T.C. Summary Opinion 2001-96
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
DAVID AND IRA KAYE KESSEL, Petitioners v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 16482-98S. Filed June 26, 2001.
David Kessel and Ira Kaye Kessel, pro sese.
Rodney J. Bartlett, for respondent.
PAJAK, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to
the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in
effect at the time the petition was filed. The decision to be
entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion
should not be cited as authority. Unless otherwise indicated,
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subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in
effect for the year in issue.
Respondent determined that petitioners were liable for the
following additions to tax for taxable year 1982: $523 under
section 6653(a)(1); 50 percent of the interest due on an
underpayment of $10,460 under section 6653(a)(2); and $2,615
under section 6661. The issues for decision are: (1) Whether
petitioners are liable for additions to tax for negligence under
section 6653(a); and (2) whether petitioners are liable for the
addition to tax for a substantial understatement under section
6661. The issues in this case concern the participation of
petitioners as limited partners in the Utah Jojoba I Research
limited partnership (Utah I).
Some of the facts in this case have been stipulated and are
so found. Petitioners resided in Arvada, Colorado, at the time
they filed their petition.
In 1982, David Kessel (petitioner) was a pediatrician, and
Ira Kaye Kessel (Mrs. Kessel) was a registered nurse. In 1979 or
1980, petitioner was referred by another physician to Elroy Jones
(Mr. Jones) for his financial planning needs. Petitioners
believed that Mr. Jones was an independent certified financial
planner. During the times they made their investments,
petitioners did not know that Mr. Jones worked for Coordinated
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Financial Services (CFS). CFS was involved with Utah I as well
as some other endeavors. Petitioner assumed Mr. Jones received a
commission on every transaction he did for petitioner.
Petitioner did not know whether Mr. Jones had a college education
or a background in agriculture or research and development
endeavors.
For 2 or 3 years prior to petitioners' investment in Utah I,
Mr. Jones acted as financial manager and adviser on investments
for petitioner's medical practice pension plan. Mr. Jones
advised petitioner to invest in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds,
as well as in CFS investments. One of the CFS investments was in
a real estate investment trust. Mr. Jones also prepared an
estate plan for petitioners and showed them how their investments
would grow. Petitioners received a rate of return between 10 and
20 percent on their investments during the first 2 or 3 years
while using Mr. Jones as their financial adviser. Petitioner
considered Mr. Jones a trusted adviser who gave sound advice.
Mr. Jones approached petitioner in early November 1982 about
the investment in Utah I. Petitioner was aware that there was a
substantial tax advantage from the Utah I investment in the first
year. Petitioner did not read the materials provided by the
partnership very carefully. He read an article about jojoba that
explained that there were many potential uses for it, that the
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price of the beans was continuing to increase, and that it was an
excellent long-term investment. Petitioner believed that income
would come from the production of the jojoba beans and from
research and development royalties.
Petitioner talked to his certified public accountant Fred
Schutz (Mr. Schutz) about the Utah I investment. Petitioner did
not know whether he provided Mr. Schutz with a copy of the
private placement memorandum. Mr. Schutz reviewed the investment
and concluded there was nothing wrong with it from a tax
standpoint. Mr. Schutz prepared petitioners' 1982 tax return.
Petitioners decided to invest in Utah I. In 1982, they paid
$10,000 and gave a promissory note to the partnership. Based on
their $10,000 “investment”, petitioners deducted a $20,919 loss
on their Federal tax return in the same year.
Over time, petitioners completely paid off their promissory
note to Utah I. In 1989, when petitioners knew CFS was in
bankruptcy, CFS sent out a letter asking for the partners to pay
their last payments. Petitioners paid Utah I a total of $23,000.
Petitioners lost over $100,000 when Utah I and their other CFS
investments went under.
On their joint 1982 Federal income tax return, petitioners
reported wages from petitioner's medical practice of $129,260 and
wages from Mrs. Kessel's job of $30,045. They also deducted
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losses of $20,919 from Utah I. Utah I was eventually audited,
and the matter was resolved in Utah Jojoba I Research v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-6, which found that the activities
of the partnership did not constitute a trade or business and
that the agreements between the partnership and U.S. Agri
Research & Development Corp. had been designed and entered into
solely to provide a mechanism to disguise the capital
contributions of limited partners as currently deductible
expenditures.
As noted, in the notice of deficiency issued on July 17,
1998, respondent determined that petitioners are liable for
additions to tax for negligence pursuant to section 6653(a)(1)
and (2) and for a substantial understatement addition to tax
pursuant to section 6661.
Section 6653(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax in an amount
equal to 5 percent of an underpayment of tax if any part of the
underpayment is due to negligence or intentional disregard of
rules or regulations. Section 6653(a)(2) imposes an addition to
tax in an amount equal to 50 percent of the interest due on the
portion of the underpayment attributable to negligence or
intentional disregard of rules or regulations.
Respondent maintains that petitioners' underpayment was due
to negligence. Negligence is defined as the failure to exercise
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the due care that a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person
would exercise under like circumstances. Neely v. Commissioner,
85 T.C. 934, 947 (1985). The focus of our inquiry is on the
reasonableness of the taxpayer's actions in light of his
experience and the nature of the investment. Henry Schwartz
Corp. v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 728, 740 (1973); Fawson v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-195. Whether a taxpayer is
negligent in claiming a tax deduction "depends upon both the
legitimacy of the underlying investment, and due care in the
claiming of the deduction." Sacks v. Commissioner, 82 F.3d 918,
920 (9th Cir. 1996), affg. T.C. Memo. 1994-217.
Under some circumstances, a taxpayer may avoid liability for
negligence penalties if the taxpayer reasonably relied on
competent professional advice. Freytag v. Commissioner, 89 T.C.
849, 888 (1987), affd. 904 F.2d 1011 (5th Cir. 1990), affd. on
other issue 501 U.S. 868 (1991). However, such reliance is "not
an absolute defense to negligence, but rather a factor to be
considered." Id. To be able to rely on professional advice as
an excuse from the negligence additions to tax, the taxpayer must
show that the professional adviser had the expertise and
knowledge of the pertinent facts to provide informed advice on
the subject matter. Id.
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Petitioners were well aware of the substantial tax savings
the investment would provide. Petitioners argued that giving
Utah I $23,000 for a $10,000 tax savings would not be a logical
tax dodge. But at the time they invested, petitioners expected
to receive both the tax benefits and the royalties and profits
from the investment. They did not expect to lose the money
invested.
In making the decision to invest in Utah I, petitioners
relied on a cursory reading of the offering and an article.
Petitioners did not have any expertise in or knowledge of jojoba
farming, and they did not seek the advice of an expert in this
area. The offering clearly stated that the investment was risky.
Petitioners did not have an experienced attorney review the
offering as the offering itself suggested. In contrast to their
approach to this investment, petitioner relied upon attorneys for
legal advice in the formation of a personal service corporation,
in the establishment of the corporation’s pension plans, in the
preparation of contracts with doctors, and in the preparation of
wills and estate plans. A close reading of the offering by an
experienced attorney would have alerted petitioners that the
"partnership was merely a passive investor seeking royalty
returns pursuant to the licensing agreement." Fawson v.
Commissioner, supra. Petitioner's minimal reading about jojoba
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could not have provided him with the expertise necessary for
determining whether the partnership was viable and had the
potential to be profitable.
Petitioners also relied on Mr. Jones' and Mr. Schutz'
advice. Unfortunately, petitioners never asked whether Mr. Jones
had any expertise in agriculture or research and development, nor
even if he had a college education. Mr. Schutz had no expertise
in agriculture or research and development issues. We have no
evidence of the extent to which Mr. Schutz examined the offering.
Petitioners did not establish that Mr. Jones or Mr. Schutz had
the expertise and knowledge of the pertinent facts to provide
informed advice on the investment in Utah I.
Petitioners claim that they were unsophisticated investors
like the taxpayers in Dyckman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-
79. They claim this is demonstrated by the fact that they lost
around $100,000 on their various investments. The facts of
Dyckman are different from the facts of this case. In Dyckman,
the taxpayers relied on their long-time friend who was a C.P.A.;
they were not aware that the investment in the partnership was
designed to produce tax benefits; and they had virtually no
experience in financial or investment matters. Id. Petitioners
relied on Mr. Jones, whose educational background they were
unaware of; they were aware that the investment would produce
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substantial tax benefits; and they had been investing for at
least two to three years with Mr. Jones. Unfortunately, they
relied on Mr. Jones, who had an inherent conflict of interest
because of his ties to CFS. Unlike the taxpayers in Dyckman v.
Commissioner, supra, petitioners were provided with a private
placement memorandum which warned that the offering involved a
high degree of risk.
We sympathize with petitioners and what they have been
through. However, based on the facts of this case, we find that
when petitioners claimed the substantial deduction on their
return, they had not exercised the due care of reasonable and
ordinarily prudent persons under similar circumstances.
Accordingly, we hold that petitioners are liable for the
negligence additions to tax imposed under section 6653(a)(1) and
(2).
Respondent determined that petitioners are liable for an
addition to tax under section 6661(a) for a substantial
understatement of tax for 1982. Section 6661(a), as amended by
the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-509,
sec. 8002, 100 Stat. 1951, provides for an addition to tax equal
to 25 percent of the amount of any underpayment attributable to a
substantial understatement. An understatement is substantial
when the understatement for the taxable year exceeds the greater
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of (1) 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return
or (2) $5,000. The understatement is reduced to the extent that
the taxpayer (1) has substantial authority for the tax treatment
of an item or (2) has adequately disclosed his or her position.
Sec. 6661(b)(2)(B)(i) and (ii).
However, if an understatement is attributable to a tax
shelter item, adequate disclosure will not reduce the amount of
the understatement, and, in addition to showing the existence of
substantial authority, the taxpayer must show that he reasonably
believed that the tax treatment claimed was more likely than not
proper. Sec. 6661(b)(2)(C)(i). Substantial authority exists
when "the weight of the authorities supporting the treatment is
substantial in relation to the weight of the authorities
supporting contrary positions." Sec. 1.6661-3(b)(1), Income Tax
Regs. Moreover, good faith reliance on the advice of an
accountant, without evidence of what authority the accountant
relied upon in determining the treatment of such items, is
insufficient to show substantial authority. Deplano v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-303; Buck v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1997-191.
In this case, petitioners did not provide this Court with
any evidence of the authority on which they or Mr. Schutz relied.
Petitioners did not adequately disclose their position, nor did
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they produce substantial authority for their position. The
underpayment upon which the addition to tax was imposed was
$10,460. The understatement is substantial because it exceeds
the greater of $5,000 or 10 percent of the amount required to be
shown on the return. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's
determination as to the addition to tax under section 6661(a).
To the extent that we have not addressed any of the parties'
arguments, we have considered them and conclude they are without
merit.
Reviewed and adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case
Division.
Decision will be entered
for respondent.