[Cite as Bakhtiar v. Saghafi, 2018-Ohio-3796.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 106587
FOUROUGH BAKHTIAR
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
MEHDI SAGHAFI
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Domestic Relations Division
Case No. DR-13-346931
BEFORE: Blackmon, J., McCormack, P.J., and Stewart, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 20, 2018
[Cite as Bakhtiar v. Saghafi, 2018-Ohio-3796.]
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS
For Mehdi Saghafi
Charles V. Longo
Charles V. Longo Company, L.P.A.
25550 Chagrin Boulevard, Suite 320
Cleveland, Ohio 44122
Bradley Hull
3681 South Green Road, Suite 208
Beachwood, Ohio 44122
David G. Weilbacher
12711 Gordon Street
North Royalton, Ohio 44133
For Dariush Saghafi
Dariush Saghafi, pro se
2741 Belgrave Road
Pepper Pike, Ohio 44124
For Jamesheed Saghafi
Jamesheed Saghafi, pro se
6314 Gale Drive
Seven Hills, Ohio 44131
For Kourosh Saghafi
Kourosh Saghafi, pro se
5620 Kenneth Avenue
Parma, Ohio 44129
-ii-
For Franklin Templeton Investments
William J. Stavole
Tucker Ellis, L.L.P.
950 Main Avenue, Suite 1100
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
For Key Bank
William Patrick Cloonan
4910 Tiedman, Third Floor
Brooklyn, Ohio 44144
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
For Fourough Bakhtiar
Joyce E. Barrett
James P. Reddy, Jr.
Law Offices of Joyce E. Barrett
55 Public Square, Suite 1260
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
For Zachary Simonoff
Zachary B. Simonoff
124 Middle Avenue, Unit 500
Elyria, Ohio 44052
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Mehdi Saghafi (“husband”), appeals from the order of
the domestic relations court that denied his motion to vacate and declare void all
judgments issued in the divorce action filed by plaintiff-appellee, Fourough Bakhtiar
(“wife”), including the final divorce decree issued in 2015. The husband assigns two
errors for our review that challenge the trial court’s determination that it had personal
jurisdiction over the wife, and that the husband’s motion to vacate is barred by res
judicata.
{¶2} Having reviewed the record and pertinent law, we affirm. The apposite
facts follow.
{¶3} The parties were married in 1959 in Iran. On May 3, 2013, the husband
and the couples’ son filed applications in the Lorain County Court of Common Pleas,
Probate Division, to be appointed guardian of the wife. Several days later, the wife
filed a complaint for divorce in the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic
Relations Division. State ex rel. Saghafi v. Celebrezze, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102746,
2015-Ohio-1159, ¶ 2. In July 2013, the husband moved to stay the divorce action
pending the outcome of the probate action, asking the court to dismiss or “stay the
proceedings until such time as an appropriate guardian has been appointed, and said
guardian can intervene on [the wife’s] behalf.” On October 31, 2013, while the motion
to stay was pending, the parties agreed in the probate court that the wife is in need of a
guardianship. On November 25, 2013, the couple’s daughter was appointed interim
guardian of the wife’s person and Steven Sartchev was appointed interim guardian of her
estate, but the probate court further directed that the parties not proceed with the divorce
until it issued final orders. In January 2014, the wife retained her present counsel, and
the following month, on February 11, 2014, or prior to the domestic relations court’s
ruling on the husband’s motion to stay divorce proceedings, the wife moved to substitute
the interim guardians as plaintiffs in the divorce. On February 26, 2014, the domestic
relations court granted this motion and denied the husband’s motion to dismiss or stay the
divorce proceedings. By October 2014, Zachary Simonoff was appointed guardian of the
wife’s estate; two months later, in December 2014, he was also substituted as a
party-plaintiff in the divorce.
{¶4} In December 2014, the guardians filed a motion in probate court seeking
permission to proceed with the divorce case. In re Guardianship of Bakhtiar, 9th Dist.
Lorain No. 15CA010721, 2016-Ohio-8199, at ¶ 2. In December 2014, the probate court
issued a judgment authorizing the wife’s guardian “to proceed in the Cuyahoga County
Domestic Relations case through to final divorce.” Id. at ¶ 2-7; State ex rel. Saghafi v.
