MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing Aug 30 2017, 6:39 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
James Strong Katherine S. Brown
Greencastle, Indiana Brown & Somheil
Brazil, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
James Strong, August 30, 2017
Appellant-Movant, Court of Appeals Case No.
67A04-1703-JP-633
v. Appeal from the Putnam Circuit
Court
Shandra Snowden, The Honorable Matthew L.
Appellee-Respondent Headley, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
67C01-0308-JP-70
Baker, Judge.
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[1] James Strong (Father) appeals the trial court’s order denying his motion to
modify parenting time and restricting the parenting time he was already
exercising.1 Father raises a number of issues, which we consolidate and restate
as an argument that there is insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s
ruling. Finding the evidence sufficient, we affirm.
Facts
[2] Father and Shandra Snowden (Mother) have one child together: D.E., who
was born in 2003 to the unmarried parents. Mother and Father are no longer in
a romantic relationship and have not been so since the time of D.E.’s birth.
Since D.E.’s birth, Mother has had primary legal and physical custody of the
child and, for many years, Father exercised reasonable parenting time pursuant
to guidelines put in place by the trial court.
[3] In December 2014, Father was exercising parenting time with D.E. every other
Friday night until Monday morning and every Wednesday night until Thursday
morning. Around that time, eleven-year-old D.E. brought a boy and another
girl to Father’s house while he was at work. Mother punished D.E., including
grounding her for the remainder of the school year, suspending internet
privileges, calling the boy’s mother, and calling the mother of the girl who was
with D.E. during the incident. Father’s response has been to monitor all of
1
His motion requested other relief as well, but the only portion of the ruling at issue in this appeal relates to
the requested modification of parenting time.
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D.E.’s text communications and social media posts, installing an app so he can
monitor her cell phone, and generally being extremely rigid with her. Two and
one-half years later, Father is still “very fixated” on the incident when the boy
came to his house: “He still seems very fixated on, any time she, you know
what’s [sic] she’s wearing, who’s [sic] she’s with. Very concerned about those
kind of things. About her being sexy.” Tr. Vol. II p. 175.
[4] As a result of the incident and Father’s response to it, among other things, the
relationship between D.E. and Father began to deteriorate dramatically. In
June 2015, Father enrolled D.E. in counseling to try to repair their relationship.
D.E. saw a therapist for a period of time who retired in April 2016; at that time,
Dana Glessner took over the child’s therapy.
[5] On February 12, 2016, Father filed a petition to, among other things, modify
the parties’ parenting time structure. On March 31, 2016, Mother filed a
motion for an emergency hearing regarding parenting time. It had come to
light that Father had pinched or touched a bra that D.E. was wearing. The
Department of Child Services became involved but eventually unsubstantiated
allegations of inappropriate sexual contact. Father describes the encounter as
follows:
. . . Father noticed that [D.E.’s] bra looked inappropriate for her
age. Father became upset, because he had been having to
address the way that D.E. was dressing a lot, prior to that. The
bra had a lot of black lace and straps, and looked more like
lingerie, and appeared to be a push up bra. . . . Father pinched
the padding of the bra to see if it was a push-up bra. Father never
touched D.E.’s breasts.
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Appellant’s Br. p. 11. Because of this encounter, the trial court held an
emergency hearing and conducted an in camera interview with D.E.; the trial
court subsequently restricted Father’s parenting time to public places with no
overnights until the parties participated in family counseling.
[6] In Glessner’s words, D.E.’s mental health is negatively impacted by her
relationship with Father in the following ways:
• When D.E. is at Father’s house, she felt cut off from her friends because
she would not bring her phone to his house. He also refused to let her
participate in social activities, which Glessner believed was limiting
D.E.’s emotional and social development and was too restrictive. Tr.
Vol. II p. 164. D.E. has significant concerns and anxiety because Father
will not “allow her to go to those activities that she loves.” Id. at 166.
• Spending overnights at Father’s house is “a huge stressor for her that
really takes her away from things that she should be focusing on. Takes
a lot of mental, emotional energy to her for deal [sic] with things with
Dad and it’s, you know it takes a lot of recovery time for her after she’s
you know had some of those visits.” Id. at 167.
• D.E. told Glessner that “ninety nine percent of sources of her stress and
anxiety and depression was from her Dad.” Id. at 171.
• Father has called D.E. a “slut” and a “baby” and “blames her for getting
upset when he calls her names[.]” Id. at 174.
• Father has indicated that if he found out D.E. was sexually active, he
would kill himself. Id.
Father attended three counseling sessions with D.E. and Glessner, but stopped
attending after a June 9, 2016, session because he did not like what Glessner
was telling him. Father later returned to counseling in November 22, 2016, and
resumed overnights with D.E. in December 2016.
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[7] Glessner has diagnosed D.E. with anxiety and depression, the vast majority of
which is attributable to her relationship with Father. While D.E. had been
making progress in terms of her mental health leading up to December 2016,
her anxiety and depression returned and worsened almost immediately after
resuming overnights with Father. D.E.’s struggles now include physical
symptoms, including vomiting before visits with Father, sleeplessness at
Father’s home, increased crying, and difficulty concentrating.
[8] Glessner has made a number of suggestions to Father about ways he could
improve his relationship with D.E., but he has not been receptive to those
suggestions. Glessner believes that Father needs to learn to be warm,
encouraging, and supportive, and relax his rigid rules so that D.E. can exercise
an appropriate amount of independence for her age. Glessner recommended
that until Father and D.E. made progress in their relationship, overnights
should be suspended because of the risk of harm to D.E.’s emotional and
mental well-being.
[9] The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on Father’s petition to modify
parenting time on January 27, 2017. On March 1, 2017, the trial court denied
Father’s petition. In relevant part, the trial court found and held as follows:
6. . . . Glessner testified at the hearing that she had
previously believed that the child’s mental and emotional
health will be damaged by being required to spend time
with her father. . . . She further stated that Respondent
Father would not listen to the child’s concerns and would
simply state that he did nothing wrong. . . .
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***
8. . . . Glessner has . . . expressed concerns that Respondent
Father is doing many of the same things that caused her to
believe that spending time with her father is damaging to
[D.E.’s] mental and emotional health. Included in those
concerns are that the Respondent father makes accusations
about the child being dressed inappropriately, that the
child cannot be trusted, grilling her about innocent posts
she makes on social media, and his controlling nature in
general that includes not allowing her to participate in
extra-curricular activities during his parenting time. That
Respondent father’s handling of such issues upsets the
child and causes her feelings of depression and anxiety, to
the point that on one visit, she became physically sick
before having to go to her Father’s home. Father’s
controlling nature seems to go beyond healthy parenting
and to the level of extreme misery for the child. Her
emotional development and well-being are severely
hampered by Father’s actions towards her.
9. . . . Glessner believes that the parenting time should be
scaled back and that overnights be suspended, until such
time that real progress is made by Father in
counseling. . . . Ms. Glessner opines that mother has been
doing the right things for the child, and the Court finds
nothing to refute that.
10. . . . Respondent Father’s intentions may be genuine but his
techniques continually strain his relationship and any
feeling of trust that the two of them can have. Father
seems to ignore the fact that the child is growing up and
wants to spend time with friends, as he previously stated,
that his time is exactly that, his time with the child and not
to take her places or let her have time with friends over.
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11. . . . Mother states that it is so bad that the child does not
want to see Father at all. However, mother does continue
to encourage the child to see her father.
***
13. . . . The child wants to continue to live with Mother and
does not want to spend the night at Father’s home. . . .
***
Judgement
1. . . . The Court concludes that the mental health of the
child is at risk given the testimony of mother, father, and
therapist.
2. The Court concludes that I.C. 31-17-4-2 and the
interpretation of Patton v. Patton, 48 N.E.3d 17 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015), allows the Court that continuing overnight
visitation with the child and [F]ather is negatively affecting
the child’s mental and emotional development. Father
shall be entitled to parenting time with the child every
other Saturday from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., and on [a]
mid-week day for up to four (4) hours. . . .
3. The Court concludes and Orders that the parties shall
continue family counseling/therapy with the ultimate goal
that Father have [parenting time pursuant to the] Indiana
Parenting Time Guidelines[;] how long that will take or if
that ever occurs, will be determined by how the parties
progress through counseling. . . . [T]he Court believes the
best person to determine how they are progressing is the
counselor. Overnights shall resume when the counselor
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deems that Father and child have a positive relationship
and that overnights would no longer negatively affect the
child’s mental and emotional development. The frequency
and duration shall be left to the discretion of the
counselor. . . . The Court concludes that father most likely
needs to come to grips with the reality that the child is now
moving into young adulthood. She must be allowed some
freedom. It is a delicate balance between child freedom
and parental responsibility, however, through work with
the counselor, this Court believes that father will learn to
understand how/what “normal” teenagers’ activities
consist of. . . .
Appealed Order p. 2-8. Father now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[10] Father argues that the trial court erred by denying his petition to modify
parenting time and by restricting the parenting time he was already exercising.
Indiana “has long recognized that the rights of parents to visit their children is a
precious privilege that should be enjoyed by noncustodial parents.” Duncan v.
Duncan, 843 N.E.2d 966, 969 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Consequently, a
noncustodial parent is generally entitled to reasonable visitation rights. Patton v.
Patton, 48 N.E.3d 17, 21 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[11] When reviewing a trial court’s resolution of a parenting time matter, we will
reverse only if the trial court made a manifest error. Id. If the record reveals a
rational basis supporting the trial court’s determination, no error occurred. Id.
In conducting our review, we will neither reweigh the evidence nor reassess
witness credibility. Id. We will afford considerable deference to the trial court’s
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findings in family law matters because “the trial court is in the best position to
become acquainted with the relationship between parents and their children.”
D.B. v. M.B.V., 913 N.E.2d 1271, 1274 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[12] Indiana Code section 31-17-4-2 provides that a trial court
may modify an order granting or denying parenting time rights
whenever modification would serve the best interests of the child.
However, the court shall not restrict a parent’s parenting time
rights unless the court finds that the parenting time might
endanger the child’s physical health or significantly impair the
child’s emotional development.
Our Supreme Court has noted that despite the statute’s use of the word
“might,” the statute “requires evidence establishing that visitation ‘would’ (not
‘might’) endanger or impair the physical or mental health of the child.”
Perkinson v. Perkinson, 989 N.E.2d 758, 763 (Ind. 2013) (quoting Stewart v.
Stewart, 521 N.E.2d 956, 960 n.3 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988)).
[13] Here, there is ample evidence in the record supporting the trial court’s
conclusions that if Father’s parenting time with D.E. were not restricted, her
mental and/or emotional health would be significantly impaired. Specifically,
D.E.’s therapist testified that D.E. suffers from anxiety and depression
stemming almost entirely from time spent with Father, particularly times when
she has to spend the night at his home. D.E. had been improving to a point
that overnight visits were resumed, and very quickly her mental and emotional
well-being deteriorated significantly. Before, during, and after her overnight
visits with Father, D.E. experienced vomiting, difficulty concentrating,
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increased crying, and sleeplessness. Father called D.E. names and got angry
when that behavior upset her; he also threatened to commit suicide if she
became sexually active. Father was either unable or unwilling to work with
D.E.’s therapist to ameliorate the situation and begin to repair his relationship
with his daughter. This evidence readily supports the trial court’s conclusions
that granting Father’s petition to modify parenting time would not have been in
D.E.’s best interests and that continuing to allow him to exercise overnight
visitation with her would significantly impair her mental and/or emotional
well-being. Father’s arguments to the contrary largely amount to a request that
we reweigh evidence and reassess witness credibility—a request we decline.2
[14] Father contends that the trial court erroneously relied on Patton in restricting his
parenting time. In Patton, we affirmed the trial court’s decision to continue to
require supervised parenting time until the non-custodial parent and child
attended joint counseling and obtained the counselor’s written recommendation
for unsupervised parenting time. 48 N.E.3d at 22. Father is correct that the
underlying reason for the parenting time restriction is different in Patton as
compared to the case at hand, but both cases included evidence from a
counselor/evaluator that the requested parenting time created a risk to the
minor child’s emotional development. Id. at 20, 22. The mere fact that the
2
Father highlights many of the trial court’s findings of fact, contending that the findings are erroneous. His
argument in this regard, however, consists of directing our attention to evidence in the record supporting his
position rather than the trial court’s findings. This is an inappropriate request that we reweigh evidence,
which we decline to do. The testimony of Glessner and Mother readily supports the trial court’s findings of
fact.
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factual situations are different does not render Patton inapposite. Indeed, the
trial court in this case took a proverbial page from Patton’s book by providing a
clear road map for Father to remove the parenting time restriction. As in
Patton, we find here that “the trial court took a thoughtful approach to the
visitation issue and has struck a balance that adequately addresses the concerns
of all, while still providing Father with opportunities for more rewarding
parenting time with [the minor child], immediately and in the future.” Id. at 22.
We find no error in the trial court’s reliance on Patton.
[15] Finally, Father argues that the trial court erred by failing to address his
contention that Mother has interfered in his relationship with D.E. and has
alienated the child from him. We disagree, inasmuch as the trial court’s order
explicitly noted that “mother has been doing the right things for the child” and
that “mother does continue to encourage the child to see her father.” Appealed
Order p. 4. These findings implicitly refute Father’s allegation that Mother has
interfered in his relationship with D.E., and his arguments to the contrary
amount to an improper request that we reweigh the evidence and reassess
witness credibility.
[16] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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