TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
DANIEL E. LUNGREN
Attorney General
______________________________________
OPINION :
: No. 92-1006
of :
: JULY 14, 1993
DANIEL E. LUNGREN :
Attorney General :
:
ANTHONY S. Da VIGO :
Deputy Attorney General :
:
______________________________________________________________________________
THE HONORABLE WILLIAM A. CRAVEN, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA
STATE SENATE, has requested an opinion on the following question:
May a general law county or a general law city enter into a "job order contract" in
excess of $50,000 for the performance of public projects involving minor construction, and the
renovation, alteration, painting, and repair of existing facilities?
CONCLUSION
A general law county or a general law city may not enter into a "job order contract"
in excess of $50,000 for the performance of public projects involving minor construction, and the
renovation, alteration, painting, and repair of existing facilities, except under narrowly defined
statutory conditions applicable only to counties.
ANALYSIS
A "job order contract" (JOC) is a competitively bid, firm fixed price, indefinite
quantity contract for the performance of minor construction, as well as the renovation, alteration,
painting, and repair of existing public facilities. A JOC, generally a multi-year contract including
a base year and multiple option years, is bid and awarded prior to the identification of any specific
projects to be performed. Thus, a typical JOC involves a variety of tasks such as the remodeling,
renovation, and repair, including roofing, electrical, plumbing, and painting, of all of a public
agency's buildings for a period of years.
A JOC is a fixed price agreement in the sense that it is based upon specified charges
contained in a unit price book (prepared by the public agency or by independent commercial
sources) setting forth detailed repair and construction tasks, including task descriptions,
specifications, units of measurement, and unit prices for each task. A contractor's bid is expressed
in terms of a percentage of the specified book charges such as 115 percent or 125 percent. The book
1. 92-1006
is then used to determine the costs of each proposed project during the term of the contract. The
total JOC value may be specified as a range with a certain guaranteed minimum, typically from
$50,000 to $250,000, and a maximum which may extend beyond $10 million.
The inquiry presented for consideration is, essentially, whether such a contract is
authorized under the provisions of the Local Agency Public Construction Act (Pub. Contract Code,
§§ 20100-20920)1 or the Uniform Public Construction Cost Accounting Act (§§ 22000-22045)
pertaining to cities and counties. We conclude generally in the negative.
The Local Agency Public Construction Act deals separately with counties, cities,
school districts and other public agencies. With regard to public works contracts awarded by
counties (§ 20120),2 whenever the project cost of construction, alteration, or repair exceeds $4,000;
or in the case of a county containing a population of 500,000 or more,3 $6,500; or in the case of
alteration or repair of county owned buildings in a county containing a population of 2 million or
more, $50,000; the work must be done by contract in accordance with the provisions of the act
pertaining to counties. (§§ 20121, 20122, 20123.) Generally, the contract must be let to bid and
awarded to the lowest responsible bidder. (§§ 20125, 20128.) With respect to cities, when the
expenditure required for a public project exceeds $5,000, it must be contracted for and let to the
lowest responsible bidder. (§ 20162.)
The Legislature has provided an alternative method for the bidding of public works
projects by public entities. (§ 22001.) The Uniform Public Construction Cost Accounting Act
applies generally to a "public agency" including counties and cities. (§ 22002, subd. (a).) Under
this act, the governing board of either a city or a county may, by resolution and notification to the
State Controller, elect to become subject to the procedures set forth in the act. (§ 22030.) In such
event, public projects4 in excess of $25,000 but not in excess of $75,000 may be let to contract by
informal bidding procedures established by ordinance. (§ 22032, subds. (a), (b).) Public projects
in excess of $75,000 must, with certain exceptions not pertinent here, be let to contract by formal
bidding procedure. (§ 22032, subd. (c).)
Under either statutory scheme, it is expressly unlawful for a county or a city to split
or separate into smaller work orders or projects any public works project for the purpose of evading
1
Undesignated section references herein are to the Public Contract Code.
2
A "public works contract" is defined generally as ". . . an agreement for the erection,
construction, alteration, repair, or improvement of any public structure, building, road, or other
public improvement of any kind." (§ 1101; see also, Gov. Code, §§ 25358, 31000 [maintenance,
care, upkeep].)
3
Special provisions apply to contracts between $4,000 and $10,000, and to contracts in excess
of $10,000, let by counties containing a population of less than 500,000. (§§ 20150 - 20150.14.) An
analysis of those provisions, which would be more analogous to the discussion in respect to cities,
suggests no basis for a conclusion contrary to that reached in connection with counties generally.
As in the case of cities (§ 20161), a "public project" is expressly defined to include "a project" for
the erection, improvement, and repair of public buildings and works. (§ 20150.2.)
4
"Public project" includes construction, reconstruction, erection, alteration, renovation,
improvement, demolition, repair, painting, or repainting of any publicly owned, leased, or operated
facility. (§ 22002, subd. (c).)
