J. A19033/18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
M.L.G., : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
v. : No. 335 MDA 2018
:
L.M.G. :
Appeal from the Order Entered January 25, 2018.
in the Court of Common Pleas of Perry County
Civil Division at No. FC-2017-144
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., NICHOLS, J., AND FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.: FILED: JANUARY 4, 2019
M.L.G. (“Father”) appeals pro se from the trial court’s January 25, 2018
order confirming its prior custody order entered September 14, 2017.1 L.M.G
(“Mother”) has filed a motion to dismiss or quash Father’s appeal. For the
following reasons, we deny Mother’s motion and affirm the order of the trial
court.
The pertinent facts underlying this appeal, as gleaned from the certified
record, are as follows. J.A.G. (“Child”) was born out of wedlock to Mother and
Father in September 2013. The parties ceased co-habitation at some point
after Child’s birth, although the exact date of the parties’ separation is unclear
1The trial court’s January 25, 2018 order indicates that its prior custody order
was entered on September 12, 2017. However, September 12, 2017, is the
date of the order, and it was actually entered on September 14, 2017.
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from the record. Upon separation, Mother maintained primary physical
custody of Child. On June 12, 2017, Father filed a pro se complaint seeking
partial physical custody of Child. The trial court scheduled a pretrial
conference for July 11, 2017, which was ultimately held on July 27, 2017.
Thereafter, on August 3, 2017, the trial court issued an interim order noting
that the parties reached a temporary agreement pending participation in a
custody conciliation conference, and granted Mother and Father shared
physical custody of Child “as mutually agreed to by the parties.” (Trial court
order, 8/3/17 at ¶¶ A-B.)
Following a custody conciliation conference, the trial court issued a
custody order on September 14, 2017, awarding shared legal custody of Child
to Mother and Father, primary physical custody to Mother, and partial physical
custody every other weekend to Father. (Trial court order, 9/14/17 at
¶¶ A-B.) On September 28, 2017, the trial court entered an order directing
Father to submit to a criminal conviction evaluation pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 5329.2 Thereafter, on October 4, 2017, Mother filed a petition requesting
2 Section 5329 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
(a) Offenses.--Where a party seeks any form of
custody, the court shall consider whether that
party or member of that party’s household has
been convicted of or has pleaded guilty or no
contest to any of the offenses in this section or
an offense in another jurisdiction substantially
equivalent to any of the offenses in this section.
The court shall consider such conduct and
determine that the party does not pose a threat
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Father submit to a hair follicle drug test. On October 11 and 24, 2017, the
trial court entered orders directing Father to undergo hair follicle drug testing.
Thereafter, on November 7, 2017, the trial court again directed Father to
obtain hair follicle drug testing, at his expense, at Management Information
Services, by November 30, 2017.3
A custody hearing was ultimately held in this matter on January 5, 2018.
Following this hearing, the trial court entered an order on January 25, 2018,
confirming its September 14, 2017 custody order. In said order, the trial court
reiterated its concerns that Father has repeatedly disregarded its prior orders
directing him to submit to hair follicle drug testing as follows:
The Court continues to be concerned that Father has
continued to disregard this Court’s previous orders of
October and November directing that he submit to a
hair follicle test. Father is therefore DIRECTED and
ORDERED, once again, to submit to the hair follicle
test and to have the results forwarded to this Court
on or before February 15, 2018. In the event that the
of harm to the child before making any order of
custody to that party . . . .
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5329(a).
3 During the pendency of these custody proceedings, both parties filed
Protection From Abuse (“PFA”) petitions against each other. Following a
hearing on October 11, 2017, the transcript of which does not appear in the
certified record, the trial court found that Father did not meet his burden of
proof and dismissed his PFA petition. (See trial court order, 10/11/17.)
Mother, in turn, was granted a PFA against Father. Father subsequently filed
a motion for reconsideration of the PFA order, which was denied on
November 2, 2017. Father did not timely appeal this order. The time for
appealing the October 11, 2017 dismissal of his PFA petition has long since
passed, and any issues Father purports to raise with respect to this petition
or any other custody matters are not properly before this court.
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Court does not receive any report prior to that date it
shall STOP Father’s visitation with the minor child and
said visitation shall only be resumed upon a receipt
from the testing facility that Father has passed said
test.
