IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-761
Filed: 1 August 2017
Buncombe County, Nos. 13 CRS 63727, 14 CRS 196, 267
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JAMES EDWARD ARRINGTON
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 14 September 2015 by Judge Alan
Z. Thornburg in Buncombe County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
26 January 2017.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Tracy Nayer,
for the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender James R.
Grant, for defendant-appellant.
DAVIS, Judge.
This case requires us to revisit the question of which types of issues may be
the subject of a valid stipulation by a defendant in connection with a plea agreement.
James Edward Arrington (“Defendant”) appeals from his convictions for assault with
a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, felony failure to appear, and attaining the
status of a habitual felon. Because we conclude that the trial court improperly
accepted Defendant’s stipulation as to an issue of law, we vacate its judgment and
remand for further proceedings.
STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
Factual and Procedural Background
On 5 May 2014, Defendant was indicted for assault with a deadly weapon
inflicting serious injury and attaining the status of a habitual felon. On 3 November
2014, he was also charged with felony failure to appear in connection with that
assault charge. He was subsequently charged on 3 August 2015 with an additional
count of attaining the status of a habitual felon.
Defendant and the State entered into a plea agreement whereby it was agreed
that (1) he would plead guilty to assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious
injury, felony failure to appear, and attaining the status of a habitual felon; and (2)
the State would dismiss the second habitual felon charge. The plea agreement also
reflected that Defendant would be sentenced as a habitual felon in the mitigated
range and that he “stipulated that he ha[d] 16 points and [was] a Level V for Habitual
Felon sentencing purposes.”
In connection with this plea agreement, the parties submitted to the trial court
a prior record level worksheet for Defendant containing a stipulation as to the
existence of six prior convictions generating prior record level points. One of the
convictions listed was a second-degree murder conviction from 1994 (the “1994
Conviction”), which was designated in the worksheet as a Class B1 offense. The 1994
Conviction gave rise to 9 of the 16 total prior record level points reflected on the
worksheet pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(b)(1a).
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Opinion of the Court
A plea hearing was held in Buncombe County Superior Court before the
Honorable Alan Z. Thornburg on 14 September 2015. During the hearing,
Defendant’s counsel stipulated to Defendant’s designation as a Level V offender as
stated on the prior record level worksheet. Defendant then pled guilty to assault with
a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, felony failure to appear, and attaining the
status of a habitual felon. The second habitual felon charge was dismissed. The trial
court consolidated Defendant’s convictions and sentenced him as a habitual felon to
96 to 128 months imprisonment.
Analysis
I. Appellate Jurisdiction
As an initial matter, we must address whether we have jurisdiction over the
present appeal. Defendant’s sole argument is that the trial court erred by accepting
his plea agreement because it was based upon an invalid stipulation of law that
resulted in an incorrect calculation of his prior record level. As a result, Defendant
argues, he was improperly sentenced as a Level V offender rather than a Level IV
offender. Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444, a defendant who pleads guilty to
a criminal offense in superior court is entitled to an appeal as a matter of right
regarding the issue of whether the sentence imposed “[r]esult[ed] from an incorrect
finding of the defendant’s prior record level . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a2)(1)
(2015).
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Opinion of the Court
Defendant, however, did not file a notice of appeal that strictly conformed to
Rule 4 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. He instead submitted a
letter to the Buncombe County Clerk of Court on 21 September 2015 expressing his
dissatisfaction with his plea agreement. Because of his failure to comply with Rule
4, Defendant’s appeal is subject to dismissal. However, Defendant has filed a petition
for writ of certiorari requesting that we consider his appeal notwithstanding his
violation of Rule 4.
Pursuant to Rule 21 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, this
Court may, in its discretion, grant a petition for writ of certiorari and review an order
or judgment entered by the trial court “when the right to prosecute an appeal has
been lost by failure to take timely action[.]” N.C. R. App. P. 21(a)(1). In our discretion,
we elect to grant Defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari and reach the merits of his
appeal.
II. Validity of Defendant’s Stipulation
Before imposing a sentence for a felony conviction, the trial court must
determine the defendant’s prior record level, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.13(b) (2015),
which is calculated by adding together the points assigned to each of the defendant’s
qualifying prior convictions, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(a). Points are assessed
based upon the classification of the prior offense, and “the classification of a prior
offense is the classification assigned to that offense at the time the offense for which
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Opinion of the Court
the offender is being sentenced is committed[,]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(c)
(emphasis added), rather than at the time the prior offense was committed.