2. 92-1006
the provisions requiring public works to be done by contract after competitive bidding. (§§ 20123.5,
20163, 22033.)5
As we have seen, all public projects over $50,000 (and many below $50,000) are
subject to contract bidding. (§§ 20121-20123, 20150.4 [counties]; § 20162 [cities]; §§ 22032, subds.
(a),(b), 22034 [alternative informal procedure]; §§ 22032, subd. (c), 22037 [alternative formal
procedure].) In our view, a public project, or public works project, does not encompass a
combination of projects which are essentially unspecified at the time of bidding, except as may be
otherwise expressly provided by law.
First, such an indefinite combination is not suggested in the context of either statutory
scheme. Under the Local Agency Public Construction Act, the board of supervisors is required to
adopt, and bidders permitted to examine, and the contractor required to conform with, plans,
specifications, strain sheets, and working details for the project. (§§ 20124, 20127, 20128.) The
extent to which changes or additions may be ordered in connection with work to be performed
under an awarded contract is strictly limited. (§ 20142.) While the board of supervisors is
authorized to insert provisions in the contract itself for the performance of such extra work and
materials as may be required for "the proper completion or construction of the whole work
contemplated," it is clear that the authorization pertains to a specified project in connection with a
specific building or structure. (§ 20143.)
Similarly, the board of supervisors of a county with a population of less than 500,000
is required to adopt, and bidders permitted to examine, plans, specifications, and working details for
all public projects in excess of $10,000. (§§ 20150.12, 20150.13.) Further, notices by such a county
or by a city inviting formal bids must "distinctly state the project to be done." (§§ 20150.8, 20164.)
Counties and cities, including chartered counties and chartered cities, which have
elected to become subject to the Uniform Public Construction Cost Accounting Act are required to
adopt, and bidders permitted to examine, plans, specifications, and working details for all public
projects in excess of $75,000. (§§ 22039, 22040.) Notices inviting formal bids must "distinctly
describe the project." (§ 22037.) With respect to public projects of lesser value, public agencies
must enact an informal bidding ordinance which, inter alia, "shall describe the project in general
terms, [and] how to obtain more detailed information about the project. . . ." (§ 22034, subd. (d).)
Second, and perhaps of paramount significance, the Legislature has addressed itself
to the kind of contract which may be generally described as a JOC. Section 20128.5 provides:
"Notwithstanding any other provisions of this article, the board of supervisors
may award annual contracts which do not exceed one million dollars ($1,000,000)
for repair, remodeling, or other repetitive work to be done according to unit prices.
No annual contracts may be awarded for any new construction. The contracts shall
be awarded to the lowest bidder and shall be based on plans and specifications for
typical work. No project shall be performed under such a contract except by order
of the board of supervisors, or an officer acting pursuant to Section 20145.
"For purposes of this section, `unit price' means the amount paid for a single
unit of an item of work, and `typical work' means a work description applicable
5
A JOC does not appear to involve the splitting of a public project into smaller work orders for
the purpose of evading contract bidding, but rather involves the combination of projects with the
purpose or effect of avoiding contract bidding on each project separately.
3. 92-1006
universally or applicable to a large number of individual projects, as distinguished
from work specifically described with respect to an individual project.
"For purposes of this section, `repair, remodeling, or other repetitive work to
be done according to unit prices' shall not include design or contract drawings."6
To the extent, then, that a JOC (1) involves a county and not a city, (2) has a length of a single year's
duration and not longer, (3) is limited to $1 million in value, (4) calls only for repair, remodeling,
or other repetitive work and not new construction or design or contract drawings, and (5) is based
upon plans and specification for such typical work, section 20128.5 authorizes the execution of the
contract.
It may be seen that section 20128.5's unit price contracting authority,
"[n]otwithstanding any other provisions of [article 3.5 pertaining to counties]," is specially granted
and subject to the specified limitations. It may not be reasonably contended, therefore, that such
powers may be exercised by counties which are in excess of such authority, or may be exercised by
cities in the absence of an express grant of authority and in the absence of any specified limitations.
(See Safer v. Superior Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 230, 236-238; Board of Trustees v. Judge (1975) 50
Cal.App.3d 920, 927; 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 86, 89 (1993); see also Wildlife Alive v. Chickering
(1976) 18 Cal.3d 190, 196; DeWeese v. Unick (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 100, 106.) "`The mode
prescribed is the measure of the power.'" (People v. Zamora (1980) 28 Cal.3d 88, 98.)
It is concluded that a general law county or a general law city may not enter into a
"job order contract" in excess of $50,000 for the performance of public projects involving minor
construction, and the renovation, alteration, painting, or repair of existing facilities, except under
the narrowly defined conditions of section 20128.5 applicable only to counties.
*****
6
Section 20145 allows a county containing a population of 6 million or more to have a county
officer act in place of the board of supervisors in awarding the contracts.
4. 92-1006