Celebrezze, 2015-Ohio-1159, ¶ 3. In relevant part, the probate court stated:
1. That the ward, [the wife] has expressed her desire to be divorced from
her husband * * * on numerous occasions.
2. That the GAL’s report confirms that [the wife] wants to be divorced and
that she “knows” what she wants.
3. That [the wife] previously filed for divorce.
4. While [the wife] needs a Guardian to oversee her needs, she has the
ability to express that she wants a divorce and why.
{¶5} The husband appealed the probate court ruling, but his appeal was ultimately
dismissed as moot. In re Guardianship of Bakhtiar, 2016-Ohio-8199. A dissenting
judge stated that he would affirm the case on the merits, and stated:
In the present case, the probate court exercised its discretion as superior
guardian of [the wife] when it authorized the guardian to proceed with the
final divorce hearing. In its December 3, 2014 judgment entry, the probate
court stated that after reviewing the Guardian Ad Litem report and the
briefs in opposition and support, it found the report confirmed that [the
wife] “wants to be divorced and that she ‘knows’ what she wants.”
Additionally, the probate court found that “[w]hile [the wife] needs a
Guardian to oversee her needs she has the ability to express that she wants a
divorce and why.” Upon review of the Guardian Ad Litem report, it states
that “[the wife] is an extremely articulate and intelligent woman who is able
to express herself well.” The probate court considered the Guardian Ad
Litem’s findings in making its decision and reviewed the briefs in
opposition and support; therefore, I do not hold that the probate court
abused its discretion in finding the ward is capable of expressing her
feelings regarding divorce and authorizing the guardian to proceed through
final decree.
Id. at ¶ 29.
{¶6} The husband next sought a writ of prohibition to bar the domestic relations
court from proceeding, arguing that there was no “complaining party to the divorce action
willing and able to proceed.” State ex rel. Saghafi, 2015-Ohio-1159, at ¶ 4. In denying
the writ, this court determined that the domestic relations court had subject matter
jurisdiction, and that the challenge to the wife’s competency did not deprive the domestic
relations court of jurisdiction. Id. at ¶ 7. This court additionally framed the husband’s
challenge to the domestic relations court’s jurisdiction as a “lack of standing to prosecute
an action in divorce,” which, if proven would merely render a divorce voidable and not
void. Id. at ¶ 8.
{¶7} The husband again moved to dismiss the divorce proceedings on February
2, 2015, arguing that the wife is incompetent and is being subjected to undue influence
from her daughter. The domestic relations court denied this motion and the divorce
proceeded to trial in June 2015. The domestic relations court issued a final divorce
decree on October 28, 2015. As is relevant herein, the court noted that it had relied
upon:
a stipulation made by the parties in 2013 that [the wife] had “clearly and
cogently” stated to the probate court that she desired to be divorced and also
relied on testimony from her legal guardian to establish that [the wife]
desired a divorce.
Bakhtiar v. Saghafi, 2016-Ohio-8052, 75 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 1 (8th Dist.). The court also noted
that “jurisdiction and venue are proper.”
{¶8} On appeal, the husband raised eight assignments of error. As is relevant
herein, the husband argued that the trial court erred by: failing to determine whether the
wife was competent to speak on her own behalf regarding her desire to obtain a divorce;
“imposing a divorce upon [the wife] through the guardian” in the absence of testimony
from the wife; “relying upon the hearsay testimony [of the guardian] regarding the wife’s
intentions and desire for the divorce”; and relying upon the findings of the probate court.
This court rejected all eight assigned errors and affirmed the couple’s divorce decree.
This court noted that “[t]here is no indication in this case that [the wife] did not want a
divorce, even after being declared incompetent,” and the wife’s guardian had been
substituted as a party-plaintiff in the case. Id. at ¶ 12-13. Additionally, the “guardian’s
continued prosecution of the case appeared consistent with [the wife’s] own wishes: the
probate court found in 2015, that Bakhtiar ‘has consistently stated that she wishes to
proceed with the divorce.’” Id. at ¶ 13.
{¶9} On August 21, 2017, the husband’s present counsel filed a notice of
appearance in the action. On that same date, the husband’s new counsel initiated the
current proceedings by filing a motion in the domestic relations court to vacate and
declare void all judgments rendered by the domestic relations court. In relevant part, the
husband argued that the domestic relations court “did not possess personal jurisdiction”
over the wife due to her incompetence and her former counsel’s failure to timely advise
the court of the wife’s mental status. He argued that the wife’s attorney violated Civ.R.
25 by failing to file a suggestion of incompetence with the domestic relations court and a
motion to substitute the guardian within 90 days of learning of the wife’s incompetence,
i.e., October 14, 2013. In opposition, the wife’s attorney noted that the guardians were
substituted as party-plaintiffs within 90 days of their appointment in the probate court,
and were parties well in advance of the issuance of the final divorce decree. The
domestic relations court denied the husband’s motion on November 17, 2017, ruling that
this issue had been decided in three separate cases and was barred by res judicata.
Suggestion of Incompetence
{¶10} The husband asserts that in dealing with an incompetent party, the motion
for substitution must be filed within 90 days of counsel’s knowledge of incompetence,
and that failure to do so in this matter renders the divorce void.
{¶11} Civ.R. 25 provides:
(A) Death. (1) If a party dies and the claim is not thereby extinguished, the
court shall, upon motion, order substitution of the proper parties. * * *
Unless the motion for substitution is made not later than ninety days after
the death is suggested upon the record by service of a statement of the fact
of the death as provided herein for the service of the motion, the action shall
be dismissed as to the deceased party.
***
(B) Incompetency. If a party is adjudged incompetent, the court upon
motion served as provided in division (A) of this rule shall allow the action
to be continued by or against the party’s representative. (Emphasis added.)
{¶12} The husband asserts that in dealing with an incompetent party, the motion
for substitution must be filed within 90 days of counsel’s knowledge of incompetence.
However, Civ.R. 25(B) clearly states that the motion to substitute is to be filed after the
party is “adjudged incompetent.” See Boyd v. Edwards, 4 Ohio App.3d 142, 145, 446
N.E.2d 1151 (8th Dist.1982); Summit Gardens Assn. v. Lemongelli, 11th Dist. Portage
No. 2006-P-0050, 2007-Ohio-6720, ¶ 87-89; Carter v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., Ct.
of Cl. No. 2015-00039, 2015 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 205. Accord In re Hollins, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga Nos. 86412 and 86574, 2006-Ohio-1543, ¶ 10 (it is immaterial for the purposes
of subject matter jurisdiction whether the ward was treated as an incompetent when there
is no finding by the probate court that the ward is incompetent.).
{¶13} Further, Civ.R. 25(B) contemplates substitution of the guardian as the
plaintiff in the action, but there is no guardian until the appointment by the probate court.
See generally R.C. 2111.02 (outlining hearing requirements). Accordingly, there is no
basis for concluding that knowledge of claimed incompetency triggers a duty to substitute
a guardian in the action within 90 days. In any event, in this matter the wife’s counsel
did move to substitute the interim guardians in the domestic relations case on February
11, 2014, or well within the 90 days from their November 25, 2013 interim appointment.
When the permanent appointments were made in October 2014, Zachary Simonoff was
substituted in the case within two months. Moreover, Civ.R. 17(A) provides, in relevant
part, that “[n]o action shall be dismissed on the ground that it is not prosecuted in the
name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time has been allowed after objection
for ratification of commencement of the action by, or joinder or substitution of, the real
party in interest.” Then, substitution shall have the same effect as if the action had been
commenced in the name of the real party in interest. Civ.R. 17(A). Accordingly, there
is no basis for concluding that the matter proceeded to trial without a key party or that the
case should have been dismissed.
{¶14} Moreover, insofar as the husband argues that there was a defective lack of
standing at the time the domestic relations complaint was filed, the issue of lack of
standing is an issue that is cognizable on appeal, and therefore it cannot be used to
collaterally attack a judgment. See Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 141 Ohio St.3d 75,
2014-Ohio-4275, 21 N.E.3d 1040, paragraph two of the syllabus. Further, lack of
standing does not affect the court’s subject matter jurisdiction and cannot be raised to
collaterally attack a judgment. Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. Here, the claim of
lack of standing was previously raised in 2015. See State ex rel. Saghafi,
2015-Ohio-1159, ¶ 8. It does not afford a basis for collateral attack herein.
