128.29
per week as of August 16, 2008, because Employer had overpaid Claimant’s wage
loss compensation from August 16, 2008, through November 8, 2010, for a total of
$28,466.74. Employer was given an additional $9,821.70 from the escrowed funds
as partial reimbursement of the overpayment.8
7
The text of Section 319 of the Act is set forth later in this opinion.
8
Thereafter, Employer was to deduct $25 every two weeks from Claimant’s wage loss benefits
until it had recouped the remaining balance of the overpayment.
6
Claimant again appealed to the Board, reiterating his theory that
Employer’s subrogation rights were limited to compensation paid for those discrete
work injuries caused by Aramark. The Board rejected Claimant’s appeal,
explaining “that the employer’s right to subrogation under §319 is absolute” and
“equitable considerations do not outweigh the mandatory language of §319.”
Thompson v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (USF&G Co.), 781 A.2d
1146, 1150 (Pa. 2001).
Claimant has petitioned for this Court’s review.9 Claimant argues that
the Board erred in holding that all of his enumerated work injuries constituted a
single compensable injury for purposes of Section 319 of the Act. He contends
that Employer’s subrogation is limited to the compensation it paid to Claimant for
the work injuries caused by Aramark’s negligence. This excludes compensation
paid as a result of the burns to Claimant’s hands, neck, face and head, trachea,
larynx and lungs, because Aramark did not cause those injuries, even in part.
Section 319 of the Act
This case turns on the meaning of Section 319 of the Act, which
governs subrogation rights. Precedent teaches that under Section 319,
“subrogation is ‘automatic,’ and ‘by its terms, admits no express exceptions,
equitable or otherwise.’” Young v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Chubb
Corporation), 88 A.3d 295, 302 (Pa. Cmwlth.), petition for allowance of appeal
9
This Court’s review of a workers’ compensation adjudication determines whether an error of
law or a constitutional violation was committed or whether the findings of fact are supported by
substantial, competent evidence. Myers v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (University of
Pennsylvania and Alexsis, Inc.), 782 A.2d 1108, 1110 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001).
7
denied, 97 A.3d 746 (Pa. 2014) (quoting Thompson, 781 A.2d at 1151). An
employer’s burden is as follows:
To establish its right to subrogation, the employer must
demonstrate that it was compelled to make payments due to the
negligence of a third party and that the fund against which the
employer seeks subrogation was for the same injury for which
the employer is liable under the Act. Whether an employer is
entitled “to subrogation is a question of law based upon the
facts as found by the WCJ.”
Id. (internal citations omitted). Subrogation serves several goals: (1) it prevents
the claimant’s double recovery for the same injury; (2) it protects the employer
from incurring liability for the negligence of a third party; and (3) it prevents the
third party from evading liability for his negligent conduct. Dale Manufacturing
Company v. Bressi, 421 A.2d 653, 654 (Pa. 1980).
The issue here is the construction of the language in Section 319 of
the Act, which states, in relevant part, as follows:
Where the compensable injury is caused in whole or in part by
the act or omission of a third party, the employer shall be
subrogated to the right of the employe, his personal
representative, his estate or his dependents, against such third
party to the extent of the compensation payable under this
article by the employer; reasonable attorney’s fees and other
proper disbursements incurred in obtaining a recovery or in
effecting a compromise settlement shall be prorated between
the employer and employe, his personal representative, his
estate or his dependents. The employer shall pay that
proportion of the attorney’s fees and other proper
disbursements that the amount of compensation paid or payable
at the time of recovery or settlement bears to the total recovery
or settlement.
77 P.S. §671 (emphasis added). Claimant argues that where there are multiple
injuries, but the tort recovery covers only some of those injuries, subrogation is
8
likewise limited. An employer can recover only for compensation paid for work
injuries caused, in part, by the third party tortfeasor. In support, Claimant directs
the Court’s attention to three cases, which we review ad seriatim.
In Dale Manufacturing Company, 421 A.2d 653, the first case cited
by Claimant, the claimant sustained a work injury to her back that required
surgery. A second surgery was needed to remove a pad that had been left behind
in the first surgery. The claimant filed a medical malpractice claim that settled for
$30,000, and the employer asserted subrogation rights to the settlement. This
Court held that the employer was entitled to subrogation, and the Supreme Court
reversed. The Supreme Court held that an employer must show that the fund
against which it seeks subrogation relates to the work injury. The only evidence on
the issue of whether the “forgotten cottonoid pad either aggravated the original
[work] injury or caused a new and independent one” was the claimant’s tort
pleading. Id. at 655-56 (internal footnote omitted). Because the pleading was
silent on the impact of the surgery upon the claimant’s work injury, the Supreme
Court held that the employer was not entitled to any subrogation.
