DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
TEIAS PEATENLANE,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D15-3032
[March 14, 2018]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit,
Broward County; Michael A. Usan, Judge; L.T. Case No. 12-10182CF10A.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and James W. McIntire, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Luke R.
Napodano, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
GERBER, C.J.
The defendant appeals from his statutory maximum fifteen-year
sentence for burglary of a dwelling following his repeated violations of
community control and probation. The defendant argues that the circuit
court erred in two respects: (1) in not sentencing him as a youthful
offender after the violations when he was originally placed on community
control and probation as a youthful offender; and (2) in sentencing him as
a violent felony offender of special concern posing a danger to the
community, because no competent substantial evidence existed to support
the court’s finding that he poses a danger to the community under the
factors listed in section 948.06(8)(e)1., Florida Statutes (2012).
On the defendant’s first argument, the state properly concedes error.
See, e.g., Smith v. State, 143 So. 3d 1023, 1024-25 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014)
(“When a defendant violates his youthful offender probation by committing
a substantive violation, the court is not bound to the usual youthful
offender sentence of six years or less and can impose up to the statutory
maximum for the underlying offenses. However, once a trial court imposes
a youthful offender sentence, it must continue that status upon resentencing
after a violation of probation or community control.”) (emphasis added;
internal citations, footnote, and quotation marks omitted).
On the defendant’s second argument, we review to determine whether
competent substantial evidence existed to support the circuit court’s
danger finding, and whether the circuit court abused its discretion in
making the danger finding. Cf. Riggins v. State, 830 So. 2d 920, 921 (Fla.
4th DCA 2002) (“The determination of whether a violation of probation is
willful and substantial is a question of fact and will not be overturned on
appeal unless the record shows that there is no evidence to support it.
. . . [W]e once again recognize that the trial court is in the best position to
evaluate the credibility of witnesses and on appeal we are obligated to give
great deference to the findings of the trial court.”); Miller v. State, 661 So.
2d 353, 355 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (“On appeal our review is limited to
whether the trial court abused its discretion in revoking defendant’s
probation.”).
The defendant contends that the standard of review on his second
argument is de novo, relying upon our sister court’s holding in Williamson
v. State, 180 So. 3d 1224, 1224 n.1 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015): “Whether a trial
court erred in designating a defendant as a violent felony offender of
special concern is reviewed by an appellate court de novo.”
Respectfully, our sister court’s application of the de novo standard of
review in Williamson may have been stated too broadly as quoted above.
The issue upon which our sister court applied the de novo standard of
review, as well the issue in the case upon which our sister court relied,
Jeffers v. State, 106 So. 3d 37 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013), was whether the court
incorrectly relied on a qualifying offense which the defendant committed
before section 948.06 was enacted. That being an issue of law, we would
agree the de novo standard of review applied in those cases.
Here, however, the defendant argues no competent substantial
evidence existed to support the court’s finding that he poses a danger to
the community under the factors listed in section 948.06(8)(e), Florida
Statutes (2012). That being an issue of fact and an issue of discretion, we
conclude that the competent substantial evidence and abuse of discretion
standards of review apply here.
Applying those standards of review, we affirm. The circuit court orally
recited the evidence and pronounced its findings as follows:
I am making a determination that the Defendant does pose
a danger to the community. And I base that finding on the
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nature and the circumstances of the violation to include the
fact that he originally caught a break in his case and I
departed from the guidelines. He was supposed to go to prison
initially, that’s what the Legislature said was an appropriate
sentence.
But I gave him a break by sentencing him as a Youthful
Offender and keeping him out. He violated that trust and that
break by abusing illegal narcotics.
...
And among the things he was told to do was not consume
alcohol or intoxicants and to do his logs and do those other
things. And he turned around and violated the Court’s trust,
again, by just committing the exact same thing indicating to
this Court an unwillingness to follow simple instructions like
not abusing drugs.
Additionally, the Court is allowed to look at the offender’s
present conduct. And it says, including criminal convictions.
So it’s not limited to criminal convictions, it includes . . . his
behavior while on probation.
The Court witnessed him testify under oath in a proffer
implicating another individual in a burglary. If that was a lie
in order to secure a more favorable sentence to himself then
it is surely a despicable act to try and implicate someone else
in a second degree felony in order to lower your own sentence,
if that’s not true.
On the other hand, if that was true and then come in
during a trial and perjure oneself under oath before the Court
in an attempt to twist justice and to affect the outcome of the
case is equally despicable.
...
And he testified that he had committed perjury before.
Now, whether he perjured himself at his proffer or whether he
perjured himself in the trial, he admitted to committing
perjury. And in trying to, again, deflect blame from himself,
he testified that a member of the Florida Bar advised him to
perjure himself in order to get a better sentence.
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And on more than one occasion he testified under oath that
his Counsel told him to perjure himself under oath. I find that
testimony to be incredible. So whether he’s willing to turn in
a friend and falsely implicate him to get a better sentence or
he’s willing to attack and potentially put the license of a
professional in danger in order to save himself, all I see is an
individual who is willing to say and do and manipulate
anything in order to get his own way. And that once he does
get his own way, he doesn’t follow through on his
commitments. He continues to violate and show a flagrant
disregard for the law.
So I do find him to be a danger to the community. I’m going
to revoke his Community Control, adjudicate him to be guilty,
sentence him to 15 years in [a] Florida State Prison with credit
for 353 days already served.
The court later entered a short written order summarizing its ultimate
finding as stated above.
Based on the circuit court’s oral recitation of the evidence, competent
substantial evidence existed to support the court’s ultimate finding that
the defendant poses a danger to the community, and that the circuit court
did not abuse its discretion under the very broad factors listed in section
948.06(8)(e)1., Florida Statutes (2012):
a. The nature and circumstances of the violation and any new
offenses charged.
b. The offender’s present conduct, including criminal convictions.
c. The offender’s amenability to nonincarcerative sanctions based
on his or her history and conduct during the probation or
community control supervision from which the violation hearing
arises and any other previous supervisions, including
disciplinary records of previous incarcerations.
d. The weight of the evidence against the offender.
e. Any other facts the court considers relevant.
§ 948.06(8)(e)1., Fla. Stat. (2012).
We also note that, irrespective of the circuit court’s findings made
under section 948.06(8)(e), the defendant’s sentence remains legal. See
Whittaker v. State, 223 So. 3d 270, 275 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (“[E]ven when
a trial court finds under section 948.06(8)(e) that a defendant designated
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as a VFOSC poses a danger to the community, this finding has no bearing
on the statutory maximum sentence, but rather is relevant to the decision
whether to revoke probation. Where a trial court imposes a guidelines
sentence on a defendant who has been designated as a VFOSC, the
sentence is legal irrespective of the findings made under section
948.06(8)(e).”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the defendant’s statutory maximum
fifteen-year sentence, and reverse only to the extent that the circuit court
did not sentence him as a youthful offender after the violations. We
remand for the circuit court to correct the sentence to include the youthful
offender designation. It shall not be necessary for the defendant to be
present for this administrative correction to the sentence.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for YO designation.
KUNTZ, J., concurs.
GROSS, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with opinion.
GROSS, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.
I concur in the portion of the majority opinion concerning the youthful
offender designation.
I dissent because the record does not support the trial court’s
designation of appellant as a “danger to the community” within the
meaning of section 948.06(8)(e)1., Florida Statutes (2012).
Subsection 948.06(8) creates a special classification of probationer —
a “violent felony offender of special concern.” (“VFOSC”). § 948.06(8)(a),
Fla. Stat. (2012). For offenders on probation, or who are placed on
probation, the key to the VFOSC classification is the commission of a
“qualifying offense,” which is defined as those crimes specified in
subsection 948.06(8)(c).
Appellant committed a qualifying offense because he was placed on
probation and community control for the qualifying offense of burglary of
a dwelling. See § 948.06(8)(c)12., Florida Statutes (2012).
If a person qualifies as a VFOSC, after a court finds that the offender
has committed a violation of probation other than failure to pay costs,
fines, or restitution, the court is required to make written findings as to
whether the offender “poses a danger to the community.” § 948.06(8)(e)1.,
Fla. Stat. (2012). If the court finds that the offender poses a danger to the
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community, the court “shall revoke probation and shall sentence the
offender up to the statutory maximum, or longer if permitted by law.”
§ 948.06(8)(e)2.a., Fla. Stat. (2012). If the court finds no such danger, then
the court is free to treat the offender the same as any other probationer
who has violated probation.
Appellant violated his probation because he tested positive for
marijuana use and failed to submit required job search logs. He admitted
these violations.
Three witnesses testified at the “danger” hearing. All of them knew
appellant. None of them testified that he was a danger to the community.
Appellant’s probation officer said generally positive things about
appellant but was not comfortable testifying as to whether or not he posed
a community danger.
A sheriff’s office employee who had worked with appellant said positive
things about her contact with him. Based on her interactions with him,
she did not “see him as a danger in the community.”
Appellant’s substance abuse counselor also said positive things about
appellant and said she was not aware of anything suggesting that
appellant was a danger to the community.
Appellant testified and apologized for his “immature and stupid”
behavior.
Nonetheless, the circuit court ruled that appellant posed a danger to
the community, focusing primarily on three factors: (1) appellant had
abused illegal drugs while on probation; (2) appellant was placed on
probation for burglary, a qualifying offense; (3) at a codefendant’s trial,
appellant made inconsistent statements concerning the codefendant’s
involvement in the burglary. The court revoked appellant’s probation and
sentenced him to 15 years in prison as a VFOSC.
Under section 948.06(8), a “danger to the community” is not a
freewheeling concept unhinged from the statute. Rock and roll music was
once considered dangerous to the morals of teenagers, but that type of soft
danger is outside the purview of the statute.
Reading section 948.06(8) as a whole, the concept of “danger” is
obviously linked to the enumerated offenses that generate the VFOSC
classification. The intent of the statute is to protect Floridians from the
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type of individuals who commit the crimes enumerated in subsection
948.06(8)(c)1-19. All are crimes that directly put a person or body in
physical peril. This view of “danger” under the statute is consistent with
its common meaning: “exposure to harm or injury; risk; peril.” THE
RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 366 (1967). Section
948.06(8)(e)1.a-e sets out factors to guide the trial court in evaluating this
risk.
The record at the danger hearing does not support the trial court’s
finding. Appellant’s marijuana usage is not an offense enumerated in
subsection 948.06(8)(c)1-19. In fact, no type of drug possession or use,
even of the most dangerous drugs, is mentioned in that subsection. It is
inconceivable that Floridians can be placed in “danger” by appellant’s
marijuana consumption, an act legal in La Jolla. Similarly, appellant’s
dishonesty at the codefendant’s trial physically endangered no one.
Crimes of pure dishonesty, such as perjury and grand theft, are not
qualifying offenses for the VFOSC designation. None of the witnesses who
were familiar with appellant outside of the courtroom testified that he was
a danger to the community.
The circuit court’s finding that appellant was a VFOSC, given the few
moments he was in the courtroom, should be reversed, with the case
remanded for resentencing.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing
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