MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jun 09 2017, 8:25 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Donald R. Shuler Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Barkes, Kolbus, Rife & Shuler, LLP Attorney General of Indiana
Goshen, Indiana
Lyubov Gore
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Johnathan M. Evans, June 9, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A03-1609-CR-2259
v. Appeal from the Elkhart Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Terry C.
Appellee-Plaintiff Shewmaker, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
20C01-1510-F2-17
May, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 1 of 11
[1] Johnathan M. Evans appeals his conviction of Level 2 felony robbery, 1 arguing
there was insufficient evidence to sustain it. 2 Evans also argues his sentence is
inappropriate. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On June 23, 2015, Michael Campbell and his nephew, Dalton, were working in
their store, New To You Home Furnishings, in Elkhart County, Indiana.
Between 10:30 a.m. and 11 a.m., Dalton left Campbell alone in the store.
About an hour later, a man entered the store and “walked around a little bit.”
(Tr. Vol. II at 180.) This patron was a black male in his thirties with “tight
hair,” (id. at 178), a “shadow of a beard,” (id.), silver rimmed glasses, dark
clothes, and “new-looking” white high-top sneakers. (Id. at 79.) Campbell and
the man were the only two people in the store.
[3] The man expressed interest in a queen bed located in the back room of the
store. The two men talked for a few moments before the man indicated he
needed to talk to his wife. The man then briefly left the store. While the man
was outside the store, Campbell noticed a “small white medium” car. (Id. at
182.) After a few minutes, the man came back into the store, went to the back
room, and asked if Campbell would come back there for a minute. Campbell
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (2014).
2
The trial court also entered convictions for two counts of Level 6 felony fraud. See Ind. Code § 35-43-5-4
(2014). Evans does not challenge those convictions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 2 of 11
went to the back room and was suddenly hit on the back of his head and
shoulder causing Campbell to stagger and his knees to buckle. Campbell was
put in a chokehold and lost consciousness. When he awoke, he was
underneath several mattresses and box springs. Campbell called Dalton to have
him return to the store.
[4] When Dalton arrived and discovered his uncle’s injuries, he dialed 911. Officer
Jennifer Smith with the Elkhart County Sheriff’s Department responded to the
dispatch. When she arrived at the store, Officer Smith noticed Campbell was
bleeding and had lacerations to his nose, his mouth, and his left temple.
Campbell’s wallet was missing, along with a laptop and money from the cash
register. A metal tire iron was found near where Campbell was attacked.
Campbell could not identify it as having been in the store previously.
[5] A few hours later, Campbell’s credit card was used to purchase items at Target
and Walmart. Security cameras at Walmart captured footage of Evans leaving
Walmart and getting into a silver Volkswagen Passat. Based on the security
footage, police later stopped Evans and searched the silver car. During the
search, police found Campbell’s wallet, a laptop, and receipts from Target,
Walmart, and an eyeglass store. Police also found a tool pack in the trunk of
the car that was missing its tire iron.
[6] The next day, Campbell met with Detective Kenneth Saeger at the Elkhart
Sheriff’s Department. Campbell described his attacker as a black male in his
thirties, Campbell’s height of 5’9” or “maybe possibly higher,” (id. at 129), with
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 3 of 11
“tight hair,” (id.), dark clothing, and glasses. Campbell then viewed a six-
person photograph array of potential suspects and identified a picture belonging
to someone other than Evans as his attacker. Five days later, when Campbell
returned to the Sheriff’s Office, Campbell saw a photo of Evans that Detective
Saeger was holding and told him “that’s the man,” (id. at 207), after recognizing
the defendant from his glasses, “shadow beard,” (id. at 208), and “shadow
mustache.” (Id.)
[7] Evans was charged with Level 2 felony robbery and two counts of Level 6
felony fraud. 3 After a two-day jury trial, the jury found Evans guilty as charged.
At Evans’ sentencing hearing, the trial court identified the following
aggravating factors: (1) the fact Campbell was over sixty-two years old; (2)
Evans’ criminal record including four juvenile cases, six felonies, a habitual
offender adjudication, ten failures to appear, one parole violation, one
probation violation, and two pending cases; (3) Evans’ daily marijuana use
evidencing contempt for the laws of Indiana; (4) Evans’ high risk to reoffend;
(5) Evans’ pending probation revocation; and (6) Evans’ failure to be
rehabilitated by prior sanctions. The trial court also identified mitigating factors
such as Evans’ employment, his intelligence, his admission of the fraud charges,
his cooperation with the investigation, and his expressed remorse.
3
Ind. Code § 35-43-5-4 (2014).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 4 of 11
[8] Evans was sentenced to twenty-eight years for the Level 2 felony robbery and to
one year for each of the Level 6 felony fraud charges, with the sentences to be
served concurrently.
