IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2016-CA-01672-SCT
IN THE INTEREST OF L.B.C., A MINOR
v.
FORREST COUNTY YOUTH COURT
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/03/2016
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MICHAEL W. McPHAIL
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: HERBERT H. KLEIN, III
PAMELA LUCKIE CASTLE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: FORREST COUNTY YOUTH COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: HERBERT H. KLEIN, III
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: PAMELA LUCKIE CASTLE
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - JUVENILE JUSTICE
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/30/2017
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
CHAMBERLIN, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. L.B.C. appeals the Forrest County Youth Court’s requirement that he register as a sex
offender. All of the issues in this appeal arise from this requirement. After review, we
affirm the youth court’s judgment.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. In December 2015, L.B.C. sexually battered two six-year-old girls. L.B.C. admitted
to sexually penetrating the two victims with his fingers. At the time, L.B.C. was fourteen
years old.
¶3. Initially, L.B.C. was charged as an adult in the Forrest County Circuit Court with two
counts of sexual battery under Mississippi Code Section 97-3-95(1)(d) (Rev. 2014). On the
State’s motion, the circuit court transferred the case to the Forrest County Youth Court. In
the motion to transfer, the State cited the estimate of a neuropsychologist that L.B.C.
functioned closer to the age of a nine-year-old than a fourteen-year-old.
¶4. Once in youth court, L.B.C. objected by motion to the requirement that he register as
a sex offender. At his hearing, L.B.C. admitted to both counts of sexual battery. The youth
court accepted L.B.C.’s admissions and adjudicated him delinquent under both counts.
¶5. After hearing argument on L.B.C.’s earlier objection to registration, the youth court
entered a disposition order that required L.B.C. to register as a sex offender under
Mississippi Code Section 45-33-25 (Rev. 2015). The youth court also ordered L.B.C. into
the custody of the Mississippi Department of Child Protection Services and placed a number
of other restrictions on him.
¶6. Each of the four issues appealed by L.B.C. arise from the requirement that he register
as a sex offender. First, L.B.C. argues that his delinquency adjudication of sexual battery did
not involve the use of force and is not an offense that requires him to register as a sex
offender. Second, he argues that requiring registration without an individual determination
that he is a threat to the public violates his constitutional rights. Third, L.B.C. maintains that
he should not be required to register as a sex offender since he has a mental age of nine and
had been fourteen years old for only three months at the time of the incidents. Fourth, he
claims that requiring him to register as a sex offender violates the confidentiality
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requirements of youth-court proceedings. We address each of the four issues raised by
L.B.C. in turn. Finding no error, we affirm the disposition of the youth court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶7. “The appellate standard of review for youth court proceedings is the same as that
which we apply to appeals from chancery court.” In re J.P., 151 So. 3d 204, 208 (Miss.
2014) (citing A.B. v. Lauderdale County Dep’t of Human Servs., 13 So. 3d 1263, 1266–67
(Miss. 2009)). This Court reviews questions of law de novo. Id.
ANALYSIS
I. Whether a delinquency adjudication for sexual battery under
Mississippi Code Section 97-3-95(1)(d) involves the use of force,
mandating registration as a sex offender.
¶8. The issue here is whether or not L.B.C.’s adjudication of delinquency for sexual
battery requires a demonstration of the use of force in order to require him to register as a sex
offender. This issue of law is one of first impression for this Court.
¶9. We have held that force is not an element of the crime of sexual battery in all cases.
See Burgess v. State, 178 So. 3d 1266, 1274 (Miss. 2015) (“[F]orce is not an element of
sexual battery.”). Thus, force is not used against sexual-battery victims in every instance.
Here, though, force is presumed, given the victims’ ages. Therefore, as discussed below, an
additional showing of force is not necessary to require L.B.C. to register as a sex offender
under the facts of this case.
¶10. Mississippi Code Section 45-33-25 governs mandatory registration for delinquents.
Section 45-33-25(1)(a) requires a person to be fourteen years or older at the time of the
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offense to qualify for mandatory registration. Miss. Code Ann. § 45-33-25(1)(a) (Rev.
2015). Further, Section 45-33-25(1)(b), in part, provides:
(b) Any person having a permanent or temporary residence or who is employed
or attending school in this state who has been adjudicated delinquent for a
registrable sex offense listed in this paragraph that involved use of force
against the victim shall register as a sex offender with the responsible agency
and shall personally appear at a Mississippi Department of Public Safety
Driver’s License Station within three (3) business days of registering with the
responsible agency:
.....
(ii) Section 97-3-95 relating to sexual battery[.]
Miss. Code Ann. § 45-33-25(1)(b) (Rev. 2015) (emphasis added). “This Court will not
engage in statutory interpretation if a statute is plain and unambiguous.” Mississippi
Methodist Hosp. & Rehab. Ctr., Inc. v. Mississippi Div. of Medicaid, 21 So. 3d 600, 607
(Miss. 2009). Section 45-33-25’s meaning is plain and unambiguous. A person who is at
least fourteen years old and who is adjudicated delinquent of a sex offense “that involved the
use of force against the victim” must register as a sex offender. Miss. Code Ann. § 45-33-
25(1)(b).1
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At L.B.C.’s hearing, there appeared to be some confusion as to whether juvenile
delinquents could be required to register under Section 45-33-25(1)(a) alone. The confusion
below arose regarding Rule 12.3 of the Mississippi Administrative Code and its application
to Section 45-33-25(1)(a). Rule 12.3 requires that “[a]ny person . . . twice adjudicated
delinquent” register as a sex offender. This rule, though, no longer has any statutory
authority as Section 45-33-25(1) was amended in 2007 to add subsections (1)(a) and (1)(b).
2007 Miss. Laws 392. The 2007 amendment removed the “twice adjudicated delinquent”
language from the statute. 2007 Miss. Laws 392. Thus, as the statute reads today, a
delinquent is required to register only if he or she satisfies the age requirements of Section
45-33-25(1)(a) and the adjudication requirements of Section 45-33-25(1)(b). Miss. Code
Ann. § 45-33-25 (Rev. 2015).
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¶11. Thus, the sexual battery here must have involved the use of force to require L.B.C.
to register as a sex offender. Mississippi Code Section 97-3-95 defines the crime of sexual
battery:
(1) A person is guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual
penetration with:
(a) Another person without his or her consent;
(b) A mentally defective, mentally incapacitated or physically
helpless person;
(c) A child at least fourteen (14) but under sixteen (16) years of
age, if the person is thirty-six (36) or more months older than the
child; or
(d) A child under the age of fourteen (14) years of age, if the
person is twenty-four (24) or more months older than the child.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-95(1)(a)–(d) (Rev. 2014).
¶12. This Court has not addressed whether an adjudication under subsection 97-3-95(1)(d)
involves the use of force.2 Nevertheless, this Court is not without guidance on this issue
from its caselaw.
¶13. While many of our decisions on the issue of force and violence have addressed
2
While this Court’s determination today is whether an adjudication under subsection
97-3-95(1)(d) is per se an offense that involved the use of “force,” this Court’s caselaw that
determines whether an offense is one of “violence” is helpful to this analysis. This is
because this court has held that “[n]o particular degree of force is required to constitute
violence. . . . The terms ‘violence’ and ‘force’ are synonymous when used in relation to
assault, and include any application of force even though it entails no pain or bodily harm
and leaves no mark.” McQueen v. State, 473 So. 2d 971, 973 (Miss. 1985). Indeed, “force”
is defined as “[p]ower, violence, or pressure directed against a person or thing.” Force,
Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (emphasis added).
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offenses other than sexual battery, the principles undergirding these decisions apply with
equal force to the offense of sexual battery against a victim under the age of fourteen.
Established Mississippi law provides that “sex crimes against underage children are
different.” Taylor v. State, 122 So. 3d 707, 713 (Miss. 2013). We also have recognized “the
psychological harm inherent in sex crimes against children.” Id. at 714. Further, “[i]n the
absence of a legislative standard, we adopt the rationale that a separate standard of
determining violence applies when the victim is a child.” Bandy v. State, 495 So. 2d 486,
492 (Miss. 1986), superseded on other grounds by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 601.
¶14. Reinforcing the fact that sex crimes against children are different, we recognized that
“[s]exual intercourse with a child under age is forceful, because, by operation of law, the
child is unable to consent.” Taylor v. State, 122 So. 3d 707, 712 (Miss. 2013). The
Phillipson Court, discussing the statutory-rape statute, explained:
Under our laws, a minor that fits the criteria of the statute simply does not have
the legal power to consent. The age of a minor is [a] complete bar to the legal
exercise of consent to sexual intercourse. “At the heart of [the statutory rape
statute] is the core concern that children should not be exploited for sexual
purposes regardless of their ‘consent,’” as “[t]hey simply cannot appreciate the
significance or the consequences of their actions.” Accordingly, consent is not
and cannot be a defense to a charge of statutory rape. Statutory rape is also a
“strict liability” crime, and a defendant cannot maintain a “mistake of age”
defense.
Phillipson v. State, 943 So. 2d 670, 672 (Miss. 2006) (quoting Collins v. State, 691 So. 2d
918, 924 (Miss. 1997)) (citations omitted).
¶15. While not all of the offenses within the sexual-battery statute are strict-liability crimes,
sexual battery of a victim under the age of fourteen is. Under the statute, the three necessary
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elements of sexual battery of a child are (1) a person twenty-four months older than the
victim, (2) an act of sexual penetration, and (3) a victim under the age of fourteen. See Miss.
Code Ann. § 97-3-95(1)(d) (Rev. 2014). There is neither an intent element nor an affirmative
defense of consent within the statute. Cf. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-95(1)(a) (“A person is
guilty of sexual battery if he or she engages in sexual penetration with . . . [a]nother person
without his or her consent.”). Therefore, sexual battery under Section 97-3-95(1)(d) is a
strict-liability crime. Further, force is presumed as a child cannot consent to sexual battery
by operation of law.
¶16. Here, L.B.C. admitted to the elements of sexual battery under Section 97-3-95(1)(d).
At the youth-court judge’s instruction, the youth-court prosecutor recited the factual basis for
Count I against L.B.C.:
[T]he State would show that between the dates of December 19, 2015, through
December 30th [sic] of 2015, L.[B.]C. did commit the crime of sexual battery
towards a child, M.F., by engaging in sexual penetration with her, her being
the age of six at the time and him 14 at the time, and the act was by his
digitally – using his hands to digitally penetrate her vaginal area during that
date and time and in Forrest County.
L.B.C. responded, “Yes, sir” when the youth-court judge asked him if he was admitting to
those facts. For Count II, the prosecutor, in part, recited the following to the youth court:
“L.[B.]C. did commit the act of sexual battery of a child under the age of 14, that being M.F.
. . . being digital penetration with his hands, fingers into her vaginal area.” L.B.C. admitted
to those facts as well.
¶17. The facts to which L.B.C. admitted proved the necessary elements of sexual battery.
L.B.C., when he was fourteen, sexually penetrated two, six-year-old children. It is
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undisputed on appeal that the elements of sexual battery were satisfied. Further, a child
cannot consent to sexual intercourse. Today, we apply this principle with equal force to
sexual battery against a victim under the age of fourteen.
¶18. Thus, because the adjudication of delinquency for sexual battery against a victim
under the age of fourteen involved the use of force, L.B.C. must register as a sex offender.
Therefore, we find L.B.C.’s first alleged error to be without merit.
II. Whether the youth court erred by not making an individualized
determination that L.B.C. was a threat to the public.
¶19. Under this alleged error, L.B.C. argues that the youth court violated his constitutional
rights to due process by requiring him to register as a sex offender without an individualized
determination that he was a threat to the public. Because L.B.C. has raised this issue for the
first time on appeal, the issue is procedurally barred from this Court’s review.
¶20. It is settled law that this Court “will not consider issues raised for the first time on
appeal.” Anderson v. LaVere, 136 So. 3d 404, 410 (Miss. 2014); see also Bush v. State, 895
So. 2d 836, 842 (Miss. 2005). Also, this Court has not hesitated to apply procedural bars to
constitutional claims. Allen v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 934 So. 2d 1006, 1015 (Miss.
2006) (finding that “failure to preserve . . . [due-process-rights violation] for appeal purposes
renders th[e] issue procedurally barred.”).
¶21. Here, L.B.C. did not contend that the requirement to register without an individualized
determination that he was a threat to the public violated his constitutional rights. In fact, he
did not raise any constitutional concerns before the youth court. Instead, L.B.C.’s argument
that Section 45-33-25 did not require him to register as a sex offender was two-fold: (1) that
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Section 45-33-25(1)(a) was ambiguous and (2) that Section 45-33-25(1)(b) required a
separate showing of force. L.B.C. also agreed to an informal hearing for the disposition
phase of his hearing.
¶22. L.B.C failed to raise any constitutional arguments concerning registration in the
youth-court proceedings. Therefore, L.B.C.’s alleged error is procedurally barred from
review on appeal.
III. Whether all qualified juvenile delinquents must register as sex
offenders.
¶23. Under this issue, L.B.C. argues that he should not be required to register as a sex
offender as he had been fourteen years old for only three months at the time of the offenses
and had a “mental age” of nine. After review, we find that this issue is without merit.
¶24. The youth court does not have any discretion as to whether a qualified delinquent is
required to register as a sex offender. Section 45-33-25 provides that “[a]ny person . . . who
has been adjudicated delinquent for a registrable sex offense . . . shall register as a sex
offender with the responsible agency.”3 Miss. Code Ann. § 45-33-25(1)(a)–(b) (Rev. 2015).
As long as the delinquent is fourteen years old and committed an offense that involved the
use of force, the delinquent is required to register.
¶25. L.B.C.’s citation of Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242, 153 L. Ed. 2d
335 (2002), is unavailing. Atkins stands for the proposition that the execution of mentally
retarded criminals is excessive and unconstitutional. Id. It is not controlling authority here.
3
This Court consistently has held that “[w]hen used in a statute, the word ‘shall’ is
mandatory and the word ‘may’ is discretionary.” D.D.B. v. Jackson Cty. Youth Court, 816
So. 2d 380, 382 (Miss. 2002).
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¶26. Moreover, there is no conclusive proof in the record that L.B.C. was mentally retarded
or intellectually disabled. In fact, the record demonstrates that L.B.C. understood the gravity
of the proceedings and voluntarily participated in them. He answered the youth-court judge’s
inquiries and expressed remorse for his actions.
¶27. Further, the purpose of the Mississippi Sex Offenders Registration Law is to assist law
enforcement and protect the community and vulnerable populations. See Miss. Code Ann.
§ 45-33-21 (Rev. 2015). The requirement to register as a sex offender does not punish the
registrant but protects the public from repeat offenses. This purpose is no less a valid
concern with juvenile delinquents. Even L.B.C. admitted that “this could have been anybody
that I could have done it to.”
¶28. There are no exceptions to registration for qualified juvenile delinquents. Moreover,
there is no conclusive proof that L.B.C. is mentally retarded or intellectually disabled.
Therefore, this issue is without merit.
IV. Whether mandatory registration as a sex offender violates the
confidentiality requirement of the Youth Court Law.
¶29. The error L.B.C. alleges under this issue is that mandatory registration as a sex
offender violates the confidentiality requirement of the Youth Court Law. Because the
Youth Court Law provides exceptions to the confidentiality requirement, this issue is without
merit.
¶30. The Youth Court Law provides that “[t]he records of the youth court and the contents
thereof shall be kept confidential and shall not be disclosed except as provided in Section
43-21-261.” Miss. Code Ann. § 43-21-251(2) (Rev. 2015). Section 43-21-261 states:
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“[n]ames and addresses of juveniles adjudicated as delinquent for . . . any sex offense as
defined in Section 45-33-23 . . . shall not be held confidential and shall be made available
to the public.” Miss. Code Ann. § 43-21-261(9) (Rev. 2015). Sexual battery against a victim
under the age of fourteen is within Section 45-33-23’s definition of sex offenses. Miss. Code
Ann. § 45-33-23(h)(iv) (Rev. 2012). Therefore, L.B.C.’s required registration does not
violate the Youth Court Law’s confidentiality requirement. The names and addresses of
juveniles adjudicated delinquent for sexual battery are exempted from the Youth Court Law’s
confidentiality requirement for the purposes of registration as a sex offender; this issue is
without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶31. The issues raised by L.B.C. stemming from the requirement that he register as a sex
offender are without merit for the above-discussed reasons. We therefore affirm the youth
court’s judgment, including the requirement that L.B.C. register as a sex offender.
¶32. AFFIRMED.
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., KING, COLEMAN,
MAXWELL, BEAM AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.
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