Trial court order, 1/25/18 at ¶ 2.
On February 12, 2018, Father filed a timely notice of appeal but failed
to attach a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, in accordance
with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(2). On February 20, 2018,
the trial court issued an order indicating that it was “not . . . aware of what
issues [Father] is appealing,” but that its January 25, 2018 opinion properly
examined the custody factors supporting its decision, and it was declining to
file a supplemental opinion. (Trial court order, 2/20/18.) Thereafter, on
February 22, 2018, the trial court entered an order directing that Father’s
visitation with Child cease immediately following his repeated refusal to submit
to a hair follicle drug test. (Trial court order, 2/22/18.) Father ultimately filed
his concise statement on March 2, 2018. On April 20, 2018, Mother filed a
motion to dismiss or quash Father’s appeal.4
Preliminarily, we note that in children’s fast track cases, there is no
per se rule requiring that a defective notice of appeal be automatically
quashed or dismissed. In In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d 745 (Pa.Super. 2009), a
panel of this court recognized that the failure to file a Rule 1925(a)(2)(i)
4 By per curiam order entered July 12, 2018, Mother’s application to quash
or dismiss Father’s appeal was deferred to the merits panel for disposition.
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concise statement contemporaneously with the notice of appeal constitutes “a
defective notice of appeal,” and we dispose of such matters on a case-by-case
basis pursuant to Stout v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 421 A.2d 1047
(Pa. 1980). In re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d at 747. In Stout, our supreme court
held that “[t]he extreme action of dismissal should be imposed by an appellate
court sparingly, and clearly would be inappropriate when there has been
substantial compliance with the rules and when the party [moving for quashal
of the appeal] has suffered no prejudice.” Stout, 421 A.2d at 1049. Based
on the foregoing principles, we decline to dismiss Father’s appeal on this basis.
Alternatively, this appeal could be dismissed based on Father’s woefully
deficient pro se appellate brief. As noted, Mother has filed a motion to dismiss
or quash Father’s appeal, in part, on this basis. (See “Motion to Quash or
Dismiss Appeal,” 4/20/18 at ¶¶ 6-14.)
It is well settled that parties to an appeal are required to submit briefs
in conformity, in all material respects, with the requirements of the Rules of
Appellate Procedure, as nearly as the circumstances of the particular case will
admit. Pa.R.A.P. 2101. “Although this Court is willing to liberally construe
materials filed by a pro se litigant, pro se status confers no special benefit
upon the appellant.” In re Ullman, 995 A.2d 1207, 1211-1212 (Pa.Super.
2010) (citations omitted), appeal denied, 20 A.3d 489 (Pa. 2011). We will
not advocate or act as counsel for an appellant who has not substantially
complied with our rules. Bombar v. W. Am. Ins. Co., 932 A.2d 78, 93
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(Pa.Super. 2007) (citation omitted). “This Court may quash or dismiss an
appeal if the appellant fails to conform to the requirements set forth in the
Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure.” Ullman, 995 A.2d at 1211
(citation omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2101.
Here, Father’s brief falls well below the standards delineated in
Rule 2111(a). Specifically, we observe that Father’s brief contains no
statement of jurisdiction, no specification of the order or determination sought
to be reviewed, no statement of the scope or standard of review, no statement
of the case, and no summary of the argument. Pa.R.A.P. 2111(a)(1)-(3),
(5)-(6). Among other significant deficiencies, Father’s brief also fails to set
forth a specific statement of the questions involved. See id. at 2111(a)(4).
Father’s failure to include a statement of the questions involved is particularly
troubling as this requirement defines the specific issues this court is being
asked to review. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (stating, inter alia, that “the
statement will be deemed to include every subsidiary question fairly
comprised therein. No question will be considered unless it is stated in the
statement of questions involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”). Moreover,
Father’s brief does not include a single citation to the notes of testimony or
any relevant legal authority. See Giant Food Stores, LLC v. THF Silver
Spring Dev., L.P., 959 A.2d 438, 444 (Pa. Super. 2008) (stating, “[t]he Rules
of Appellate Procedure state unequivocally that each question an appellant
raises is to be supported by discussion and analysis of pertinent authority.