“The State bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that a prior conviction exists[,]” State v. Alexander, 359 N.C. 824, 827, 616 S.E.2d 914,
917 (2005) (citation and quotation marks omitted), and may — as a general matter
— establish the existence of the defendant’s prior convictions through any of the
following means:
(1) Stipulation of the parties.
(2) An original or copy of the court record of the prior
conviction.
(3) A copy of records maintained by the Department of
Public Safety, the Division of Motor Vehicles, or of the
Administrative Office of the Courts.
(4) Any other method found by the court to be reliable.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(f).
While a sentencing worksheet alone is insufficient to satisfy the State’s burden
of establishing a defendant’s prior record level, “a sentencing worksheet coupled with
statements by counsel may constitute a stipulation by the parties to the prior
convictions listed therein.” State v. Hinton, 196 N.C. App. 750, 752, 675 S.E.2d 672,
674 (2009). Notably, however, we have held that
[w]hile a stipulation by a defendant is sufficient to prove
the existence of the defendant’s prior convictions, which
may be used to determine the defendant’s prior record level
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Opinion of the Court
for sentencing purposes, the trial court’s assignment of
defendant’s prior record level is a question of law.
Stipulations as to questions of law are generally held
invalid and ineffective, and not binding upon the courts,
either trial or appellate.
State v. Wingate, 213 N.C. App. 419, 420, 713 S.E.2d 188, 189 (2011) (internal citation
and quotation marks omitted and emphasis added). This principle is premised upon
the longstanding doctrine in North Carolina that, “[g]enerally, stipulations as to
matters of law are not binding upon courts.” State v. McLaughlin, 341 N.C. 426, 441,
462 S.E.2d 1, 8 (1995); see also Quick v. United Benefit Life Ins. Co., 287 N.C. 47, 56,
213 S.E.2d 563, 569 (1975) (“[T]he stipulation was one of law and therefore not
binding upon the court.” (citation omitted)).
Here, Defendant purported to stipulate in his prior record level worksheet and
during his plea colloquy both to the existence of several prior convictions, which
resulted in the assessment of 16 prior record level points, and to his designation as a
Level V offender. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(c)(5) (providing that defendant
with between 14 and 17 prior record level points is a Level V offender). As reflected
in his prior record level worksheet, one of the convictions contributing to his total of
16 prior record level points was the 1994 Conviction, which Defendant stipulated was
a Class B1 felony.
On appeal, Defendant argues that the calculation of his prior record level was
incorrect because the 1994 Conviction should have instead been counted as a Class
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Opinion of the Court
B2 felony, for which only six prior record level points would have been assessed, see
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(b)(2).1 He contends his stipulation that the 1994
Conviction was a Class B1 felony was invalid because it concerned a legal issue and
thus should not have been accepted by the trial court. The State, conversely, argues
that Defendant’s stipulation pertained to a factual issue and was therefore valid. For
the reasons set out below, we agree with Defendant that the stipulation was invalid.
At the time of Defendant’s 1994 Conviction, North Carolina’s murder statute,
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17, placed all second-degree murder convictions in the same
felony class. See 1981 N.C. Sess. Laws 957, 957, ch. 662, § 1 (designating second-
degree murder as Class C felony). However, between 1994 and the date on which the
Defendant committed the offenses giving rise to the present appeal, the General
Assembly amended this statute by dividing the offense of second-degree murder into
two classes — B1 and B2 — which were distinguished based upon the type of malice
present in the commission of the offense. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) (2015).2
1 Had the 1994 Conviction been classified as a Class B2 felony, this would have resulted in
Defendant having a total of only 13 prior record level points and thus being designated as a Level IV
offender rather than a Level V offender. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(c)(4) (providing that
defendant possessing between 10 and 13 prior record level points is Level IV offender).
2 The revised statute provides that all second-degree murders are now designated as Class B1
felonies except that they are Class B2 felonies in the following two circumstances:
(1) The malice necessary to prove second degree murder is based on
an inherently dangerous act or omission, done in such a reckless
and wanton manner as to manifest a mind utterly without regard
for human life and social duty and deliberately bent on mischief.
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Opinion of the Court
Therefore, at the time Defendant committed the offenses from which the current
appeal arises, the amended version of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17, which created two
classes of second-degree murder, controlled the classification of the 1994 Conviction
for prior record level purposes.