Claimant next directs the Court to Edder v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Glenshaw Glass Company), 767 A.2d 617 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001),
where the claimant suffered a work injury to his back. The surgery to treat the
claimant’s back left him impotent and incontinent, which prompted a malpractice
action that settled for $850,000. Because the malpractice action involved
neurogenic dysfunction, it was distinct from the claimant’s work-related back
injury. To seek subrogation, the employer had the burden of proving:
(1) a causal connection between the original work-related
injury and the subsequent event for which a third party is liable;
and (2) that as a result of the subsequent event employer was
9
compelled to pay compensation benefits greater than those
required by the initial injury.
Id. at 618. Stated otherwise, the employer had to “show he is compelled to make
payments by reason of the negligence of a third party.” Id. at 619. Because the
claimant remained totally disabled by his original work injury, the surgery did not
affect either the degree or duration of the claimant’s work injury.
Finally, Claimant refers the Court to Sharkey v. Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Sharkey’s American Hardware), 744 A.2d 345 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1999), which involved a fatal claim benefit. The claimant’s husband had
suffered serious work injuries and died two years later from a myocardial
infarction. The claimant was awarded a fatal claim benefit after she proved that
the decedent’s death was a direct result of his work injury. The claimant also filed
a medical malpractice action, which settled for $700,000. This Court held that the
employer was not entitled to subrogation because it did not offer any evidence that
the medical malpractice caused the decedent’s death. We explained that to
establish a right of subrogation,
an employer must demonstrate that it is required to make
payments by reason of the negligence of the third-party and the
fund to which it seeks subrogation was for the same
compensable injury for which the employer is liable under the
Act.
Id. at 347 (emphasis added). The parties’ stipulation did not establish that the
malpractice “was related in some manner to the original compensable injury or the
subsequent myocardial infarction.” Id.
10
Claimant argues that this above-reviewed precedent supports his
construction of Section 319, i.e., that each “compensable injury” must be
separately examined in a subrogation analysis.10 It is the employer’s burden to
“explain the effect of the medical [malpractice] upon the original compensable
injury.” Dale Manufacturing Company, 421 A.2d at 655. Claimant argues that
Employer had to relate Aramark’s negligence to each of his compensable work
injuries. Specifically, Employer had to establish that Aramark’s negligence caused
the injuries to Claimant’s hands, neck, face, head, trachea, larynx, and lungs, and
Employer did not make this showing.
Employer responds that Claimant’s multiple injuries constituted a
single “compensable injury” because they all occurred in one accident. In support
of this position, Employer directs the Court to Goldberg v. Workmen’s
Compensation Appeal Board (Girard Provision Company), 620 A.2d 550 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1993). In that case, the jury found a third party 80% liable for the
claimant’s injury; the claimant’s contributory negligence reduced his award by
20%. The claimant argued that the employer’s subrogation lien should be reduced
by 20%, but this Court rejected that contention. Employer argues that Goldberg
stands for the proposition that its subrogation rights are not affected where there is
10
Notably, a claimant is not entitled to craft a third-party settlement award in a manner that
limits an employer’s subrogation rights. See Thompson v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(USF & G Company), 801 A.2d 635, at 638 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002) (quoting Cullen v. Pennsylvania
Property and Casualty Insurance Guaranty Association, 760 A.2d 1198, 1201 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2000) (“We have since cited Bumbarger [v. Bumbarger, 155 A.2d 216 (Pa. Super. 1959),] for the
proposition that ‘subrogation rights will not be affected by the way in which the claimant and
third-party tortfeasor, or the fact-finder in their action, characterize the nature of the third-party
recovery.’”)).
11
more than one tortfeasor. Claimant responds that Employer has offered an
overbroad reading of Goldberg. We agree.
First, Goldberg is factually distinguishable because it concerned a
single work injury, not multiple work injuries, as in this case. Second, the effect of
the claimant’s contributory negligence was to reduce the settlement amount, which
is the starting point for any subrogation analysis. There was no dispute in
Goldberg that the third-party tortfeasor was “in part,” i.e., 80%, liable for the
claimant’s single work injury.
The question here is one of statutory construction. Section 319 refers
to “a compensable injury.” The issue is whether the subrogation analysis must be
done for each “compensable injury” where there is more than one work injury for
which the employer has accepted liability. Here, Aramark assumed liability for
some of Claimant’s work injuries, and it denied liability for others. The WCJ
found, as fact, that the defective coveralls did not cause the injuries to Claimant’s
hands, neck, face and head, trachea, larynx, and lungs.