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Failure to do so constitutes waiver of the claim[]”) (citations omitted), appeal
denied, 972 A.2d 522 (Pa. 2009); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a) and (b).
Given the substantial defects in Father’s brief, we could dismiss his
appeal for failure to comply with our Rules of Appellate Procedure. However,
in light of the fact that this case proceeded to oral argument, we will briefly
address Father’s sole cognizable issue on appeal. Here, Father has appealed
that part of the trial court’s January 25, 2018 order confirming its prior custody
order entered September 14, 2017, that directed him to submit to a hair
follicle drug test, the failure of which would result in the cessation of Father’s
visitation with Child. As best we can discern from his defective brief, Father’s
only cognizable issue on appeal is that the trial court erred in terminating his
visitation with Child due to his repeated failure to submit to a hair follicle drug
test. (Father’s brief at 5.5) Father avers that the hair follicle drug test is
“intrusive,” and he has a constitutional right to refuse the test, presumably
under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. (Id.)
Our standard of review in custody matters is well settled.
In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the
broadest type and our standard is abuse of discretion.
We must accept findings of the trial court that are
supported by competent evidence of record, as our
role does not include making independent factual
determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of
credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer
to the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed
the witnesses first-hand. However, we are not bound
5 Father’s brief does not contain pagination. However, for the ease of our
discussion, we have assigned each page a corresponding number.
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by the trial court’s deductions or inferences from its
factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether the
trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by
the evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions
of the trial court only if they involve an error of law,
or are unreasonable in light of the sustainable findings
of the trial court.
G.A. v. D.L., 72 A.3d 264, 268-269 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
“When a trial court orders a form of custody, the best interest of the
child is paramount.” S.W.D. v. S.A.R., 96 A.3d 396, 400 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(citation omitted). To determine the child’s best interest, the trial court must
consider the 16 factors set forth at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 5328(a) when awarding
custody. Id.
Contrary to Father’s contention, this court has recognized that a trial
court possesses the broad authority, pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1915.8, to order a
party to undergo any mental and physical examinations it deems fit in actions
for custody or visitation, and such examinations do not violate the Fourth
Amendment. See Luminella v. Marcocci, 814 A.2d 711, 722 (Pa.Super.
2002) (holding that, a provision in child custody order requiring mother to
undergo random drug testing did not violate reasonableness requirement of
Fourth Amendment). Rule 1915.8, Physical and Mental Examination of
Persons, provides as follows: “[t]he court may order the child(ren) and/or
any party to submit to and fully participate in an evaluation by an appropriate
expert or experts.” Pa.R.C.P. 1915.8(a). “The authority provided to courts
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by [Rule] 1915.8 is a manifestation of Pennsylvania’s compelling interest in
the welfare of children.” Id. at 724.
Instantly, the trial court properly addressed each of the factors outlined
in Section 5328(a) in fashioning the September 14, 2017 custody order. See
J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa.Super. 2011) (stating, “[a]ll of the
factors listed in section 5328(a) are required to be considered by the trial court
when entering a custody order[]” (citation and emphasis omitted)). In
addressing factor 14, “The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
member of a party’s household[,]” the trial court explicitly found that:
Father does have a DUI and a Felony conviction for
Possession with Intent to Deliver, Conspiracy, and,
therefore, this Factor weighs in Mother’s fa[vor].
The Court would also note in the Memo that
Father has been ordered since October of 2017
to obtain a hair follicle drug test, which he has
failed and refused to do.
Trial court opinion, 1/25/18 at 3 (emphasis added).6
Upon review, we find that the record supports the trial court’s findings.
Father was ordered by the trial court no less than four times between
October 11, 2017 and January 25, 2018, to submit to a hair follicle drug test
to maintain his visitation with Child, but has repeatedly refused to comply with
the court’s myriad orders. As discussed, the trial court clearly possessed the
6 The trial court’s January 25, 2018 opinion not contain pagination. However,
for the ease of our discussion, we have assigned each page a corresponding
number.
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authority to do so under Rule 1915.8. Accordingly, we discern no abuse of
discretion on the part of the trial court in terminating Father’s visitation with
Child. We, therefore, affirm the trial court’s January 25, 2018 order
confirming its prior custody order entered September 14, 2017.
Order affirmed. Motion to quash denied.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 01/04/2019
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