Accordingly, Defendant’s stipulation in connection with his guilty plea went
beyond a factual admission that the 1994 Conviction existed. Instead, it constituted
a stipulation as to the issue of whether the 1994 Conviction should be treated as a
Class B1 or Class B2 felony — a question that required the retroactive application of
a distinction in classifications that did not exist at the time of Defendant’s conviction
in 1994 and thus required a legal analysis as to how the 1994 Conviction would be
classified under the new statutory scheme. Therefore, because Defendant’s
stipulation involved a question of law, it should not have been accepted by the trial
court and is not binding on appeal. See State v. Hanton, 175 N.C. App. 250, 253, 623
S.E.2d 600, 603 (2006) (“Stipulations as to questions of law are generally held invalid
and ineffective, and not binding upon the courts, either trial or appellate[.]” (citation
and quotation marks omitted)).
(2) The murder is one that was proximately caused by the unlawful
distribution of opium or any synthetic or natural salt, compound,
derivative, or preparation of opium, or cocaine or other substance
described in G.S. 90-90(1)d., or methamphetamine, and the
ingestion of such substance caused the death of the user.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b).
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
Although our Supreme Court has yet to address this precise issue, our
conclusion is consistent with the Court’s decisions in this general context. Alexander
articulates the basic rule that a defendant may stipulate to the existence of a prior
conviction. In that case, the defendant pled guilty to assault with a deadly weapon
with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. Alexander, 359 N.C. at 825, 616 S.E.2d at
915. In connection with his plea, the defendant submitted a prior record level
worksheet that contained a conviction described as “Class A1 or 1 Misdemeanor
Conviction” next to which appeared the numeral one to represent the number of prior
record level points to be assessed for that conviction. Id. at 826, 616 S.E.2d at 916.
During sentencing, the defendant’s counsel stated that “up until this particular case
[the defendant] had no felony convictions, as you can see from his worksheet.” Id.
(quotation marks omitted). The trial court proceeded to sentence the defendant as a
Level II offender because he possessed one prior record level point. Id.
On appeal, the defendant argued that the State had failed to carry its burden
of establishing his prior record level because “the State offered no court records or
other official records in support of its assertion that defendant had one prior Class
A1 misdemeanor conviction.” Id. at 827, 616 S.E.2d at 917 (quotation marks and
brackets omitted). The Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s challenge, explaining
that his prior record level worksheet, in conjunction with his counsel having
“specifically directed the trial court to refer to the worksheet . . .” constituted a valid
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Opinion of the Court
stipulation as to the existence of the prior conviction on the worksheet, thus satisfying
the State’s burden under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(f). Id. at 830, 616 S.E.2d at
918.
Accordingly, Alexander stands for the proposition — which Defendant here
does not contest — that the State may establish a prior conviction by the defendant’s
stipulation to the existence of that conviction through (1) the presentation of a prior
record level worksheet (2) that his counsel in some manner references or adopts at
sentencing. As we stated in Hinton, “a sentencing worksheet coupled with statements
by counsel may constitute a stipulation by the parties to the prior convictions listed
therein.” Hinton, 196 N.C. App. at 752, 675 S.E.2d at 674 (emphasis added).
Thus, the principal issue in Alexander was whether the particular statement
of counsel regarding the worksheet was sufficient to constitute a stipulation as to the
existence of a prior conviction. There was no legal ambiguity — as there is in the
present case — regarding the classification of the prior conviction. Moreover, the
defendant in Alexander never challenged the accuracy of the information (including
the offense classification) contained in the worksheet, whereas Defendant makes such
a challenge here.
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in State v. Sanders, 367 N.C. 716, 766
S.E.2d 331 (2014), illustrates how legal questions related to the determination of a
prior record level are for the trial court to resolve. Sanders dealt with the issue of
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Opinion of the Court
whether an out-of-state conviction was “substantially similar” to a North Carolina
offense for purposes of assessing prior record level points under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1340.14(e). The Court explained that the “determination of whether the out-of-state
conviction is substantially similar to a North Carolina offense is a question of law
involving comparison of the elements of the out-of-state offense to those of the North
Carolina offense.” Id. at 720, 766 S.E.2d at 334.
The Supreme Court cited the Hanton line of cases for this proposition. Id. In
Hanton, we concluded that a defendant could not stipulate to the substantial
similarity of two offenses because such a comparison presents legal questions, and
“[s]tipulations as to questions of law are generally held invalid and ineffective, and
not binding upon the courts, either trial or appellate. This rule is more important in
criminal cases, where the interests of the public are involved.” Hanton, 175 N.C. App.
at 253, 623 S.E.2d at 603.
Given our Supreme Court’s determination in Sanders that a comparison of the
elements of an out-of-state offense to the corresponding elements of a North Carolina
offense for purposes of determining substantial similarity is a question of law, we can
discern no logical basis for reaching a contrary conclusion regarding how a prior
conviction would be classified under a statute that was not in existence at the time
the prior offense was committed. Both situations involve matters of pure legal
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
interpretation that must be addressed by the trial court rather than resolved through
a stipulation between the parties.
In reaching a contrary conclusion, the dissent seeks to rely on Wingate. In
Wingate the defendant stipulated in connection with his guilty plea that he had
previously been convicted of “one count of conspiracy to sell or deliver cocaine and two
counts of selling or delivering cocaine” and that these three convictions were Class G
felonies. Wingate, 213 N.C. App. at 420, 713 S.E.2d at 189 (emphasis added).
On appeal, the defendant argued that “there was insufficient proof to establish
whether he had previously been convicted of one count of conspiracy to sell cocaine
and two counts of selling cocaine, which are Class G felonies, or whether he was
convicted of one count of conspiracy to deliver cocaine and two counts of delivery of
cocaine, which are Class H felonies.” Id. The defendant contended that the ambiguity
regarding whether these prior convictions involved selling offenses or delivering
offenses involved an issue of law rather than of fact. Thus, he contended, the trial
court erred by accepting his stipulation that these prior convictions were Class G
felonies. Id. at 419, 713 S.E.2d at 189.
We disagreed, holding that because the defendant had “stipulated that the
three convictions at issue were Class G felonies[, t]he trial court could, therefore, rely
on this factual stipulation in making its calculations and the State’s burden of proof
was met.” Id. at 421, 713 S.E.2d at 190. We emphasized that the “defendant does
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
not assert that he was, in fact, convicted of one count of conspiring to deliver cocaine
and two counts of delivering cocaine, as opposed to one count of conspiring to sell
cocaine and two counts of selling cocaine. In other words, defendant does not dispute
the accuracy of his prior conviction level or his prior record level.” Id. We
summarized our holding by characterizing the defendant’s stipulation as constituting
“sufficient proof of his prior convictions.” Id. (emphasis added).
It is important to note that in Wingate (unlike in the present case) there was
no relevant change in the statute at issue — N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(b) — between
the time of the defendant’s prior convictions and the commission of the offense giving
rise to his sentencing. Rather, the statute at all relevant times placed the sale of
cocaine and the delivery of cocaine into two distinct classes. Therefore, when the
defendant in Wingate stipulated to having been convicted of “one count of conspiracy
to sell or deliver cocaine and two counts of selling or delivering cocaine” and then
stipulated that these were, in fact, Class G offenses, he was simply resolving the
factual question of whether he been convicted of the selling offenses or the delivering
offenses.
The dissent’s overly broad characterization of Wingate as holding that the
classification assigned to a prior conviction is always a factual determination is at
odds with the actual language of that decision. We held in Wingate that “in this case,
the class of felony for which defendant was previously convicted was a question of
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
fact, to which defendant could stipulate, and was not a question of law requiring
resolution by the trial court.” Id. at 420, 713 S.E.2d at 190 (emphasis added). This
was so because under the particular facts of Wingate the defendant’s stipulation that
the prior convictions were Class G felonies was related to a factual determination —
i.e., that the defendant actually had been convicted of one count of conspiracy to sell
cocaine and two counts of selling cocaine. No legal analysis was required to make
that determination. Accordingly, Wingate stands for the proposition that a
stipulation regarding the offense class of a prior conviction is permissible when the
stipulation resolves a factual ambiguity regarding the specific prior offense for which
the defendant had actually been convicted. That is simply not the case here.
We wish to emphasize that the present case constitutes a narrow exception to
the general rule regarding a defendant’s ability to stipulate to matters in connection
with his prior record level. A stipulation as to the classification of a prior conviction
is permissible so long as it does not attempt to resolve a question of law. In the great
majority of cases in which a defendant makes such a stipulation, the stipulation will
be valid because it does not concern an issue requiring legal analysis.
The present case falls within a small minority of cases in which the stipulation
did concern a question of law. Here, because Defendant’s purported stipulation that
his prior conviction was a B1 felony went beyond a factual admission that the 1994
Conviction existed and instead constituted a stipulation as to the legal issue of how
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
Opinion of the Court
that conviction should be treated under the current version of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-
17, the stipulation should not have been accepted by the trial court and is not binding
on appeal. The dissent does not (and cannot) explain how the proper classification of
the 1994 Conviction under the new version of the statute could be retroactively
ascertained without engaging in a legal analysis — absent the type of invalid
stipulation that occurred here.
Having determined that Defendant’s stipulation was invalid, the only
remaining question is the effect of our holding on Defendant’s guilty plea. Both the
State and Defendant agree in their briefs that in the event we determine the trial
court erred in accepting Defendant’s stipulation, we should vacate the judgment and
set aside his plea agreement. We agree. See, e.g., State v. Rico, 218 N.C. App. 109,
122, 720 S.E.2d 801, 809 (Steelman, J., dissenting) (concluding that judgment should
be vacated and guilty plea set aside and that case must be remanded for disposition
of original charges where trial court erroneously imposed aggravated sentence based
solely on defendant’s guilty plea and stipulation as to aggravating factor), rev’d per
curiam for reasons stated in dissent, 366 N.C. 327, 734 S.E.2d 571 (2012).
Accordingly, the judgment entered by the trial court upon Defendant’s guilty
plea must be vacated and his plea agreement set aside. We remand to the trial court
for disposition of the charges against him.
Conclusion
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Opinion of the Court
For the reasons stated above, we vacate the trial court’s judgment, set aside
Defendant’s plea agreement, and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent
with this opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Chief Judge McGEE concurs.
Judge BERGER dissents by separate opinion.
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No. COA16-761 – State v. Arrington
BERGER, Judge, dissenting.
Defendant contends in his brief that he was “sentenced as a Level V offender
when his prior record supported only a Level IV sentence.” The majority agrees with
Defendant and vacates his guilty plea and sentence. I respectfully dissent from the
majority opinion.
On September 14, 2015, Defendant pleaded guilty in Buncombe County
Superior Court to assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, felony
failure to appear, and having attained habitual felon status. Pursuant to a plea
arrangement, the State dismissed a separate habitual felon indictment against
Defendant. The parties agreed to the following terms:
The defendant stipulates that he has 16 points and is a
Level V for Habitual Felon sentencing purposes.
The State agrees that [the felony failure to appear charge]
will be consolidated for sentencing purposes into [the
assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury
charge]. The defendant will be sentenced as an Habitual
Felon in the mitigated range.
In conjunction with his plea of guilty, Defendant stipulated to his prior
convictions and their classifications on his “Worksheet Prior Record Level for Felony
Sentencing,” which included a 1994 North Carolina conviction for second degree
murder. Defendant stipulated that the murder conviction should be classified as a
B1 felony. Defendant further stipulated, and the trial court found, that Defendant
had sixteen prior record points and was a prior record level V for sentencing purposes.
STATE V. ARRINGTON
BERGER, J., dissenting
Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the plea agreement, the trial court sentenced
Defendant as an habitual felon to an active term of imprisonment for 96 to 128
months.
During sentencing, the State is required to prove a defendant’s prior
convictions by a preponderance of the evidence, and one method of proof is a
“[s]tipulation of the parties.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(f) (2015). As this Court
has stated, “[t]he existence of a prior conviction . . . requires a factual finding” which
may be proven through a stipulation. State v. Powell, 223 N.C. App. 77, 80, 732
S.E.2d 491, 493-94 (2012) (citation omitted).
Proof of a prior conviction is necessary for the proper classification of the prior
offense. This Court has previously held that the classification assigned to a prior
conviction is a factual determination. In State v. Wingate, 213 N.C. App. 419, 713
S.E.2d 188 (2011), the defendant stipulated that his prior convictions for one count of
conspiracy to sell or deliver cocaine and two counts of selling or delivering cocaine
were class G felonies. Id. at 420, 713 S.E.2d at 189. On appeal, that defendant argued
the State failed to prove whether his convictions were for the class G felonies listed
above or the class H felonies of delivery of cocaine. Id. at 420, 713 S.E.2d at 189-90.
This Court held:
in this case, the class of felony for which defendant was
previously convicted was a question of fact, to which
defendant could stipulate, and was not a question of law
requiring resolution by the trial court. . . . The prior
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STATE V. ARRINGTON
BERGER, J., dissenting
conviction worksheet expressly sets forth the class of
offense to which a defendant stipulates and defendant in
this case has not cited to any authority, nor have we found
any, that requires the trial court to ascertain, as a matter
of law, the class of each offense listed.