{¶15} In accordance with the foregoing, we conclude that this matter is not void
and subject to collateral attack for failure to timely move for substitution of parties.
Res Judicata -- Personal Jurisdiction
{¶16} The husband also argues that the wife could not obtain a divorce due to the
incompetency guardianship. He asserts that the domestic relations court did not obtain
personal jurisdiction over the wife, rendering all of the court’s proceedings void and
outside the bar of res judicata.
{¶17} Under the doctrine of res judicata, a valid, final judgment rendered upon the
merits bars all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or
occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action. Grava v. Parkman Twp.,
73 Ohio St.3d 379, 382, 653 N.E.2d 226 (1995); State ex rel. Ballard v. O’Donnell, 50
Ohio St.3d 182, 553 N.E.2d 650 (1990).
{¶18} The authority to vacate a void judgment is an inherent power possessed by
Ohio courts and is not derived from Civ.R. 60(B). Patton v. Diemer, 35 Ohio St.3d 68,
518 N.E.2d 941 (1988), paragraph four of the syllabus; State ex rel. Ballard v.
O’Donnell, paragraph one of the syllabus.
{¶19} In the event that a trial court does not obtain personal jurisdiction over a
party to an action, any resulting judgment is void. Illum. Co. v. Riverside Racquet Club,
Ltd., 165 Ohio App.3d 153, 2005-Ohio-5548, 845 N.E.2d 526, ¶ 12 (8th Dist.). If the
prior judgment was void, then it cannot be res judicata. Id.; DeFranco v. Shaker Square,
158 Ohio App.3d 105, 2004-Ohio-3864, 814 N.E.2d 93, ¶ 3 (8th Dist.). However, after
litigation of a personal jurisdiction question, the trial court’s determination that it has
personal jurisdiction is not subject to collateral attack. State ex rel. DeWine v. C & D
Disposal Techs., 2016-Ohio-476, 58 N.E.3d 614, ¶ 26 (7th Dist.), citing Sherrer v.
Sherrer, 334 U.S. 343, 68 S.Ct. 1087, 92 L.Ed. 1429 (1948). See also Emig v. Massau,
140 Ohio App.3d 119, 124, 746 N.E.2d 707 (10th Dist.2000); Prouse, Dash & Crouch,
L.L.P. v. DiMarco, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96728, 2012-Ohio-12, ¶ 15.
{¶20} In this matter, the issue of the domestic relations court’s personal
jurisdiction over the wife was extensively litigated throughout the proceedings. That is,
the husband raised this issue in July 2013 and February 2015. The contention was
rejected twice by the trial court before it was raised in 2017, giving rise to the instant
proceedings. Moreover, in the 2016 appeal, the husband also raised the challenge of
personal jurisdiction by disputing the guardian’s right to participate in the domestic
relations case, a position which is inconsistent with the one he takes herein.
Accordingly, the issue of personal jurisdiction is barred by res judicata and does not
afford a basis for disturbing the final divorce decree entered in 2015.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
{¶21} The bar of res judicata does not apply where the prior action was void for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See State v. Wilson, 73 Ohio St.3d 40, 46, 652
N.E.2d 196 (1995), fn. 6. However, where the question of subject matter jurisdiction
has been fully litigated, res judicata applies to the final determination and it is not subject
to collateral attack. Lewis v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95110, 2011-Ohio-347,
¶ 18.
[Cite as Bakhtiar v. Saghafi, 2018-Ohio-3796.]
{¶22} In this matter, this court has previously determined that the domestic
relations court possessed subject matter jurisdiction over the couple’s divorce. State ex
rel. Saghafi, 2015-Ohio-1159, ¶ 7. Having been fully litigated, the question of the
domestic relations court’s subject matter jurisdiction is res judicata and cannot be
challenged in a collateral attack. Lewis. Further, the claim that the domestic relations
court lacked personal jurisdiction over the wife has been repeatedly litigated and rejected.
Accordingly, the claims raised herein that challenge jurisdiction are barred by res
judicata and do not afford a basis for disturbing the final divorce decree entered in 2015.
{¶23} The assigned errors are without merit.
{¶24} The order of the trial court is affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into
execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, JUDGE
TIM McCORMACK, P.J., and
MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCUR