STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
Environmental Division Unit Docket No. 94-8-15 Vtec
Agency of Natural Resources,
Petitioner
v.
DECISION ON THE MERITS
Hugh McGee,
Eileen McGee,
Respondents
The matter before the Court concerns Eileen and Hugh McGee’s alleged unpermitted
filling of a Class II wetland on property located at 326 Smalley Road in the Town of Brandon,
Vermont (the Property). On September 10, 2013, Patrick Lowkes, an Environmental
Enforcement Officer for the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (ANR), served Hugh McGee
with a Notice of Alleged Violation claiming that Hugh McGee had filled a Class II wetland on the
Property without a permit, thus violating Section 9 of the Vermont Wetlands Rules.1 On
September 18, 2013, Eileen McGee responded by letter stating that the “property is and always
has been an agricultural operation,” and therefore, Ms. McGee explained, she would consider
the notice of alleged violation to have been in error. ANR issued an Administrative Order (AO)
for the violation on June 17, 2015, which was served on Eileen on July 28, 2015, ordering that
Eileen and Hugh McGee remove all fill material from the wetland and pay a $10,000 fine.
On August 10, 2015, the McGees timely requested a hearing on the AO, claiming they
were exempt from the Vermont Wetlands Rules as they are farmers and use the land where the
alleged filling occurred for farming activities. During the initial status conference on August 24,
the McGees requested a prompt hearing. Pursuant to 10 V.S.A. § 8012(c), the Court assigned
this matter high priority in its trial schedule. On September 10, 2015, the Court conducted a
site visit at the Property. Joining the Court on the site visit were Hugh, Eileen, and Riley McGee;
ANR attorneys John Zaikowski and Randy J. Miller; and Environmental Enforcement Officer
1
The Notice of Alleged Violation also referenced 10 V.S.A. § 1259(a), which prohibits discharges into waters of the
State. There was no mention of 10 V.S.A. § 1259(a) in the Administrative Order and thus the Court will not address
any potential violations of Vermont’s water pollution control statute.
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Patrick Lowkes. Following the site visit, a trial was held in the Superior Court in Rutland,
Vermont. At trial, ANR was represented by John Zaikowski, Esq. and Randy J. Miller Esq.; the
McGees were self-represented with Riley McGee speaking on their behalf.
In compliance with 10 V.S.A. §8012(c), this decision is issued 59 days from the date of
the request for hearing.
Based upon the evidence presented at trial, including that which was put into context by
the site visit, the Court renders the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.
Findings of Fact
1. The Property consists of 28.36 acres and is located at 326 Smalley Road in the Town of
Brandon, Vermont.
2. Eileen McGee is the sole owner of the Property. Hugh McGee, Eileen’s former husband,
is at the Property daily to care for the horses and perform other work. Riley McGee, the adult
son of Hugh and Eileen, is also involved in the upkeep and operation of the Property.
3. Over the past thirty years, the McGees have used portions of the Property for various
farming activities including raising and training horses, raising cattle, haying, and grazing.
4. The Property spans Smalley Road and includes a house, barn, fields, and forested area.
On the south side of Smalley Road, the land closest to the road consists of several paddocks and
fields where the McGees pasture their horses. South of the paddocks lies a pond that they use
to provide water for the horses. South and east of the pond is a large Class II wetland as
depicted on the Vermont Significant Wetland Inventory Map.
5. On-site inspection by Vermont District Wetlands Ecologist Julie Foley confirmed the
presence and location of the Class II wetland as depicted on the Vermont Wetland Inventory
Map. During her inspection she noted the presence of hydric soils and wetland vegetation.
6. The McGees periodically use the wetland area south of the pond for grazing their
horses. Mr. McGee testified that if he did not brush hog the area, it would become overgrown
with plants and shrubs. The McGees have not actively cultivated the land south of the pond.
When the McGees have let their horses roam in the wetland area, the horses eat whatever
vegetation grows naturally. The only active management by Mr. McGee is occasional brush
hogging. The McGees did hay some of the land south of the pond; however, this activity ceased
a few years ago.
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7. Sometime around August of 2013, ANR received a citizen complaint about a potential
wetland violation on the Property.
8. On August 26, 2013, Patrick Lowkes visited the property to follow up on the complaint.
When Mr. Lowkes arrived he saw Hugh McGee in an excavator dredging the pond south of the
horse paddocks.
9. Mr. Lowkes observed that Mr. McGee was placing the dredged material on the southern
bank of the pond.
10. Mr. Lowkes approached Mr. McGee and informed him that, although what he was doing
did not appear to be a violation, he should be cautious of the Class II wetland immediately
adjacent to the pond. Mr. Lowkes told Mr. McGee it would be a violation to place any dredged
material in the wetland. Mr. Lowkes asked Mr. McGee to stop his dredging activity until Mr.
Lowkes could return with a wetland ecologist to determine whether Mr. McGee would need a
permit.
11. Mr. McGee responded that he was not intending to expand the pond and he would not
stop because he had rented the excavator and only had it for a limited amount of time.
12. On August 29, 2013, Mr. Lowkes returned to the Property with Julie Foley, a state
wetlands ecologist. Since Mr. Lowkes’s August 26 visit, material was pushed south from the
pond’s embankment into the Class II wetland.
13. During Ms. Foley’s inspection, the area south of the pond was overgrown with shrubs,
brush, and other wetland vegetation. The brush was chest-high and thick on the date of her
inspection.
14. On August 29, 2013, dredged material was piled on top of and around the vegetation
from the pond bank and extended south beyond the bank and into the wetland.
15. Sometime after August 29, 2013, Mr. McGee pulled the material out of the wetland and
back onto the pond’s bank.
16. Neither Mr. Lowkes nor Ms. Foley made a follow up site visit after the August 29, 2013
visit. Mr. Lowkes did make some general observations from the road on a subsequent occasion.
17. Mr. Lowkes spent a total of 38.5 hours on this matter including site visits,
correspondence, reporting, and trial preparation and testimony efforts. His hourly wage is $30
per hour.
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18. Ms. Foley spent a total of 14 hours on this matter including site visits, assistance with
drafting the Administrative Order and trial preparation and testimony efforts. Her hourly wage
is $27 per hour.
Conclusions of Law
There was little dispute at trial that Hugh McGee did place dredged material in a Class II
wetland on the Property without a permit. The McGees argued, however, that they did not
violate the Vermont Wetlands Rules because they are farmers and use their land for farming
activities, and are therefore exempt from any permitting requirement. This defense implicates
two distinct exceptions under the Vermont Wetlands Statute and corresponding Rules: the
farming exemption, 10 V.S.A. § 902(5); 16-5 Vt. Code R. § 103:3.1(a), and the farming allowed
use. See 10 V.S.A. § 913(a); 16-5 Vt. Code R. § 103:6.06.2 For the following reasons, the Court
concludes that the land on which Hugh McGee placed fill material does not qualify for the
farming exemption, and that Hugh McGee’s filling activities do not qualify as an allowed use.
Therefore, the McGees violated the Vermont Wetland Rules by failing to obtain a permit before
filling the Class II wetland on their property.
The Vermont Wetlands Statue requires that users of the State’s significant wetlands
obtain a permit, conditional use determination, or order from the Secretary before
“conduct[ing] or allow[ing] to be conducted any activity in a significant wetland,” unless they
only engage in certain “allowed uses” enumerated by the Department of Environmental
Conservation by rule. 10 V.S.A. § 913. The Statute defines wetlands as “those areas of the State
that are inundated by surface or groundwater,” but specifically excludes “such areas as grow
food or crops in connection with farming activities” from this definition. 10 V.S.A. § 902(5); see
also V.W.R. §§ 2.38, 3.1(a) (incorporating the statutory language). The Rules also authorize “the
growing of food or crops in connection with farming activities” as an “allowed use”—i.e., a use
for which no permit is required. V.W.R. § 6.06.
At issue in this matter are two exceptions to the Wetland Rules’ permit requirement:
first, the jurisdictional farming exemption for “such areas as grow food or crops,” and second,
the specific allowed use for “the growing of food or crops.” These two exceptions are separate
2
The Vermont Wetland Rules, codified at 16-5 Vt. Code R. §§ 103:1–10, will be cited and referred to as V.W.R. §
___.
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and distinct provisions, with separate roles in the wetland permitting scheme. See Vt. Agency
Nat. Res. v. Irish, 169 Vt. 407, 414–15 (1999). The farming exemption is jurisdictional because
land that has been continuously farmed since 1990 is, by definition, not a wetland, and
therefore activities on that land are beyond the scope of the Wetland Rules. See V.W.R.
§ 3.1(a); Irish, 169 Vt. at 414. The agricultural allowed use exception is narrower as it allows
specific agricultural activities to take place in a wetland without a permit, but it does not take
the wetland out of the scope of the Wetland Rules altogether. See V.W.R. § 6.06; Irish, 169 Vt.
at 415.
a. The Farming Exemption Under V.W.R. § 3.1(a)
The McGees argue that the strip of land to the south of their pond is exempt agricultural
land under Section 3.1 of the Wetland Rules because they graze their horses on this land. The
Court disagrees for two reasons.
First, the Section 3.1(a)(1) exemption does not apply to mere grazing, without more
active cultivation. Section 3.1(a)(1) exempts “such areas as grow food or crops in connection
with farming activities.” Section 3.1(a)(2) defines “farming activities” as, in relevant part, “the
cultivation or other use of land for . . . the growing of food and crops in connection with the
raising, feeding, or management of livestock, poultry, equines, fish farms, or bees for profit.”
V.W.R. § 3.1(a)(2). The verb “grow” in the definition of “farming activities” is used in its
transitive sense: the crops are grown, and the farmer grows them. Merely allowing vegetation
to grow, even if this entails annual brush-hogging, is too passive to amount to “growing” the
vegetation, as the word is used in Section 3.1(a)(2).
A comparison with federal and other states’ wetland rules supports this interpretation.
Many states’ wetland permitting schemes also contain a farming exemption, but these statutes
and rules typically make explicit mention of both “farming” and “grazing,” suggesting that
grazing and farming are distinct. See Con. Gen. Stat. § 22a-40(a)(1) (“The following operations
and uses shall be permitted in wetlands and watercourses, as of right: (1) Grazing, farming,
nurseries, gardening and harvesting of crops and farm ponds . . . .”); N.Y. Envtl. Conservation
Law § 24-0701(4) (McKinney 2012) (“The activities of farms and other landowners in grazing
and watering livestock . . . shall be excluded from regulated activities. . . .”). Furthermore, the
federal regulations construing the Clean Water Act’s “farming” exemption, see 33 U.S.C. §
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1344(f)(1)(A), generally require physical measures to be applied directly to the soil in order to
constitute “farming activities.” See 33 C.F.R. § 323.4(a)(1)(i), (iii)(A), (iii)(B) (defining “farming
activities” to include “cultivating,” and defining cultivating as “physical methods of soil
treatment employed . . . [on] crops to aid and improve their growth, quality or yield.”). This
comparison shows that “farming” entails more active cultivation than mere “grazing.” Absent
an explicit mention of “grazing” in the Rules, the Court concludes that, although the McGees
brush hog the area in question and have their horses graze in the area, these activities do not
constitute the “growing food or crops” under Section 3.1(a).
Second, even if merely grazing livestock on an area were a “farming activity” under
Section 3.1, the McGees fail to show that the land has been continuously grazed since 1990, as
is required under the farming exemption. See V.W.R. § 3.1(a)(3) (“The farming exemption shall
apply to all areas used to grow food or crops in connection with farming activities including
areas in ordinary rotation, as of the effective date of these rules. The exemption will expire
whenever the area is no longer used to grow food or crops or in ordinary rotation.”); see also
V.W.R. § 1.1 (providing that the rules take effect in 1990). While Hugh McGee credibly testified
that he has intermittently brush-hogged and hayed the land to the south of the pond since
1976, he also acknowledged that, at times, brush has reclaimed the south side of the pond and
that he ceased haying a few years ago. Julie Foley, a Vermont Wetland Ecologist, credibly
testified that the brush was chest high and thick on the date of her inspection in August 2013.
Though Section 3.1 does allow for periods of nonuse in “ordinary crop rotation,” this refers to
strategic soil recovery periods in active crop cultivation, not unintentional disuse. Thus, given
these significant periods of inattention, whatever exemption the land may have had over the
decades has since been abandoned and expired.
Because the Court concludes that, absent any active cultivation, livestock grazing alone
does not qualify as “farming activit[y]” under Section 3.1, the McGees’ land does not qualify for
the farming exemption. Alternatively, even if grazing alone were a qualifying farm activity, the
land would still be nonexempt since the McGees fail to show that they conducted these
activities continuously from 1990 to the present. The land to the south of the pond is therefore
still within the purview of the Wetland Rules, and the McGees’ filling without a permit is a
violation of the Wetland Rules.
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b. The Allowed Use Exemption Under V.W.R. § 6.06
The McGees also implicate the distinct “allowed use” provision in Section 6.06 of the
Wetland Rules. The McGees argue that their use of the pond for grazing is an allowed use for
which no permit is required, and therefore placing fill in the grazing area is also exempt from
the permit requirement.
The Court rejects this argument. Assuming the McGees’ horse grazing is an allowed use
under Section 6.06 of the Wetland Rules,3 this does not give the McGees the right to place fill in
the area of the wetland where the grazing takes place. The allowed uses in Section 6 of the
Wetland Rules create an exception to permit requirements for the listed specific uses and
nothing more. The first paragraph of Section 6 makes it clear that filling falls outside the scope
of the allowed uses. It provides, “The following uses shall be allowed in a Class I or Class II
wetland and in its buffer zone without a permit provided . . . that no draining, dredging, filling,
or grading occurs.” V.W.R. § 6.06 (emphasis added).4 Therefore, even if grazing is an allowed
use under Section 6.06, the McGees still cannot place fill material in the wetland area without a
permit. Accordingly, the McGees fail to demonstrate that their filling activities were exempt
from the permit requirement under the Wetland Rules.
Penalty Assessment
When this Court determines that an environmental violation alleged by ANR in an
administrative order has occurred, we are required to “determine anew the amount of a
penalty” that should be assessed against the respondent who sought to challenge the ANR
order. 10 V.S.A. § 8012(b)(1), (4). We therefore review the evidence before the Court and
determine an appropriate penalty assessment, pursuant to the eight Subsections of 10 V.S.A.
§ 8010(b)(1)–(8).
3
The Agency of Natural Resources represented at the hearing that the McGees’ grazing activity was an allowed
use. The Agency, however, did not provide any authority or analysis for this proposition. But, since the
enforcement action before the Court takes issue with the McGees’ filling and not their grazing activities, whether
grazing constitutes an allowed use under Section 6.06 is not before the Court. The Court does encourage the
Agency’s balanced and practical approach to the need to protect the State’s wetland resource while at the same
time supporting the State’s farming activities.
4
Although several allowed uses such as silviculture, hydroelectric, and utility-maintenance uses contain exceptions
to this limitation of scope and allow for dredging and filling incidental to the specific allowed uses, see V.W.R. §§
6.01–04, 6.07, 6.08, 6.12–16, 6.22, the farming allowed use does not contain any such exception.
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Subsection (1): Subsection (1) requires consideration of “the degree of actual or
potential impact on public health, safety, welfare and the environment resulting from the
violation.” Id. Respondents’ violation of the Wetland Rules had potential adverse impacts on
public health, safety, welfare, and the environment, given that the filling occurred in a large
Class II wetland as depicted on the Vermont Significant Wetland Inventory Map. We impose a
penalty of $2,000.00. We conclude that such a penalty is warranted and we decline to impose
a more significant penalty under this subsection, since details of actual significant impacts on
public health, safety, welfare, and the environment were not demonstrated by the evidence
presented at trial.
Subsection (2): Subsection (2) requires consideration of “the presence of mitigating
circumstances, including unreasonable delay by the secretary in seeking enforcement.” Id. The
evidence presented of mitigating factors favoring Respondents includes Respondents fully
remediating the filled area.
There is no evidence showing untimeliness of ANR’s action. We therefore assess a
credit to benefit Respondents for their prompt and complete remediation of $1,000.00.
Subsection (3): Subsection (3) requires consideration of “whether the respondent[s]
knew or had reason to know the violation existed.” Id. The credible evidence shows that
Respondents did have actual knowledge of the violation of the Vermont Wetland Rules. Mr.
Lowkes told Mr. McGee it would be a violation to place any dredged material in the wetland.
Although the McGees believed they were exempt from the permitting requirement, the
McGees bore the risk of this incorrect interpretation. The McGees had the option to pause
their site work activities and seek clarification of their interpretation. Based upon this
evidence, we assess an additional penalty of $1,000 pursuant to this subsection as we feel that
Respondents ignored the State’s clear directive.
Subsection (4): Subsection (4) requires consideration of “the respondent’s record of
compliance.” Id. The record presented does not show that Respondents had previously
violated ANR’s regulations. Given the Respondents’ clean record of compliance, we decline to
assess any additional penalty pursuant this subsection.
Subsection (5): This subsection has been repealed.
Subsection (6): Subsection (6) requires consideration of “the deterrent effect of the
penalty.” Id. In reviewing the importance of establishing a penalty that will have a deterrent
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effect upon Respondents, based upon the evidence before the Court, we see no need to
impose an additional penalty and hope and expect that the penalty in Subsection (1) will be
sufficient deterrent for Respondents to avoid future violations.
Subsection (7): Subsection (7) requires that we consider “the state’s actual cost of
enforcement.” Id. The value of the time that all ANR officials committed to responding to
Respondent’s violation, including prosecution of this matter, totals $1,647. We direct
Respondents to reimburse these costs as an additional penalty for the violation.
Subsection (8): Subsection (8) requires consideration of “the length of time the
violation has existed.” Id. At the time of trial, the credible evidence showed that Respondents
took appropriate and prompt measures to remedy the violation. We therefore impose no
additional penalty.
ANR provided no evidence on the likely cost avoided by the violation. We understand
that Respondents ultimately and fully remedied the compliance issues, and thus, incurred a
similar cost of that which was originally avoided. We therefore do not impose any amount of
additional penalty relating to cost avoidance.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the McGees violated Vermont
Wetland Rules Section 9 by placing fill in a wetland without a permit when the land was not
exempt and the act of filling was not an allowed use. The McGees need not conduct any
further remediation work. Hugh McGee credibly testified that he removed all the fill material
from the wetland. ANR did not perform any follow up investigation to confirm or deny this
claim and, at the hearing, ANR did not argue that the site requires additional remediation.
Due to their violation, the McGees shall be jointly and severally liable for a total penalty
in these proceedings of $3,647.00. Because Hugh McGee placed unpermitted fill in a wetland
and Eileen McGee, as owner of the subject property, allowed the activities, the McGees are
jointly and severally liable. See 10 V.S.A. § 913 (“[N]o person shall conduct or allow to be
conducted an activity in a significant wetland or buffer zone . . . .”); see also Secretary v.
Persons, No. 97-6-10 Vtec, at 10 (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl. Div. Aug. 1, 2012) (Durkin, J.) (holding
violator and owner of underlying land jointly and severally liable for a wetlands violation).
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Rights of Appeal (10 V.S.A. § 8012(c)(4)–(5))
This Decision and the accompanying Judgment Order will become final if no appeal is
requested within 10 days of the date this Decision is received. All parties to this proceeding
have a right to appeal this Decision and Judgment Order. The procedures for requesting an
appeal are found in the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure (V.R.A.P.) subject to superseding
provisions in Vermont Rule for Environmental Court Proceedings (V.R.E.C.P.) 4(d)(6). Within 10
days of the receipt of this Order, any party seeking to file an appeal must file the notice of
appeal with the Clerk of the Environmental Division of the Vermont Superior Court, together
with the applicable filing fee. Questions may be addressed to the Clerk of the Vermont
Supreme Court, 111 State Street, Montpelier, VT 05609-0801, (802) 828-3276. An appeal to the
Supreme Court operates as a stay of payment of a penalty, but does not stay any other aspect
of an order issued by this Court. 10 V.S.A. § 8013(d). A party may petition the Supreme Court
for a stay under the provisions of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure (V.R.C.P.) 62 and
V.R.A.P. 8.
A Judgment Order accompanies this Decision. This concludes the current proceedings
before this Court.
Electronically signed on October 09, 2015 at 11:31 AM pursuant to V.R.E.F. 7(d).
_________________________________________
Thomas G. Walsh, Judge
Superior Court, Environmental Division
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