Id. at 420-21, 713 S.E.2d at 190 (emphasis added). See also State v. Wilson, 232 N.C.
App. 523, 757 S.E.2d 526 (2014) (unpublished) (holding that the labeling of a criminal
conviction and its punishment classification is a question of fact); State v. Edgar, ___
N.C. App. ___, ___, 777 S.E.2d 766, 769 (2015) (defendant’s stipulation to prior offense
and out-of-state classification “did not implicate any conclusions or questions of
law”)3; and State v. Brown, 221 N.C. App. 670, 729 S.E.2d 127 (2012) (unpublished)
(holding no error in assignment of points based upon parties’ stipulations).
The majority correctly states that prior to imposing a sentence, the trial court
determines a defendant’s prior record level pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1340.13. Determination of a defendant’s prior record level, however, differs from
determination of the existence of prior convictions and classification thereof. A
defendant’s “prior record level . . . is determined by calculating the sum of the points
assigned to each of the offender's prior convictions.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(a)
(2015) (emphasis added). Thus, the calculation of the sum of points used to determine
3 State v. Edgar addressed a question of the substantial similarity of an out-of-state conviction
pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(e). The defendant in Edgar stipulated to the default Class
I classification for out-of-state felonies, so the legal question of substantial similarity under the statute
was not implicated.
Here, however, there is no statute or controlling authority that requires any such comparison
of prior in-state convictions for which the parties have stipulated. Certainly, a hearing could be held,
and the State put to its proof, if a defendant objected to a prior conviction or its classification.
3
STATE V. ARRINGTON
BERGER, J., dissenting
a defendant’s prior record level is a legal question undertaken by the trial court. See
Wingate, 213 N.C. App. at 420, 713 S.E.2d at 189 (“[T]he trial court's assignment of
defendant's prior record level is a question of law.” (citation omitted)); State v.
Williams, 200 N.C. App. 767, 771, 684 S.E.2d 898, 901 (2009) (“[T]he trial court's
assignment of a prior record level is a conclusion of law . . . ." (citation and quotation
marks omitted)); State v. Bohler, 198 N.C. App. 631, 633, 681 S.E.2d 801, 804 (2009)
(“The determination of an offender's prior record level is a conclusion of law that is
subject to de novo review on appeal.” (citation omitted)).
Here, Defendant stipulated to the 1994 North Carolina conviction for second-
degree murder listed on his prior record level worksheet. In addition, defense counsel
was asked in open court during the sentencing hearing if Defendant stipulated “to
the contents of the sentencing worksheet.” Defendant did not question any item set
forth on the worksheet, nor did he or his counsel object to the offenses or
classifications set forth thereon. Instead, defense counsel responded, “We will
stipulate to the sentencing sheet.” Defense counsel also informed the court during
sentencing, “There’s nothing I can deny about [Defendant’s] record, absolutely
nothing.”
Classification of prior offenses is determined “at the time the offense for which
the offender is being sentenced is committed.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(c)
(2015). When Defendant was convicted of second degree murder, that offense was
4
STATE V. ARRINGTON
BERGER, J., dissenting
classified as a B2 felony. Based upon a change to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17 in 2012,
however, second degree murder can now be classified as either a B1 or B2 felony. See
2012 N.C. Sess. Laws 781, 782, ch. 165, § 1. Defendant expressly stipulated to the
classification of his second degree murder conviction as a B1 felony, consistent with
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) (2015).
Prior convictions which are classified as B1 felonies are assigned nine prior
record points. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(b)(1a) (2015). The sentencing
worksheet, to which Defendant stipulated, properly assigned nine points to
Defendant’s B1 felony classification. The trial court accurately calculated
Defendant’s assigned points and specifically found, “the prior convictions, prior record
points[,] and the prior record level of the defendant to be as shown herein.”
The trial court designated Defendant as having a prior record level V. The
assignment of nine points based upon the classification of the prior offense as a B1
felony is not inconsistent with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(b), and the calculations
involved in designating Defendant as a prior record level V offender for sentencing
are not inconsistent with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(c). It cannot be said that the
trial court incorrectly calculated Defendant’s prior record level.
Defendant entered into a valid stipulation regarding the classification of his
prior murder conviction and was properly sentenced as a level V offender. I would
affirm the trial court’s judgment.
5
STATE V. ARRINGTON
BERGER, J., dissenting
6