Discussion and Decision
1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[9] When reviewing sufficiency of the evidence in support of a conviction, we do
not reweigh evidence or assess credibility of witnesses. Walker v. State, 998
N.E.2d 724, 726 (Ind. 2013). We consider only the probative evidence and
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the judgment. Drane v.
State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). The decision comes before us with a
presumption of legitimacy, and we will not substitute our judgment for that of
the fact-finder. Binkley v. State, 654 N.E.2d 736, 737 (Ind. 1995), reh’g denied.
Conflicting evidence is considered most favorably to the verdict. Drane, 867
N.E.2d at 146. We affirm a conviction unless no reasonable fact-finder could
find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. It is
therefore not necessary that the evidence overcome every reasonable hypothesis
of innocence; rather, the evidence is sufficient if an inference reasonably may be
drawn from it to support the verdict. Id. at 147.
[10] To prove Evans committed Level 2 robbery resulting in serious bodily injury,
the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Evans (2) knowingly or
intentionally (3) took property (4) from Campbell (5) by using or threatening the
use of force on any person, and (6) that conduct resulted in serious bodily injury
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 5 of 11
to Campbell. See Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1(1). Evans argues the State failed to
present sufficient evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that Evans committed
the robbery because Campbell’s testimony was incredibly dubious.
[11] In Indiana, the rule of incredible dubiosity requires that there be: “1) a sole
testifying witness; 2) testimony that is inherently contradictory, equivocal, or
the result of coercion; and 3) a complete absence of circumstantial evidence.”
Moore v. State, 27 N.E.3d 749, 756 (Ind. 2015). This rule is rarely applicable and
should be applied here only if Campbell’s “testimony is so incredibly dubious or
inherently improbable that no reasonable person could believe it.” See Rose v.
State, 36 N.E.3d 1055, 1061 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). Further, the witness’s
testimony must run “counter to the human experience.” Campbell v. State, 732
N.E.2d 197, 207 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Evans argues the rule of incredible
dubiosity should apply here because Campbell provided inherently
contradictory or equivocal testimony. We disagree.
[12] Evans asserts incredible dubiosity applies because Campbell initially said the
attacker’s car was white, not silver; Campbell said the attacker was 5’9” when
Evans is 6’1”; and Campbell identified another man as being the attacker in a
six-person photograph array the day after the attack. These arguments do not
render Campbell’s testimony incredibly dubious. Campbell testified he
originally chose a different potential suspect’s photo because Campbell could
see “a little bit of his beard” and in Evans’ photo Evans appeared to have a
longer beard and hair, no mustache, and no glasses. (Tr. Vol. II at 205). While
some of Campbell’s pre-trial statements were inconsistent with his trial
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 6 of 11
testimony, Campbell was unequivocal during his trial testimony that Evans was
his attacker. The incredible dubiosity rule does not apply where a witness’s
testimony is inconsistent with his pre-trial statements, as long as he did not
contradict himself during his trial testimony. Murray v. State, 761 N.E.2d 406,
409 (Ind. 2002). Campbell did not contradict himself during his testimony at
trial. Moreover, it is the role of the jury “to resolve variations in testimony,”
such as the color of a vehicle. See Edwards v. State, 753 N.E.2d 618, 623 (Ind.
2001) (a witness’s testimony as to the color of a car being contradictory to the
rental company records was not incredibly dubious). Also, the fact that Evans
is four inches taller than the height Campbell initially stated does not run so
counter to human experience that no reasonable person could believe it.
[13] Nor is there an absence of circumstantial evidence in this case. Circumstantial
evidence alone can sustain a verdict “if that circumstantial evidence supports a
reasonable inference of guilt.” Maul v. State, 731 N.E.2d 438, 439 (Ind. 2000).
Our Indiana Supreme Court has also held “where there is circumstantial
evidence of an individual’s guilt, reliance on the incredible dubiosity rule is
misplaced.” Moore, 27 N.E.3d at 759. The jury heard testimony that, two
hours after the robbery, Evans purchased items from Target and Walmart using
Campbell’s credit card. Evans was then pulled over by police in a silver car,
and during the search of the car, police found Campbell’s wallet and
identification, a laptop, and receipts from Target, Walmart, and an eyeglass
store. There was also security camera footage from the stores, and Campbell
identified Evans from that footage because of Evans’ white sneakers. As
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 7 of 11
Campbell’s testimony was not inherently improbable or counter to human
experience and as there was circumstantial evidence of Evans’ guilt, we hold
Campbell’s testimony was not incredibly dubious.
[14] Evans’ arguments are an invitation to reweigh evidence and judge the
credibility of witnesses, which we cannot do. See Drane, 867 N.E.2d at 146
(appellate court will not reweigh evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses).
Based on the record before us, we hold the evidence was sufficient for the jury
to find Evans guilty of robbery resulting in serious bodily injury to Campbell.
See, e.g., Baltimore v. State, 878 N.E.2d 253, 259-60 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (holding
evidence sufficient to support Class A burglary conviction where incredible
dubiosity was not applicable), trans. denied.
2. Inappropriate Sentencing
[15] Evans also argues his twenty-eight-year sentence is inappropriate under Indiana
Appellate Rule 7(B). Under Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B), we may revise a
sentence if, after due consideration of the trial court’s decision, we find the
sentence inappropriate in light of the nature of the offense and the character of
the offender. Williams v. State, 891 N.E.2d 621, 633 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). On
review, we “should focus on the forest – the aggregate sentence – rather than
the trees” – the individual sentences. See Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219,
1225 (Ind. 2008). Our review is deferential to the trial court’s decision, and our
goal is to determine whether the defendant’s sentence is inappropriate, not
whether some other sentence would be more appropriate. Conley v. State, 972
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 8 of 11
N.E.2d 864, 876 (Ind. 2012), reh’g denied. The defendant bears the burden of
demonstrating his sentence is inappropriate. Childress v. State, 848 N.E.2d 1073,
1080 (Ind. 2006).
[16] When considering the nature of the offense, the advisory sentence is the starting
point for determining the appropriateness of a sentence. Anglemyer v. State, 868
N.E.2d 482, 494 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g 875 N.E.2d 218 (2007). Evans’
sentence of 28 years is 10 ½ years more than the advisory sentence of 17 ½
years for a Level 2 felony, but less than the maximum possible sentence of 30
years. See Ind. Code § 35-50-2-4.5. Concurrent with the Level 2 felony
sentence, Evans is serving two concurrent one-year sentences for his Level 6
felony fraud convictions. The sentencing range for a Level 6 felony is 6 months
to 2 ½ years, with the advisory sentence being one year. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-
7(b). We determine the appropriateness of a deviation from the advisory
sentence by reviewing whether there is anything about the offense committed
by the defendant that makes it different from the “typical” offense accounted for
by the legislature when it set the advisory sentence. Rich v. State, 890 N.E.2d
44, 54 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.
[17] The nature of the robbery conviction is not more egregious than the statutory
definition of the offense itself as Campbell’s property was taken by use of force,
and Campbell’s injuries constituted “serious bodily injury” under Indiana Code
§ 35-31.5-2-292(2). Despite not needing medical attention, Campbell was hit
over the head, held in a chokehold until unconscious, and later found bleeding
and with lacerations on his face. The nature of the two counts of fraud also
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 9 of 11
were not more egregious than the statutory definition of Level 6 felony fraud as
Evans, with intent to defraud, obtained property by using Campbell’s credit
card without Campbell’s consent. See Ind. Code § 35-43-5-4(1)(C). We
conclude the nature of the offenses was not more egregious than the statutory
definitions of Level 2 felony robbery and Level 6 felony fraud, and we turn now
to assessing whether Evans’ twenty-eight-year sentence is inappropriate based
on his character.
[18] Regarding Evans’ character, the trial court acknowledged all the mitigating
circumstances presented by Evans and his counsel, including: Evans’
intelligence, Evans’ employment prior to incarceration, his cooperation with the
preparation of the Pre-Sentence Investigation report, and his expressed remorse.
The trial court also identified multiple aggravating circumstances: the victim’s
age of sixty-two at the time of the attack; Evans’ criminal record consisting of
four juvenile cases, six felonies plus a habitual offender adjudication, ten
failures to appear, one parole violation, one violation of probation, and two
pending cases; Evans’ daily use of marijuana, which evidences contempt for the
laws of Indiana; Evans’ high risk to reoffend; his pending probation revocation;
and Evans’ other sanctions including probation, costs, fines, community
transitions, community corrections, and juvenile boot camp not resulting in
rehabilitation. Evans contends that because the mitigating factors show there is
more to his character than his criminal record, his sentence is too long because
it exceeds the advisory sentence. However, as the wide breadth of his criminal
record reflects poorly on his character, Evans has failed to show the nature of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 10 of 11
the offense and his character render his twenty-eight-year sentence
inappropriate. See Stephenson v. State, 53 N.E.3d 557, 562 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)
(sentence in excess of advisory sentence appropriate when Stephenson’s
criminal history included two domestic violence related convictions).
Conclusion
[19] The State presented sufficient evidence Evans committed Level 2 felony
robbery resulting in serious bodily injury, and his sentence is not inappropriate.
Accordingly, we affirm.
[20] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A03-1609-CR-2259 | June 9, 2017 Page 11 of 11