As has been well established, it was Employer’s burden to
demonstrate that it was compelled to make payments due to the
negligence of a third party and that the fund against which the
employer seeks subrogation was for the same injury for which
the employer is liable under the Act.
Young, 88 A.3d at 302 (emphasis added). Employer did not present any evidence
to connect Aramark’s negligence to the injuries Claimant sustained to his hands,
neck, face and head, trachea, larynx, and lungs. Employer did not show that the
fund created by Aramark was for “the same injury for which [Employer] is liable
under the Act.” Id. We conclude that the Board erred in holding that because
12
some of Claimant’s work injuries were caused by Aramark’s negligence, Employer
could subrogate for all of its compensation payments.
This construction of Section 319 is consistent with the basic structure
of the Act, which treats work injuries separately in a number of contexts. For
example, when a claimant sustains work injuries, the employer may accept
responsibility by filing a NCP. The employer’s liability is limited to injuries listed
in the NCP. Ferretti v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Department of
Public Welfare), 761 A.2d 203, 207 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2000). The claimant who seeks
to amend the NCP with additional injuries bears the burden of proof. Likewise,
when an injured employee files a claim petition, he must prove that each separately
claimed injury is work-related. Ingrassia v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(Universal Health Services, Inc.), 126 A.3d 394, 402 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). The
WCJ has the authority to find that some, none, or all of the injuries are
compensable. Ausburn v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Merrell &
Garaguso), 698 A.2d 1356, 1358 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1997). Finally, when an employer
seeks to terminate benefits, it must show the claimant has recovered from each of
the separate work-related injuries for which the employer’s liability has been
established. Gillyard v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Pa. Liquor
Control Board), 865 A.2d 991, 996 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2005).11
Section 319 authorizes subrogation where “the compensable injury is
caused in whole or in part” by a third party. 77 P.S. §671. Nothing in Section 319
11
Failure to address all of the acknowledged work-related injuries will be deemed an
unreasonable contest. Gillyard, 865 A.2d at 996-97 (unreasonable contest found where medical
expert agreed that claimant’s injury was established as chronic sciatica at the L5-S1 distribution,
with a bulging disc, but medical expert merely testified that claimant had recovered from a
lumbar strain and sprain).
13
supports Employer’s view that “compensable injury” means many “compensable
injuries” if they are sustained in a single work accident. The legislature knows the
difference between a singular and plural noun. It could have stated that if a tort
settlement covers one injury out of many work injuries, the entire fund is available
for subrogation. Section 319 does not so state. Employer produced no evidence to
show that the injuries to Claimant’s hands, neck, face, head, trachea, larynx, and
lungs were caused, even “in part,” by Aramark.
Conclusion
The WCJ’s decision of February 7, 2012, held that Employer was not
entitled to recover the medical expenses, which the WCJ quantified as $15,302.31,
that Employer incurred to treat burns not caused by Aramark. The WCJ also held
that Employer was not entitled to subrogate the specific loss benefit of $27,935.50
for the scarring and disfigurement to Claimant’s neck, face, and head, which were
not caused by Aramark. The WCJ allowed Employer to recover all its medical
expenses, with the exception of $15,302.31, and 100% of the wage loss benefits it
paid.12 Claimant appealed the WCJ’s refusal to apportion Employer’s subrogation
rights to a percentage of the total, as suggested by Claimant. The Board did not
address Claimant’s appeal, and it must be addressed on remand.
12
Although not clear, it appears that the WCJ reasoned that Employer would have paid the same
wage loss benefits as a result of the injuries caused by Aramark’s negligence.
14
For the above-stated reasons, we vacate the Board’s order and remand
this matter to the Board to address the issues raised by Claimant in his appeal from
the February 7, 2012, decision of the WCJ.13
______________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
13
On February 1, 2017, Employer filed an application for stay seeking to delay this Court’s
disposition of this matter, which we deny. Because we remand this matter to the Board, the
parties may pursue a compromise and release agreement upon remand.
15
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Jaime Serrano, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 2684 C.D. 2015
:
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Ametek, Inc.), :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 13th day of February, 2017, the order of the
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board), dated December 9, 2015, is hereby
VACATED and the matter is REMANDED to the Board for further proceedings in
accordance with the attached opinion. The application for a stay of this Court’s
disposition of this matter is DENIED.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
______________________________________
MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge