STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
October 17, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 332966
Wayne Circuit Court
JEFFREY ALEXANDER HOGAN, LC No. 15-009334-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and FORTH HOOD and SWARTZLE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his convictions of two counts of first-degree criminal
sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(c) (sexual penetration during the commission of another
felony). The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12,
to a prison term of 75 to 120 years for each conviction, to be served concurrently. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant was convicted of sexually assaulting the female victim in an alley on the west
side of Detroit on the night of June 11, 2001. As the victim was walking down a neighborhood
street, defendant walked past her. Shortly thereafter, defendant approached the victim from
behind, grabbed her by the neck, and forced her into an alley. Defendant told the victim not to
scream, removed the victim’s clothes, and ultimately forced his penis into her vagina and then
her mouth. Defendant threatened to kill the victim before fleeing. The victim remained in the
alley for some time before feeling safe to leave. Eventually, the victim reported the incident to
the police, who transported her to a hospital where a sexual assault examination was performed.
In 2015, defendant was identified as a suspect through the Combined Offender DNA Index
System (“CODIS”). Forensic testing revealed that defendant was the major donor of DNA
recovered from the victim’s vagina. The victim subsequently identified defendant in a
photographic lineup and at trial.
In addition to the charged offenses, the prosecution presented evidence of two other
incidents that occurred in 1996 and 1997, in which defendant assaulted two other women, VB
and EM. VB testified at trial that, during the early morning hours on August 21, 1997, she was
walking on a main street on the west side of Detroit when she met defendant. The two talked and
walked together and eventually “cut through” an unfenced backyard. In that yard, defendant
grabbed VB around the neck from behind and threw her to the ground. Defendant forced his
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penis into VB’s vagina and instructed her to shut up. Before leaving, defendant told VB not to
look at him. Forensic evidence introduced at trial indicated that defendant’s DNA matched DNA
found on VB after the assault.
EM informed the prosecutor that she would testify at trial. The prosecution noticed
defendant that EM would testify that, on December 23, 1996, while she was on the west side of
Detroit, defendant approached her from behind, grabbed her around her neck, and dragged her
into a vacant house. There he made her put her hands against the wall, told her he would kill her
if she moved, and forced her to undress. He then forced his penis into her anus and then her
vagina. In its opening statement, the prosecution explained that EM would testify. The
prosecution presented evidence that defendant’s DNA matched DNA found on EM after she was
sexually assaulted in 1996. When EM subsequently did not show for trial, defendant moved to
instruct the jury, in accordance with M Crim JI 5.12, that it may infer that EM’s testimony would
have been unfavorable to the prosecution’s case. According to defense counsel, this instruction
was the “only way” to ensure defendant received a fair trial.
The trial court agreed and instructed the jury in accordance with M Crim JI 5.12.
Nevertheless, the jury found defendant guilty of the charged offenses.
II. ANALYSIS
Sufficiency of the Evidence. On appeal, defendant first argues that the evidence was
insufficient to establish his guilt of the charged crimes. We disagree. We review de novo a
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Bailey, 310 Mich App 703, 713; 873
NW2d 855 (2015). When ascertaining whether sufficient evidence was presented at trial to
support a conviction, this Court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of
the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Reese, 491 Mich 127, 139; 815
NW2d 85 (2012). Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from the evidence
can constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of the crime. People v Brantley, 296 Mich App
546, 550; 823 NW2d 290 (2012). “[A] reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable
inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury’s verdict.” People v Nowack, 462
Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000).
Under MCL 750.520b(1)(c), a person is guilty of first-degree CSC if “he or she engages
in sexual penetration with another person” and the “[s]exual penetration occurs under
circumstances involving the commission of any other felony.” In this case, defendant was
charged with engaging in sexual penetration during a kidnapping.1 As applicable to this case,
kidnapping through forcible confinement requires proof of four elements: “(1) a forcible
confinement of another within the state, (2) done wilfully, maliciously and without lawful
authority, (3) against the will of the person confined or imprisoned, and (4) an asportation of the
1
Because the offenses occurred in 2001, the trial court correctly instructed the jury regarding
the elements of a forcible confinement kidnapping as prescribed in MCL 750.349 at that time,
before the statute was amended by 2006 PA 159.
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victim which is not merely incidental to an underlying crime.” People v Wesley, 421 Mich 375,
388; 365 NW2d 692 (1984).
In challenging his first-degree CSC convictions, defendant argues only that the necessary
element of asportation was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt because the evidence failed to
establish any movement of the victim that was not merely incidental to the sexual assaults. The
question whether asportation was incidental to another offense is for the jury to decide. People v
Adams, 389 Mich 222, 238; 205 NW2d 415 (1973). “If the movement adds either a greater
danger or threat thereof, that is a factor in considering whether the movement adequately
constitutes the necessary legal asportation.” Id.
Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the victim’s testimony that defendant
accosted her from behind, tightly grabbed her by the neck, and then moved her from the public
street to a dark alley was sufficient for the jury to find asportation for purposes of kidnapping.
This movement was not merely incidental to the sexual assault because defendant moved the
victim to a location that presented a greater danger given the alley’s isolated and darker location.
Further, after sexually assaulting the victim, defendant threatened to kill the victim, and because
of those threats, the victim, limited by her fear of being killed, remained in the alley until she felt
safe to leave. From this evidence, a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that defendant moved the victim in a manner not merely incidental to the criminal assaults.
Wesley, 421 Mich at 388. Accordingly, sufficient evidence supports defendant’s convictions.
Effective Assistance of Counsel. Defendant next argues that he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel at trial because it was defense counsel who introduced the “first” evidence
of movement to establish the element of asportation during his cross-examination of the victim.
Because defendant did not raise an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in the trial court, our
review of this issue is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v Heft, 299 Mich App
69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show that his or her attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms and that this performance caused him or her
prejudice.” People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). Defense counsel
enjoys wide discretion in matters of trial strategy. Heft, 299 Mich App at 83. Accordingly, this
Court will not second guess counsel’s judgment on how to impeach witnesses and what
questions to ask so long as counsel’s questioning is part of a reasonable trial strategy. People v
Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 413; 760 NW2d 882 (2008). “To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant
must show the probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have
been different.” Nix, 301 Mich App at 207.
The record confirms that on direct examination from the prosecutor the victim testified
regarding her movement during the offense and referred to a map of the location to illustrate her
movement for the jury. Defense counsel further explored this issue on cross-examination,
eliciting additional testimony regarding the asportation element of kidnapping. Defense counsel
used this additional testimony to highlight inconsistencies in the victim’s story and to discredit
her testimony at trial. Accordingly, we conclude that defense counsel’s questioning evidenced a
clear, and perfectly reasonable, trial strategy. The fact that this strategy did not ultimately
prevail does not render counsel’s assistance ineffective. People v Stewart (On Remand), 219
Mich App 38, 42; 555 NW2d 715 (1996).
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Other Acts Evidence. Defendant next argues that the trial court erred by allowing
evidence of other uncharged acts against VB and EM to be admitted under MRE 404(b)(1). We
disagree. We review a trial court’s decision to admit evidence for an abuse of discretion. People
v Bynum, 496 Mich 610, 623; 852 NW2d 570 (2014). An abuse of discretion occurs when the
trial court’s decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v
Lewis, 302 Mich App 338, 341; 839 NW2d 37 (2013).
“At its essence, MRE 404(b) is a rule of inclusion, allowing relevant other acts evidence
as long as it is not being admitted solely to demonstrate criminal propensity.” People v Martzke,
251 Mich App 282, 289; 651 NW2d 490 (2002). Although MRE 404(b)(1) prohibits “evidence
of other crimes, wrongs, or acts” to prove a defendant’s character or propensity to commit the
charged crime, it permits such evidence for other purposes, “such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident when the same is material.” See People v Knox, 469 Mich 502,
509; 674 NW2d 366 (2004). Nonetheless, other acts evidence offered for a proper MRE 404(b)
purpose may still be excluded in the trial court’s discretion under MRE 403, if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to a party. People v Starr, 457
Mich 490, 496-498; 577 NW2d 673 (1998).
Here, the challenged evidence was probative of defendant’s common scheme, plan, or
system of preying on similarly situated female pedestrians on the west side of Detroit. In the
other acts and the charged crime, defendant targeted females walking alone in the same general
area, late at night, and ultimately attacked the women from behind and forced himself upon them
in isolated areas. Defendant instructed the women to remain silent and told them not to look at
him as he fled. The commonality of the circumstances of the other acts and the charged offenses
were sufficiently similar to allow the jury to infer that defendant had a particular scheme, plan, or
system as to how he targeted and assaulted his victims, and how he attempted to evade their
identification of him. Accordingly, the evidence was admissible under MRE 404(b)(1).
Moreover, the evidence was not unduly prejudicial such that it should have been
excluded under MRE 403. Evidence is not excluded under MRE 403 merely because it is
damaging. People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 75; 537 NW2d 909 (1995). Rather, evidence is
properly excluded under MRE 403 where there is “a danger that marginally probative evidence
will be given undue or pre-emptive weight by the jury,” id. at 75-76 (internal citation and
quotation notation omitted), or when the evidence has a tendency “to adversely affect the
objecting party’s position by injecting considerations extraneous to the merits of the lawsuit, e.g.,
the jury’s bias, sympathy, anger, or shock.” People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 611; 806
NW2d 371 (2011).
Here, the striking similarities between the other acts evidence and the evidence of the
charged offense renders the other acts evidence highly probative. Further, we are not persuaded
that the jury was unable to weigh rationally the other acts evidence and consider it for its proper
purpose. The record discloses that the prosecutor focused on the proper purpose for which the
evidence was admissible. Moreover, on three separate occasions, the trial court instructed the
jury on the proper non-propensity use of the evidence, thereby limiting any potential for unfair
prejudice. It is well established that jurors are presumed to have followed the trial court’s
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instructions. People v Breidenbach, 489 Mich 1, 13; 798 NW2d 738 (2011). Accordingly, the
trial court did not err by admitting the other acts evidence.
Defendant’s Right of Confrontation. Defendant next argues that the trial court violated
the Confrontation Clause because it did not strike testimony that defendant’s DNA matched
DNA recovered from EM after EM failed to come to court to testify. We conclude, however,
that defendant has waived any claim that the testimony should have been stricken due to the
nonappearance of EM.
Defendant did not request that the trial court strike the testimony. Rather, defense
counsel specifically requested, and argued for, the missing witness instruction in M Crim JI 5.12.
Defense counsel argued that the missing witness instruction was “the only way” defendant’s trial
could be fair because the testimony regarding DNA found after EM’s assault was a bell that
could not be unrung. The trial court granted defense counsel’s request, over the prosecutor’s
objection, and instructed the jury as defendant requested. Defense counsel thereafter used EM’s
failure to appear to suggest in closing argument that defendant’s sexual encounter with EM was
consensual and that she was added by the prosecution only to bolster the victim’s fabricated
testimony.
Defendant cannot deem one resolution proper at trial and argue for a different resolution
on appeal when the outcome does not turn in his favor. People v Green, 228 Mich App 684,
691; 580 NW2d 444 (1998). “To do so would allow a defendant to harbor error as an appellate
parachute.” Id. In this instance, we conclude that, by requesting the missing witness instruction,
defendant waived any challenge regarding his right of confrontation and has extinguished any
error. People v Carter, 462 Mich 206, 215-216; 612 NW2d 144 (2000).
Sentence. Lastly, defendant argues that he is entitled to be resentenced because the trial
court engaged in impermissible judicial fact-finding to score offense variables (OV) 1, 3, 4, 7,
and 10 of the sentencing guidelines. We disagree.
In People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 364; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), our Supreme Court
held that Michigan’s sentencing guidelines were constitutionally deficient, in violation of the
Sixth Amendment, to the extent that they required “judicial fact-finding beyond facts admitted
by the defendant or found by the jury to score offense variables (OVs) that mandatorily increase
the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence range.” To remedy this deficiency, the Court held
that the guidelines were advisory only. Id. at 365. Under Lockridge, however, trial courts are
still required to “continue to consult the applicable guidelines range and take it into account
when imposing a sentence” and are permitted to score the OVs using judicially-found facts. Id.
at 392 and n 28.
As this Court explained in People v Biddles, 316 Mich App 148, 158; 896 NW2d 461
(2016):
The constitutional evil addressed by the Lockridge Court was not judicial fact-
finding in and of itself, it was judicial fact-finding in conjunction with required
application of those found facts for purposes of increasing a mandatory minimum
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sentence range, which constitutional violation was remedied in Lockridge by
making the guidelines advisory, not by eliminating judicial fact-finding.
Thus, a defendant sentenced after Lockridge is not entitled to resentencing merely because the
trial court engaged in judicial fact-finding to score the OVs. Instead, to be entitled to relief under
Lockridge, a defendant must demonstrate that his minimum sentence was actually constrained by
a violation of the Sixth Amendment, i.e., by the trial court’s adherence to mandatory sentencing
guidelines. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 395.
In this case, defendant was sentenced eight months after Lockridge was decided. The
trial court is presumed to have been aware of Lockridge when it imposed sentence, see People v
Alexander, 234 Mich App 665, 674-675; 599 NW2d 749 (1999), and there is nothing in the
record to suggest that the trial court failed to recognize that the guidelines were advisory or that
the court sentenced defendant in a manner inconsistent with Lockridge. Because the guidelines
were advisory, and the trial court was permitted to rely on judicially-found facts to score OVs 1,
3, 4, 7, and 10, defendant has not demonstrated that an unconstitutional constraint on judicial
discretion actually impaired his Sixth Amendment right. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 395.
Defendant is not entitled to resentencing.
Affirmed.
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
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