FILED
COURT OF APPEALS DIV I 1. .f%
STATE OF WASHINGTON t1Tr:
1018 JUL 16 AK 9:20
THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
JOEL ZELLMER, )
) No. 76825-5-1
Appellant )
) DIVISION ONE
v. )
)
KING COUNTY, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Respondent. )
) FILED: July 16, 2018
SPEARMAN, J. —Washington's Public Records Act(PRA)chapter 42.56 RCW
requires agencies to respond to a public records request by conducting a reasonable
search and providing all identifiable records. Prison inmate Joel Zellmer submitted two
public records requests to the King County Prosecuting Attorney's Office(KCPAO)
asking for photographs of the inside of his home that were taken on two specific dates.
Zellmer argued that King County violated the PRA and acted in bad faith by failing to
produce 235 digital photographs of the inside of his home until after his lawsuit was
filed. The trial court dismissed the lawsuit. Because the KCPAO used an unreliable
method for determining the date on which the photographs were taken, we conclude
that the search was inadequate. However, because the undisputed record establishes
that the agency did not act in bad faith, we conclude that Zellmer is not entitled to an
award of penalties and affirm the dismissal.
No. 76825-5-1/2
FACTS
Zellmer has been an inmate at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla
since 2010. The KCPAO's public records unit is comprised of a public records officer,
Kristie Johnson, a public records paralegal, Myralynn Nitura, and a public records
specialist, Meghan Moore. The KCPAO stores 59 banker's boxes of records relating to
Zellmer's criminal case. Of these, 54 boxes are kept in the King County Courthouse and
another five boxes are kept in the Appellate Unit in the King County Administration
Building. Since his conviction, Zellmer has made 24 separate public records requests to
the KCPAO.
On September 29, 2015, Zellmer submitted a public records request to the
KCPAO (2015 Request) specifically asking for lap photographs taken of the inside of
the home that was done on December 6, 2005. This group of photo's [sic] were taken
just prior to a full search of this home (Pre-search photographs). The photographs
would be of all rooms in the home as well all of the other living areas within the inside of
this home." Clerk's Papers(CP)at 59. On October 6, 2015, the KCPAO sent a letter to
Zellmer acknowledging the request and stating that it would provide an update by
November 12, 2015. On November 12, 2015, the KCPAO sent a letter to Zellmer
informing him that more time was needed to complete his request due to the number of
boxes to be searched, and providing a new response deadline of December 10, 2015.
Nitura began by searching 53 of the 54 banker's boxes kept in the King County
Courthouse for photographs taken on December 6, 2005.1 Nitura did not search the
Nitura did not search the remaining box because it was labeled "DO NOT USE! ARRANGE
FOR PICK UP BY NATIONAL MERIT AGENT" and "Contains a Disputed File Re: Zellmer v. Zellmer
Wrongful Death Inv. National Merit Ins. DO NOT REVIEW w/o checking with Brenneman." CP at 65-66.
On December 6, 2016, Moore reviewed the contents of the box and determined that it contained no
photographs responsive to Zellmer's requests.
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No. 76825-5-1/3
boxes stored in the KCPAO Appellate Unit because, based on her previous experience
with Zellmer's numerous public records requests, she knew that they did not contain
photographs of the inside of the home. Her search produced a number of labeled disks
containing digital photographs.2 She checked the face of each disk for a content
notation indicating that the disks contained photographs of the inside of the home, or a
date notation of December 6, 2015. If the label met either of these criteria, or the label
was not clear, then Nitura reviewed the contents of the disk on her computer.3
The digital photographs were stored on the disks in .JPG (image file) format. The
data fields that appeared on the computer screen included a list of the digital
photographs by file name,file type, file size, and "Date modified." CP at 42-44. If a
photograph appeared to be of the inside of the home, and the "Date modified" data field
showed December 6, 2005, she identified it as responsive to the request. This yielded a
total of 31 digital photographs, which Nitura placed in a shared electronic folder. She
inadvertently placed four additional photographs dated December 7, 2005 in the same
folder, for a total of 35 photographs. On December 10, 2015, the KCPAO sent a letter to
Zellmer indicating that it had identified 34 public records responsive to his request.4
Zellmer paid the fee, and on January 19, 2015, the KCPAO sent him 35 digital
photographs along with a close-out letter stating that the search was complete.
