S.B. v. S.S.

J-A26042-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

S.B. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
S.S. :
:
Appellant : No. 754 WDA 2018

Appeal from the Order April 19, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Family Court at
No(s): FD-15--008183-10

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., SHOGAN, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED JANUARY 29, 2019

S.S. (Mother) appeals from the order denying her exceptions to the trial

court’s finding of civil contempt of the court’s September 7, 2017 child support

order, and imposing sanctions in the form of counsel fees in favor of S.B.

(Father). After careful review, we affirm.

The record reflects that in December 2016, following a 23-day custody

trial,1 the trial court awarded Father sole physical and legal custody of the

____________________________________________

1 Twenty-three days is not a typo. The record is replete with Mother’s
penchant for litigation in both the trial and appellate courts, including, but not
limited to, issues concerning custody, child support and contempt. See, e.g.,
S.B. v. S.S., --- A.3d ----, 2018 PA Super 354 (Dec. 24, 2018) (rejecting
Mother’s claim that the trial court’s gag order was unconstitutional and
affirming the order prohibiting Mother and her attorneys from discussing the
facts of the case with members of the news media).
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parties’ child (Child).2 On January 11, 2017, Father filed a complaint for child

support against Mother. The support master held a complex support hearing

on June 1, 2017 and July 13, 2017. On September 7, 2017, the support

master issued a summary and recommendation directing Mother to pay

$3,273.70 per month plus $327 towards arrearages. Mother did not file

exceptions, nor did she file an appeal. Accordingly, the recommendation

became a final order of court.

Due to Mother’s failure to pay child support in accordance with the order,

the Allegheny County Domestic Relations Section (Domestic Relations) filed a

petition for contempt on November 21, 2017.3 See Petition for Contempt,

11/21/17, at ¶ 4. On January 22, 2018, Mother filed a “Defenses and

Objections to Petition for Contempt,” in which she argued that the petition for

contempt was invalid because it was not signed by an attorney of record or

party to the action. Instead, the signature line of the petition read

“ENFORCEMENT TEAM.” Father filed an answer and new matter on January

29, 2018, asserting that the petition was valid because the words

“ENFORCEMENT TEAM” refer “unambiguously to the enforcement department

of the Allegheny County Domestic Relations Section,” which is authorized to
____________________________________________

2Father and his first wife, who were married for almost 20 years, adopted
Child in 2007. Father’s first wife died in December 2008. Father and Mother
met in May 2012 and married four months later. Mother adopted Child in
2013. The parties separated in November 2013.

3 As of the filing of the petition for contempt, Mother was in arrears
$23,988.20.

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file a petition for contempt pursuant to Rule 1910.25 of the Pennsylvania Rules

of Civil Procedure. Answer and New Matter to Defenses and Objection to

Petition for Contempt, 1/29/18, at ¶ 2-3. Moreover, Father’s new matter

requested that Mother be required to pay her arrearages in a lump sum and

that counsel fees be awarded for the preparation and appearance on the

petition for contempt. Id. at ¶ 31-32.

A contempt hearing was held on January 29, 2018. On February 13,

2018, the hearing officer issued a summary and recommendation finding

Mother in civil contempt of the September 7, 2017 support order, and

awarding Father $3,000.00 in counsel fees. Mother filed exceptions to the

recommendation. On April 19, 2018, the trial court, following a hearing,

entered an order adopting the summary and recommendation of the hearing

officer. This timely appeal followed.

On appeal, Mother presents the following issues for our review:

1) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion in denying
[Mother’s] Exceptions to the Hearing Officer Recommendations
entered on February 13, 2018, despite the fact that the Petition
for Contempt upon which the Recommendations were based
was not in conformity with law, as it was brought by
“ENFORCEMENT TEAM,” an unknown, unidentified entity, and
not validly signed or verified per the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil
Procedure?

2) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion in failing
to dismiss the Hearing Officer’s improper award of counsel fees,
where there was no evidence presented and no hearing held
on whether counsel fees were appropriate, and where the
record did not support the stringent requirement that
[Mother’s] behavior was dilatory, obdurate, or vexatious?

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3) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion by failing
to dismiss the underlying “Order” for Child Support upon which
the Petition for Contempt was allegedly premised where the
September 7, 2017, purported order is void and invalid as it
was not properly signed and entered by the court, but instead
rubber-stamped by someone other than the judge in violation
of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure?

4) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion in denying
[Mother’s] Exceptions to the Hearing Officer Recommendations
entered on March 2, 2018, despite the fact that the September
7, 2018 [sic] purported order upon which the Petition for
Contempt is premised is void and invalid as it was not properly
signed and entered by the court, but instead rubber-stamped
by someone other than the judge in violation of the
Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure?

5) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion in denying
[Mother’s] motion to declare Pennsylvania Rules of Civil
Procedure 1910.12 and 1910.25 unconstitutional, where the
provisions allow the Domestic Relations Section to function as
prosecutor, fact finder, and adjudicator, and create the
appearance of and allow for potential bias by permitted [sic]
the impermissible commingling of prosecutorial and
adjudicatory functions within the Domestic Relations Section, a
fatal defect under the Pennsylvania Constitution?

6) Did the trial court legally err and abuse its discretion in ordering
the September 7, 2017, “order” for Child Support to remain in
effect where the purported order was not properly signed and
entered by the court, in violation of the Pennsylvania Rules of
Civil Procedure?

Mother’s Brief at 3-4 (trial court’s answers omitted).4

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4 We note that Mother has failed to comply with the briefing requirements of
our Rules of Appellate Procedure. Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
2101 states that appellate briefs “shall conform in all material respects with
the requirements of these rules,” and failure to do so may result in the brief
being quashed or dismissed. Pa.R.A.P. 2101. Issues are waived when they
are not addressed in conformance with the rules. Moses Taylor Hospital v.

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In her first issue, Mother asserts that the petition for contempt, signed

by the “Enforcement Team,” is not a valid pleading and should be dismissed.

Mother’s Brief at 9-16. Specifically, Mother contends that Pennsylvania Rule

of Civil Procedure 1023.1(b) outlines the requirements of a valid pleading,

including the requirement that a pleading be signed by an attorney of record

or a party to the action. Id. at 9; see also Pa.R.C.P. 1023.1(b) (“Every

pleading, written motion, and other paper directed to the court shall be signed

by at least one attorney of record . . . or . . . shall be signed by the party.”).

Mother suggests that because the petition for contempt was signed by the

“Enforcement Team,” an “unknown entity not identified in the petition as a

party or an attorney of record,” it must be dismissed for failure to conform

with the requirements of Pa.R.C.P. 1023.1(b). Mother’s Brief at 10.

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White, 799 A.2d 802, 804 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citing Korn v. Epstein and
DeSimone Reporting Group, 727 A.2d 1130, 1135 (Pa. Super. 1999)).

Here, Mother does not provide argument individually for each issue she sets
forth in her Statement of Questions Involved, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 2116.
Rule 2119 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure provides, in
relevant part:

The argument section shall be divided into as many parts as there
are questions to be argued; and shall have at the head of each
part – in distinctive type or in type distinctively displayed – the
particular point treated therein, followed by such discussion and
citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent.

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). Rather than presenting argument on the six questions
listed in the Statement of Questions Involved, Mother asserts four basic
claims. Nevertheless, because Mother’s organization of her arguments does
not hinder our review, we decline to quash or dismiss her appeal.

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Mother further alleges that the petition for contempt should be

dismissed because the words “Enforcement Team” were typed, rather than

signed, on the signature line of the petition. Mother’s Brief at 13. In support,

Mother cites Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1024(c), which provides,

inter alia, that a pleading verification “shall be made by one or more of the

parties filing the pleading.” Pa.R.C.P. 1024(c). Mother argues that the typed

words, “Enforcement Team” do not qualify as a signature, and thus, the

petition should be dismissed.

Mother’s claim is specious. Simply put, Pennsylvania Rule of Civil

Procedure 1910.25 states that upon a parties’ failure to comply with an order

of support, “a petition for contempt shall be filed by the domestic relations

section.” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.25 (emphasis added). Here, when Mother failed to

pay child support as ordered, the Domestic Relations’ enforcement team filed

a petition for contempt as mandated by Pa.R.C.P. 1910.25. Accordingly,

Mother’s claim that a petition for contempt is only valid when it is initiated by

an attorney or party to the proceeding is meritless. Moreover, despite

Mother’s allegation that the Enforcement Team is an “unknown entity not

identified in the petition as a party or an attorney of record,” Mother’s Brief at

10, later in her brief, Mother candidly admits that the petition for contempt

was brought by Domestic Relations. See Mother’s Brief at 13 (“since the

Allegheny County Domestic Relations Section brought the Petition for

Contempt. . .”). Therefore, Mother’s claim that the petition for contempt was

signed by an “unknown entity” is disingenuous at best.

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Likewise, Mother’s assertion that the petition for contempt should be

dismissed because the signature line contained the typed words “Enforcement

Team,” rather than a signature, is baseless. Pennsylvania Rule of Civil

Procedure 76 defines what constitutes a signature, in relevant part, as follows:

“when used in reference to documents produced by a court of the Unified

Judicial System, a handwritten signature, a copy of a handwritten signature,

a computer generated signature or a signature created, transmitted,

received, or stored by electronic means, by the signer or by someone with

the signer’s authorization unless otherwise provided in these rules[.]”

Pa.R.C.P. 76 (emphasis added). Further, our legislature has taken steps to

update our legal system by enacting Act 69 of 1999, the Electronic Transaction

Act, which provides for the use and legal recognition of electronic signatures

and records. Indeed, per the Electronic Transaction Act, “[i]f a law requires a

signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.” 73 P.S. § 2260.303(d).

Thus, Domestic Relations’ use of an electronic signature on the petition for

contempt was proper.

In her second issue, Mother asserts that the trial court erred when it

denied her exceptions to the hearing officer’s award of counsel fees at the

contempt hearing. On appeal from an order holding a party in contempt of

court, our scope of review is very narrow, and we place great reliance on the

court’s discretion. Gary v. Peters, 773 A.2d 183, 189 (Pa. Super. 2001).

“The court abuses its discretion if it misapplies the law or exercises its

discretion in a manner lacking reason.” Harcar v. Harcar, 982 A.2d 1230,

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1234 (Pa. Super. 2009). “Each court is the exclusive judge of contempts

against its process. The contempt power is essential to the preservation of

the court’s authority and prevents the administration of justice from falling

into disrepute.” Habjan v. Habjan, 73 A.3d 630, 637 (Pa. Super. 2013).

Absent an error of law or an abuse of discretion, we will not disrupt a finding

of civil contempt if the record supports the court’s findings. Mrozek v.

James, 780 A.2d 670, 673 (Pa. Super. 2001).

“In proceedings for civil contempt of court, the general rule is that the

burden of proof rests with the complaining party to demonstrate that the

defendant is in noncompliance with a court order.” MacDougall v.

MacDougall, 49 A.3d 890, 892 (Pa. Super. 2012). “[A] mere showing of

noncompliance with a court order, or even misconduct, is never sufficient

alone to prove civil contempt.” Habjan, 73 A.3d at 637. “To sustain a finding

of civil contempt, the complainant must prove, by a preponderance of the

evidence, that: (1) the contemnor had notice of the specific order or decree

which he is alleged to have disobeyed; (2) the act constituting the contemnor’s

violation was volitional; and (3) the contemnor acted with wrongful intent.”

Id.

Initially, we note that an award of counsel fees under 42 Pa.C.S.A. §

2503 is distinct from a finding of contempt that might include sanctions in the

form of counsel fees. Wood v. Geisenhemer-Shaulis, 827 A.2d 1204, 1207

(Pa. Super. 2003). Section 2503 provides as follows:

§ 2503. Right of participants to receive counsel fees

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The following participants shall be entitled to a reasonable counsel
fee as part of the taxable costs of the matter:

* * *

(7) Any participant who is awarded counsel fees as a
sanction against another participant for dilatory,
obdurate or vexatious conduct during the pendency of
a matter.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2503.

“[I]n considering a motion to award counsel fees under section 2503,

an evidentiary hearing is generally required.” Wood, 827 A.2d at 1207. In

this context, “any award of counsel fees pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2503(7)

must be supported by a trial court’s specific finding of dilatory, obdurate or

vexatious conduct.” Township of South Strabane v. Piecknick, 686 A.2d

1297, 1301 (Pa. 1996). The trial court does not have discretion to award

counsel fees to the prevailing party in any contempt case absent record

support for these specific findings. Id.

With respect to civil contempt, “[i]t is axiomatic that courts have always

possessed the inherent power to enforce their orders and decrees by imposing

sanctions for failure to comply with said orders.” Rouse Philadelphia Inc. v.

Ad Hoc '78, 417 A.2d 1248, 1257 (Pa. Super. 1979) (citations omitted).

The objective of a civil contempt proceeding is remedial and
judicial sanctions are employed to coerce the defendant into
compliance with the court’s order, and in some instances to
compensate the complainant for loss sustained. In civil contempt
cases, the complaining party has the burden of proving non-
compliance with the court order by a preponderance of the
evidence. To be punished for civil contempt, a party must have
violated a court order. The order that forms the basis for the

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contempt process in civil proceedings must be definitely and
strictly construed. Any ambiguity or omission in the order forming
the basis for the civil contempt proceeding must be construed in
favor of the defendant. Where the order is contradictory or the
specific terms of the order have not been violated, there is no
contempt.

C.R. by Dunn v. Travelers, 626 A.2d 588, 592 (Pa. Super. 1993) (citations

omitted).

After finding civil contempt, a court may impose sanctions.

Attorneys’ fees and other disbursements necessitated by the
contemnor’s noncompliance may be recovered by the aggrieved
party in a civil contempt case. Because an award of counsel fees
is intended to reimburse an innocent litigant for expenses made
necessary by the conduct of an opponent, it is coercive and
compensatory, and not punitive. Counsel fees are a proper
element of a civil contempt order. In reviewing a grant of
attorney’s fees, we will not disturb the decision below absent a
clear abuse of discretion.

Mrozek, 780 A.2d at 674 (citations omitted).

Mother argues that the hearing officer failed to conduct an evidentiary

hearing on the issue of counsel fees as required by 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 2503.

Moreover, Mother suggests that “the record does not support the stringent

requirement that [Mother’s] behavior was dilatory, obdurate, or vexatious.”

Mother’s Brief at 17. Rather, Mother contends that she “has raised legitimate

defenses and has exercised her right to respond to a Petition for Contempt,

for which she is guaranteed due process.” Id. Mother submits that counsel

fees should not be awarded as a punishment to those who seek to “develop

novel theories in the law.” Id.

In response to Mother’s complaints, the trial court reasoned:

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[In January] 2018 at a hearing on [Father’s] Petition for Contempt
and Special Relief, [Mother’s] Answer and New Matter, and
[Mother’s] Motion or Recusal, Mother stated that she made three
(3) payments of $1,500 each, which were returned. Mother made
out the checks in the name of the child, which is contrary to the
instructions provided to her which state that all checks should be
made payable to PA. SCDU. It should be noted, that none of these
checks was for the court-ordered amount of $3,273.70.
Accordingly, I found that Mother’s conduct to be both obdurate
and vexatious. Mother is a highly educated woman who can
certainly follow simple instructions as to whom the checks for child
support should be made payable.

At the [ ] hearing, Mother, through counsel stated that she had
not complied with the child support order, and contended that the
order is not a valid order, because [the trial court’s] signature is
stamped on the order. [The trial court] found this argument to be
absurd and wholly without merit. . . .

Trial Court Amended Opinion, 7/10/18, at 3 (numbered paragraphs omitted).

The record supports the court’s decision to award Father counsel fees

sustained as a result of Mother’s contempt of the court’s September 7, 2017

order. At the hearing on Father’s petition for contempt, Mother freely

admitted that she failed to comply with the trial court’s order for child support.

Mother either refused to make any payments whatsoever or wrote checks

made payable to the wrong person and in the wrong amount. Due to Mother’s

blatant noncompliance with the order for child support, Father incurred

counsel fees. The trial court, upon determining that Mother was in civil

contempt of court, properly awarded Father counsel fees in its attempt to

reimburse Father for Mother’s conduct. See Mrozek, 780 A.2d at 674. The

trial court clearly acted within its discretion in making this award.

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We next address Mother’s third and fourth issues. In her third issue,

Mother argues that the September 7, 2017 support order was “not properly

signed and entered by the court, as mandated by Rule 1910.12. The

purported order was, by Judge Clark’s own admission, only rubber-stamped

with a judge’s name by a hearing officer, or some other unknown non-judicial

entity, in violation of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure.” Mother’s

Brief at 21 (underlining in original). Mother contends that the rubber-stamped

signature “is not a judicial signature reflecting any kind of judicial

determination,” id., and that a “live signature” is necessary to assure that the

court has “reviewed or at least seen” the order, as required by the

Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. Id. at 23.

In her fourth issue, Mother challenges the constitutionality of Rules

1910.125 and 1910.256 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. Mother

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5 Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1910.12 provides, in relevant part, that
in actions for support “[t]he hearing officer shall receive evidence, hear
argument and, not later than 20 days after the close of the record, file with
the court a report containing a recommendation with respect to the entry of
an order of support.” Pa.R.C.P. 1910.12(d).

6 Rule 1910.25 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure states:

(a) Upon failure to comply with an order of support, a petition
for civil contempt

* * *

2) shall be filed by the domestic relations section

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contends that, in reading the two rules together, Domestic Relations acts as

both adjudicator and prosecutor – an entity who receives evidence, hears

argument, makes recommendations, and fashions interim orders – and then

is mandated to file a contempt petition when an order of support has allegedly

been violated. Mother argues that this dual role violates her right to due

process.

Mother’s contentions, which at their essence assail the validity of the

September 7, 2017 child support order, are beyond our jurisdictional

mandate. Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 903 requires that a party

file an appeal “within 30 days after the entry of the order from which the

appeal is taken.” Pa.R.A.P. 903(a). As the 30-day period is jurisdictional in

nature, it must be strictly construed. Sass v. AmTrust Bank, 74 A.3d 1054,

1063 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“Our Courts have reaffirmed on countless occasions

that timeliness is jurisdictional, as an untimely appeal divests this Court of

jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case.”).
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i. immediately upon the accrual of arrearages in
any amount for fifteen days where it is known
at the outset that income cannot be attached;
or

ii. immediately upon learning that an order for
income withholding pursuant to Rule 1910.21
has been ineffective, or within twenty days of
failure to comply with the order of support,
whichever is earlier.

Pa.R.C.P. 1910.25(a).

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Here, the child support order Mother challenges was entered on

September 7, 2017. Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1910.12(f), Mother had 20 days

from the entry of the order to file exceptions. Mother did not do so. Thus,

the order became final on September 27, 2017. Mother then had 30 days, or

until October 27, 2017, to file a notice of appeal. As Mother is challenging this

order now, more than a year after the order became final, her contentions are

untimely. We thus lack jurisdiction to address Mother’s third and fourth issues

in this appeal.

Accordingly, and consistent with the foregoing discussion, we affirm the

April 19, 2018 order finding Mother in civil contempt and imposing sanctions

in the form of counsel fees in favor of Father.

Order affirmed.7

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7 In conclusion, we are compelled to expressly acknowledge the actions of
Mother’s counsel, through countless filings, which, in an effort to circumvent
and undermine the court’s authority and invalidate its orders, have consumed
the time and resources of Father, his counsel, the judiciary and court
administration. We caution that Pennsylvania Rule of Professional Conduct
3.1 states that counsel “shall not bring or defend a proceeding, or assert or
controvert an issue therein, unless there is a basis in law and fact for doing
so that is not frivolous . . . .” Pa.R.P.C. 3.1.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/29/2019

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