2 Nitura also found printed photographs that appeared to be of the inside of the home, but none of
them bore a date label, and KCPAO did not provide them.
3 Nitura was unable to open three disks of the disks labeled December 6, 2005. She gave these
disks to Johnson, who opened them and found a video but no photographs.
4According to KCPAO, this was a scrivener's error. The installment actually consisted of 35
photographs.
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No. 76825-5-1/4
On February 5, 2016, the KCPAO received another public records request from
Zellmer(2016 Request) asking for "1. All photographs taken on December 7, 2005 of
the inside of the home that was searched. 2. Please include anything that was not
produced in the photograph request previously for December 6, 2005. The photographs
would be of all rooms in the house and any property within the home." CP at 38. On
February 12, 2016, the KCPAO sent Zellmer a letter acknowledging receipt of the
request and stating that it would provide an update by approximately March 21, 2016.
Given that the 2016 request asked for anything not produced in response to the
2015 request, the KCPAO realized that there was a possibility that responsive records
had been missed. Accordingly, Nitura again searched the disks for photographs taken
on December 6, 2005, but she did not find anything that had not already been provided
to Zellmer. Nitura then reviewed the faces of the discs for a notation that the contents of
the discs were from December 7, 2005, or that the photographs were of the inside of the
home, or were unclear about the contents. Nitura provided Johnson a box of disks to
review. Johnson also reviewed the face of the disks for a notation indicating that the
disks related to December 6 or 7, 2005, or that they contained photographs of the inside
of the home. She found one disk containing 24 photographs with a "Date modified" of
December 7, 2005 and that were of the inside of the home. She did not find any
photographs with a "Date modified" of December 6, 2005 that had not already been
provided to Zellmer.
On March 21, 2005, the KCPAO sent Zellmer a letter indicating that it had
identified 24 records responsive to his request for photographs of the inside of the home
taken on December 7, 2005, and that it found nothing responsive to his request for
additional photographs taken on December 6, 2005. Zellmer paid the fee, and the
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No. 76825-5-1/5
KCPAO provided the 24 photographs, along with a close out letter stating that the
search was complete.
On May 17, 2016, Zellmer filed a lawsuit alleging that the KCPAO violated the
PRA by failing to produce all requested records for the 2015 and 2016 requests. In an
effort to ascertain that nothing had been missed, Moore repeated the search. She
identified a total of 294 digital photographs that "could be of the inside of the home and
that could have been taken on 12/6/05 or 12/7/05." CP at 80. These included the 35
photographs with a "Date modified" of December 6, 2005 provided in response to the
2015 request and the 24 photographs with a "Date modified" of December 7, 2005
provided in response to the 2016 request. The remaining 235 photographs showed a
"date modified" of December 9, 2005 or April 20, 2007.
The KCPAO decided that it could not rule out the possibility that these 235
photographs had been taken on December 6 or 7, 2005. Accordingly, on June 30,
2016, the KCPAO sent a letter to Zellmer indicating that it had again reviewed the boxes
of documents related to his criminal prosecution and that "[a]s a result of that review we
have enclosed 294 photographs that appear to be the inside of your home. This
production includes the 59 photographs which were previously provided to you." CP at
83. The letter did not explain why the additional 235 photographs had been previously
excluded from production.
Moore subsequently examined the metadata for the additional 235 photographs.
She found that the metadata for all photographs with a date "modified" of December 9,
2005 also showed a date "Created" of December 9, 2005. CP at 277-78. And the
metadata for all photographs with a date "modified" of April 20, 2007 also showed a
date "Created" of April 20, 2007. CP at 280-81.
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No. 76825-5-1/6
On March 17, 2017, King County moved for summary judgment dismissal of
Zellmer's claims, arguing that the court could decide as a matter of law that it did not
violate the PRA in responding to Zellmer's requests. The motion was set for April 21. On
April 14, counsel for Zellmer filed a supplemental declaration with attachments, and
King County objected that it was untimely filed. The supplemental declaration included
excerpts from the deposition testimony of Johnson, Nitura, and Moore. On April 18, the
trial court informed the parties that it needed to reschedule the hearing due to a last-
minute conflict, and it moved the hearing to April 28. At the hearing, the trial court
granted King County's motion to strike counsel for Zellmer's supplemental declaration
as untimely. And on May 2, 2017, the trial court granted summary judgment to King
County. Zellmer appealed.
DISCUSSION
Motion to Strike
Zellmer argues that the trial court erred in striking his counsel's supplemental
declaration as untimely, because it was timely filed based on the actual hearing date.
We review the interpretation of court rules de novo. Seto v. American Elevator, Inc., 159
Wn.2d 767, 772, 154 P.3d 189 (2007)."CR 1 requires Washington courts to interpret
the court rules in a manner 'that advances the underlying purpose of the rules, which is
to reach a just determination in every action." Spokane County v. Specialty Auto and
Truck Painting, Inc., 153 Wn.2d 238, 245, 103 P.3d 792(2004)(quoting Burnet v.
Spokane Ambulance, 131 Wn.2d 484, 498, 933 P.2d 1036 (1997)). "In general, court
rules 'contain a preference for deciding cases on their merits rather than on procedural
technicalities." Buckner, Inc. v. Berkey kr. Supply, 89 Wn. App. 906, 914, 951 P.2d 338
(1998)(quoting Vaughn v. Chung, 119 Wn.2d 273, 280, 830 P.2d 668 (1992)).
6
No. 76825-5-1/7
King County argues that the trial court properly struck the supplemental
declaration because it was untimely based on the original hearing date. We disagree.
CR 56(c) provides that the adverse party on summary judgment "may file and serve
opposing affidavits, memoranda of law or other documentation not later than 11
calendar days prior to the hearing."5 On its face, CR 56(c) unambiguously states
documentation must be filed "not later than 11 calendar days before the hearing." CR
56(c) does not specify that the deadline strictly applies to the date the hearing was
originally scheduled. Counsel for Zellmer filed the supplemental declaration on April 14,
2017, seven days prior to the scheduled hearing date of April 21. If the hearing had
taken place as originally scheduled, the supplemental declaration would have been
untimely. But the trial court on its own initiative rescheduled the hearing for April 28. As
a result, the supplemental declaration was filed 14 days prior to the actual hearing date.
King County had more than 11 days to review the information in the supplemental
declaration, as the rules require. It suffered no prejudice. Accordingly, we conclude that
the trial court erred in striking the supplemental declaration, and we include it as part of
the record on review.
Dismissal of Lawsuit
Zellmer argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment dismissal
because KCPAO violated the PRA by withholding 235 digital photographs until after this
lawsuit was filed. "We review de novo the superior court's grant of summary judgment,
using the same legal standard as that court." Bonamy v. City of Seattle, 92 Wn. App.
5 The King County Local Civil Rules adopt the filing standards of CR 56."The deadlines for
moving, opposing, and reply documents shall be as set forth in CR 56 and the Order Setting Case
Schedule." KCLCR 56(c)(2).
7
No. 76825-5-1/8
403, 407, 960 P.2d 447(1998). Summary judgment is appropriate where there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. CR 56(c).
The PRA "is a strongly-worded mandate for broad disclosure of public records."
Hearst Corp. v. Hoppe, 90 Wn.2d 123, 127, 580 P.2d 246 (1978)."The Act's disclosure
provisions must be liberally construed, and its exemptions narrowly construed."
Progressive Animal Welfare Soc. v. University of Washington, 125 Wn.2d 243, 251, 884
P.2d 592(1994)(citing RCW 42.17.010(11); .251; .920). When a public records lawsuit
is dismissed on summary judgment, "the agency bears the burden, beyond material
doubt, of showing its search was adequate." Neighborhood Alliance of Spokane County
v. Spokane County, 172 Wn.2d 702, 721, 261 P.3d 119(2011)(citing Valencia-Lucena
v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325(D.C. Cir. 1999).6 "The adequacy of a [records]
search is judged by a standard of reasonableness, that is, the search must be
reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents." Neighborhood Alliance, 172
Wash.2d at 719-20 (citing Weisberg v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1353-51
(D.C. Cir. 1983))."To determine whether a search is reasonable, we focus not on
whether a document exists that is responsive to the request, but on the nature of the
search process." Rufin v. City of Seattle, 199 Wn. App. 348, 357, 398 P.3d 1237(2017)
review denied, 189 wn.2d 1034, 407 P.3d 1154 (2018).
King County asserts that the KCPAO properly provided Zellmer with all records
that could be identified as responsive to his requests for photographs of the inside of the
home that were taken on December 6 and 7, 2005. Zellmer concedes that the KCPAO
of the federal Freedom of information Act(FOIA)are useful in construing the
6 Interpretations
language of Washington's PRA. Hearst, 90 Wn.2d at 128.
8
No. 76825-5-1/9
reasonably searched all locations where responsive records might be found. However,
he contends that the KCPAO's search process was unreasonable because it relied on
the "Date modified" data field to determine which digital photographs of the inside of the
home were responsive to his request, despite knowing that the "Date modified" might
not accurately reflect the date the photograph was actually taken.
The PRA requires agencies to produce "identifiable public records." RCW
42.56.080(2). A person seeking documents under the PRA must identify the documents
with sufficient clarity to allow the agency to locate them. Wood v. Lowe, 102 Wn. App.
872, 878, 10 P.3d 494(2000). "[This requirement of identification is satisfied when
there is 'a reasonable description enabling the government employee to locate the
requested records." Bonamv, 92 Wn. App. at 410(quoting Bristol-Myers Co. v. F.T.C.,
424 F.2d 935, 938(C.A.D.C. 1970)).
Here, Zellmer made clear and unambiguous requests for photographs of the
inside of the home taken on December 6 and 7, 2005, thereby satisfying the
identification requirement. The KCPAO properly interpreted Zellmer's request for
photographs of the inside of the house to be limited to photographs taken on the
specific dates he requested. The agency correctly began its search by gathering all
photographs of the inside of the home. However, KCPAO relied solely on the "Date
modified" data field to determine which digital photographs of the inside of the home
were responsive to Zellmer's requests. If the "Date modified" was December 6 or 7,
2005, KCPAO provided the photographs. If the "Date modified" was any other date, it
did not provide the photographs.
Accordingly, the question is whether the KCPAO acted reasonably in eliminating
from its production all photographs of the inside of the house that did not show a "date
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No. 76825-5-1/10
modified" of December 6 and 7, 2005. King County contends that this approach was
entirely reasonable because a photograph's date is a clear, useful tool to guide the
search for date-limited requests such as Zellmer's. But here, it is apparent that the
KCPAO simply assumed that the "Date modified" was the date the photographs were
actually taken, even though there is evidence they should have known that this
assumption was unwarranted. At deposition, Johnson acknowledged that the date that
appears in the "date modified" data field "depends upon whether or not you modified it."
CP at 202. She admitted she did not know when the photographs were taken off the
camera and put onto the disks. She further admitted that if a photograph was taken on
one date but electronically stored under a different date label,"[Me would not know that
was responsive." CP at 249. Despite this, KCPAO assumed the "Date modified"
accurately reflected the date the photographs were taken.
King County also contends that the KCPAO properly provided all photographs
that it was able to identify as taken on the two requested dates. But Johnson explained
that the KCPAO decided to provide Zellmer with an additional 235 photographs of the
inside of the home "[Necause we could not eliminate them as possibly being taken" on
the requested dates. CP at 250. Similarly, Moore testified that the additional
photographs "could not be ruled out as being non-responsive" and that the KCPAO
decided to provide them out of "an abundance of caution." CP at 272. This appears to
be a tacit admission that the KCPAO realized that it could not be certain whether the
"Date modified" accurately reflected the date the photographs were taken.
After the KCPAO provided the additional 235 photographs to Zellmer in response
to his lawsuit, it took the additional step of checking the metadata which showed the
date created was the same as the date modified for all of the photographs. But this
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No. 76825-5-1/11
belated discovery does not make KCPAO's original decision to rely solely on "date
modified" reasonable. In Neighborhood Alliance, a public disclosure request was made
for documents related to questionable hiring practices by county officials. 172 Wn.2d at
710-11. The request specifically asked for "the information in the 'date created' data
field for the document as it exists on the specific Microsoft Publisher electronic
document file created for the referenced seating chart. The requested information
should also include, but not be limited to, the computer operating system(s) data record
indicating the date of creation and dates of modification for the referenced seating chart
document." Id. at 710. In response, the County produced a log showing the requested
data fields. However, the "date created" field was later than the "date modified" field for
each of the documents, and the agency offered no explanation. Id. at 711. It was
discovered that the computer that generated the document had been replaced, and
when the files were copied from the old hard drive to the new hard drive, the date of
copying became the date of creation. Id. at 711. Thus, it is apparent that "date created"
and "date modified" are an inherently unreliable way to ascertain the actual date that a
document was created. Indeed, Moore acknowledged that the metadata for the 235
photographs in the post-lawsuit production indicates the date the photographs were
"created" but "does not state the date that the photographs were taken." CP at 275.
In sum, KCPAO knew or should have known that the methodology it used to
parse responsive from non-responsive records was inherently unreliable. The KCPAO
did not communicate with Zellmer to explain that it was unable to conclusively
determine the dates on which the photographs were actually taken and ask how he
wished to proceed. Zellmer therefore had no way of knowing that KCPAO had excluded
many photographs of the inside of the home on an unreliable basis. This was not
11
No. 76825-5-1/12
reasonable. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing Zellmer's
lawsuit on summary judgment.
"A PRA claimant 'prevails' against an agency if the agency wrongfully withheld
the documents." Gronquist v. Washington State Dep't of Licensing, 175 Wn. App. 729,
756, 309 P.3d 538 (2013). Here, given our conclusion that the KCPAO acted
unreasonably, we conclude that Zellmer is the prevailing party and address the question
of penalties.7
"The PRA requires imposition of per diem penalties up to $100 per day whenever
a violation is found." Sargent v. City of Seattle, 179 Wn.2d 376, 397, 314 P.3d 1093
(2013)(citing RCW 42.56.550(4)). However, an inmate may be awarded penalties
under the PRA only if "the court finds that the agency acted in bad faith in denying the
person the opportunity to inspect or copy a public record." RCW 42.56.565(1). "[T]he
legislature plainly intended to afford prisoners an effective records search, while
insulating agencies from penalties as long as they did not act in bad faith." Francis v.
Washington State Dept. Of Corrections, 183 Wn. App. 42, 60, 313 P.3d 457(2013).
"In the PRA context, bad faith incorporates a higher level of culpability than
simple or casual negligence." Faulkner v. Washington Dept. of Corrections, 183 Wn.
App. 93, 103, 332 P.3d 1136 (2014).
[T]o establish bad faith, an inmate must demonstrate a wanton or willful
act or omission by the agency.'Wanton' is defined as lu]nreasonably or
maliciously risking harm while being utterly indifferent to the
consequences.' Black's Law Dictionary 1719-720 (9th ed. 2009). Further,
lw]anton differs from reckless both as to the actual state of mind and as
7 RCW 42.56.550(4) provides that "[a]ny person who prevails against an agency in any action in
the courts seeking the right to inspect or copy any public record ... shall be awarded all costs, including
reasonable attorney fees, incurred in connection with such legal action . . . ." However, Zellmer did not
request an award of attorney fees or costs below. Nor did he request fees and costs on appeal.
Accordingly, we do not award them.
12
No. 76825-5-1/13
to the degree of culpability. . . . One who is acting wantonly may be
creating no greater risk of harm, but he is not trying to avoid it and is
indifferent to whether harm results or not. Id. at 1720 (quoting Rollin M.
Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 879-80(3d ed. 1982)).
Id. at 103-04.
Zellmer argues that KCPAO acted in bad faith by inexplicably withholding 235
responsive records until he filed suit. We disagree. The KCPAO conducted a thorough
search for photographs of the inside of the home, and provided all of the photographs
which were labeled with a date of December 6 or 7, 2005. None of the additional 235
photographs had a date "created" or "modified" that matched the dates that Zellmer
requested. Moreover, in April 2015, KCPAO sent the 235 photographs at issue to
Zellmer's former attorney Nancy Collins in response to one of Zellmer's earlier public
records requests. Although the agency should have recognized that "Date modified"
was not a reliable way of determining the date the photographs were taken, the
evidence does not support a finding that the KCPAO acted unreasonably or maliciously
while being utterly indifferent to the consequences.
Affirmed
WE CONCUR: Si tiel/V\.G.""
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13