IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
James Womack, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 14 C.D. 2018
: ARGUED: November 13, 2018
Workers' Compensation Appeal :
Board (Philadelphia Parking :
Authority), :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE ROBERT SIMPSON, Judge
HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK Judge1
HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
OPINION NOT REPORTED
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE CEISLER FILED: March 13, 2019
James Womack (Claimant) petitions this Court for review of the December
19, 2017 order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board), which
affirmed in part the decision of a workers’ compensation judge (WCJ) reinstating
Claimant’s total disability status. The issue on appeal is whether the Board erred in
calculating the date of Claimant’s reinstatement of total disability benefits as of June
20, 2017, the date of the Supreme Court’s decision in Protz v. Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Derry Area School District), 161 A.3d 827, 841 (Pa.
2017) (Protz II). After review, we vacate and remand for further proceedings.
1
This case was argued before a panel of the Court that included Senior Judge Dan
Pellegrini. Because Senior Judge Pellegrini’s service on this Court ended December 31, 2018, this
matter has been submitted on briefs to Judge Wojcik as a member of the panel.
Background
The underlying facts are not in dispute. Claimant suffered a work-related
injury on June 15, 2011. Certified Record (C.R.), Item No. 5, WCJ Decision,
Finding of Fact (F.F.) No. 1. His employer, the Philadelphia Parking Authority
(Employer), accepted the injury and issued a notice of compensation payable (NCP).
F.F. No. 2. On September 10, 2013, Claimant’s level of impairment was evaluated
pursuant to Section 306(a.2)(1) of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act),2 which
provided that a claimant who received total disability compensation for a period of
104 weeks must submit to a medical examination to determine the degree of
impairment due to the work-related injury. F.F. No. 4. Under Section 306(a.2)(2),
the evaluation was made pursuant to the most recent edition of the American Medical
Association (AMA) Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Impairment
Guides). 77 P.S. § 511.2(2). If the results of the examination indicated an
impairment rating of less than 50 percent, the claimant received partial disability
benefits pursuant to Section 306(b) of the Act.3 Id.
2
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, formerly 77 P.S. § 511.2, repealed by the Act
of October 24, 2018, P.L. 714 (Act 111). We note that Act 111 repealed Section 306(a.2) and
purported to fix the constitutional issue raised in Protz v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board
(Derry Area School District), 124 A.3d 406, 416 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (Protz I) and Protz II. The
impairment rating evaluation (IRE) provisions struck down as unconstitutional were reenacted and
provide that an IRE is to be performed pursuant to the American Medical Association Guides to
the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Sixth Edition. Additionally, Section 3(2) of Act 111
provides that, for purposes of determining the total number of weeks of partial disability
compensation to be paid under the Act, “an insurer shall be given credit for weeks of partial
disability compensation paid prior to the effective date of this act.” The applicability of Act 111
to the present matter is not an issue before this Court.
3
Section 306(b) provides in relevant part that partial disability compensation shall not be
paid for more than 500 weeks. 77 P.S. § 512(1).
2
The results of Claimant’s impairment rating evaluation (IRE) indicated he
was 14 percent disabled. F.F. No. 4. On November 20, 2013, Employer issued a
Notice of Change of Disability Status which referenced the September 10, 2013 IRE.
F.F. No. 5. Claimant did not challenge this change in status.
On September 18, 2015, this Court determined that the IRE provision of
Section 306(a.2) was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power where it
prospectively adopted future versions of the Impairment Guides, sight unseen. Protz
v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Derry Area School District), 124 A.3d
406, 416 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015) (Protz I). As a result, future IREs were to utilize the
Fourth Edition of the Impairment Guides, the version in effect at the time Section
306(a.2) was enacted. Id. at 417.
Subsequent to, and as a result of our decision in Protz I, on January 21, 2016,
Claimant filed a petition to review his disability benefits, challenging his September
10, 2013 IRE as unconstitutional and requesting reinstatement of his total disability
status. C.R., Item No. 2, Petition to Review. In a decision issued September 9, 2016,
the WCJ found that the September 10, 2013 IRE, performed using the Sixth Edition
of the Impairment Guides, was constitutionally invalid in light of Protz I. F.F. No.
7. The WCJ ordered reinstatement of Claimant’s total disability benefits, effective
September 10, 2013, the date of Claimant’s IRE. WCJ Decision at 5-6.
Employer appealed on October 13, 2016. While Employer’s appeal was still
pending before the Board, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held the entirety of
Section 306(a.2) unconstitutional in Protz II.
Applying the holding in Protz II, the Board affirmed the WCJ’s reinstatement
of Claimant’s total disability benefits in a 5-1 opinion. C.R., Item No. 8, Board Op.
at 8. The Board reasoned that Claimant was entitled to relief because he challenged
3
his partial disability status within the 500-week period provided by Section 306(b)
and Protz II voided the only available method for changing his status from partial to
total disability, i.e., securing a new IRE showing an impairment rating of at least 50
percent. Id. at 4. The Board modified the WCJ’s decision by reinstating Claimant’s
total disability status as of June 20, 2017, the date the Protz II decision was issued.
Id. at 8.
This appeal by Claimant followed.
Issues
On appeal,4 Claimant argues the Board erred when it reinstated Claimant’s
total disability status as of June 20, 2017, the date the Protz II decision was issued,
rather than September 10, 2013, the date of Claimant’s now-unconstitutional IRE.
Discussion
In arguing he is entitled to a reinstatement date of September 10, 2013,
Claimant relies on this Court’s decision in Thompson v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Exelon Corporation), 168 A.3d 408, 413 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017), in
which this Court reversed a modification of benefits based on an IRE deemed invalid
under Protz II. Claimant maintains that, given the unconstitutionality of the IRE,
his change in disability status should be treated as if it never occurred.
Employer argues the Board correctly determined Claimant is not entitled to a
reinstatement of disability benefits from the date of his IRE. Relying on this Court’s
decision in Whitfield v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Tenet Health System
Hahnemann LLC), 188 A.3d 599 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018), Employer asserts Claimant’s
4
Our review of an order of the Board is limited to a determination of whether the necessary
findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, whether Board procedures were violated,
whether constitutional rights were violated, or whether an error of law was committed. Walter v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Evangelical Cmty. Hosp.), 128 A.3d 367, 371 n.5 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2015).
4
total disability benefits should be reinstated no earlier than January 21, 2016, the
date Claimant filed his review petition. Additionally, Employer maintains that a
reinstatement of total disability is not automatic and Claimant must prove he
continues to be totally disabled before total disability benefits may be restored.
Resolution of the parties’ arguments requires an examination of the relevant
cases decided in the wake of Protz II. First, we turn to our decision in Thompson,
which Claimant argues mandates reinstatement of total disability benefits to the date
of his IRE. In Thompson, the claimant’s disability status was changed from total to
partial based on an IRE performed on October 13, 2005, pursuant to Section 306(a.2)
of the Act. Thompson, 168 A.3d at 410. The claimant did not challenge her initial
change in disability status. Litigation ensued in December 2010 regarding a
suspension of the claimant’s benefits and the effective date of the initial
modification. Id. On November 30, 2012, the WCJ issued an opinion in which she
concluded the 2005 IRE established the employer was entitled to modify the
claimant’s benefits, but the employer’s suspension petition was denied. Id. The
WCJ established an effective date of January 4, 2006 for modification of the
claimant’s disability status. Id. at 411. Following an appeal, the Board determined
that the claimant’s appeal was time-barred. Id. The claimant appealed to this Court,
which remanded for consideration of the merits of the claimant’s appeal. Id. The
Board issued a new decision on July 8, 2016, several months after Protz I declared
the IRE provisions of Section 306(a.2) unconstitutional. Id. The Board affirmed the
modification of the claimant’s benefits but established an effective date of August
30, 2005. Id. at 411-12.
In a petition for review filed with this Court, the claimant raised for the first
time the unconstitutionality of her IRE. Id. at 412. This Court rejected the
5
employer’s argument that the claimant’s constitutional challenge was untimely and
reversed the modification of benefits on the basis that Protz II invalidated the IRE.
Id. at 413. While Thompson’s total disability benefits were restored effective
August 30, 2005, a date several weeks prior to the date of her IRE, the Court did not
explicitly reach the issue of whether a claimant’s expired weeks of partial disability
should be restored by operation of the decision in Protz II. Consequently, we cannot
agree with Claimant that Thompson is dispositive on this issue.
Approximately 10 months later, this Court decided Whitfield, upon which
Employer relies for its assertion that, before Claimant’s total disability benefits may
be restored, Claimant must show he continues to be totally disabled.
In Whitfield, the validity of the claimant’s IRE, and modification of her
disability status, was fully litigated in 2009. 188 A.3d at 602. A petition seeking
reinstatement of benefits was filed in November 2015, approximately one month
after our decision in Protz I. Id. at 603. The WCJ denied the petition on the grounds
that Protz I did not expressly void all prior IREs or state that it applied retroactively.
Id. The Board affirmed. Id. On appeal, this Court determined the claimant was
entitled to seek modification of her disability status because her petition requesting
such relief was filed within three years from the date of her last payment of
compensation. Id. at 617. However, reinstatement of her disability benefits required
the claimant demonstrate her prior work-related injury continued. Id. at 615. While
the claimant testified as much before the WCJ, the WCJ denied her reinstatement
petition on the grounds Protz I did not apply. Id. at 616. The WCJ made no
credibility findings. Id. As a result, the Board’s order affirming the decision of the
WCJ was vacated and the matter remanded for purposes of determining whether the
claimant’s disability continued. Id. at 617. If the claimant’s testimony was credited,
6
as the employer presented no evidence to the contrary, she was entitled to
reinstatement “as of the date she filed her Petition.” Id. at 616.
The Whitfield Court did not squarely address the issue of retroactivity. As the
Court explained, “[a] law is given retroactive effect when it is used to impose new
legal burdens on a past transaction or occurrence.” Id. at 616 (quoting Dep’t of
Labor and Indus., Bureau of Emp’t Sec. v. Pa. Eng’g Corp., 421 A.2d 521, 523 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1980)). The majority in Whitfield was not giving “a prior transaction a
legal effect different from that which it had under the law in effect at the time.” Id.
at 617. Rather, it gave effect to the claimant’s status as it existed on the date she
filed her reinstatement petition. Id.
Cases decided by this Court after Whitfield confirm the approach that
restoration of a claimant’s total disability benefits requires the claimant establish
continued disability. In Timcho v. Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (City of
Philadelphia), 192 A.3d 1219, 1221 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018), the claimant challenged
his IRE on the basis the doctor performing the evaluation failed to follow the dictates
of the current edition of the Impairment Guides. The modification of his benefits
was affirmed by this Court on January 27, 2016, and the claimant declined to seek
further appellate review. Id. In a separate action filed on January 5, 2016, the
claimant filed a reinstatement petition asserting his total disability benefits should
be reinstated under Protz I. Id. The WCJ denied and dismissed the petition after
concluding the claimant failed to preserve the constitutional issue in prior litigation
challenging his IRE. Id. at 1221-22. The Board affirmed the WCJ. Id. at 1223.
This Court vacated and remanded, citing Whitfield. Id. at 1224. As no hearing was
held on the merits of the claimant’s reinstatement petition, further proceedings were
7
required to determine whether the claimant continued to be disabled by his work
injury. Id.
In an unreported opinion of this Court,5 Pavlack v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (UPMC South Side) (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 702 C.D. 2017, filed June 6,
2018), 2018 WL 2708524, following an IRE, the claimant’s disability status was
modified effective October 8, 2007. Id., slip op. at 1. The claimant did not appeal
the modification. Id. In November 2015, the claimant filed a petition to set aside
the IRE as unconstitutional under Protz I. Id. The WCJ dismissed on the basis Protz
I did not apply retroactively. Id. at 2. The claimant appealed to the Board, which
affirmed. Id. As the parties presented no evidence before the WCJ, but rather relied
exclusively on their legal arguments, this Court vacated and remanded for a hearing
to determine whether the claimant continued to be disabled. Id. at 4. The Court
cited Whitfield, and its conclusion that reinstatement, if warranted, would occur as
of the date the reinstatement and/or modification petition was filed. Id.
This Court addressed the retroactivity of Protz II in Dana Holding Corp. v.
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Smuck), 195 A.3d 635 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018).
The IRE in Dana Holding was performed on June 20, 2014. Id. at 638. Following
a determination that the claimant had a whole body impairment rating of 11 percent,
the employer modified his disability status from total to partial. Id. The claimant
challenged the modification and hearings were held before the WCJ. Id. After the
record was closed but before the WCJ rendered a decision, this Court issued its
opinion in Protz I. Id. Consequently, the WCJ allowed the employer to present a
new IRE using the Fourth edition of the Impairment Guides. Id. at 639. The second
5
Unreported cases may be cited as persuasive authority. See Commonwealth Court
Internal Operating Procedure 414, 210 Pa. Code § 69.414 (an unreported panel decision of the
Commonwealth Court, issued after January 15, 2008, may be cited for its persuasive value).
8
IRE assigned the claimant an impairment rating of 15 percent. Id. The WCJ
modified the claimant’s disability status from total to partial based on the results of
the second IRE, effective June 20, 2014. Id. While the claimant’s appeal to the
Board was pending, the Supreme Court decided Protz II. Id. Relying on Protz II,
the Board reversed the decision of the WCJ and reinstated the claimant’s total
disability benefits as of June 20, 2014, the date of the disputed IRE. Id. at 639-40.
On appeal to this Court, the employer argued it should receive a credit for the
three years of partial disability benefits paid to the claimant from the date of the IRE
through the date Protz II was decided. Id. at 640. This Court rejected the employer’s
argument, noting it did not take into consideration the fact that the IRE determination
was never final and, had the IRE been overturned on the merits, the employer would
not have been entitled to any credit for the period of partial disability. Id. at 643.
The Court concluded that the time period between the date of the IRE and the
decision in Protz II should not be counted against the claimant’s 500-week period of
partial disability. Id.
Finally, in another unreported opinion, Simmons v. Workers’ Compensation
Appeal Board (Sunoco, Inc. (R&M)) (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 51 C.D. 2018, filed
December 6, 2018), 2018 WL 6367499, slip op. at 2, the claimant, who suffered a
work injury in 2006, had his disability status changed from total to partial based on
a 2009 IRE. Id. The claimant did not challenge this change in status until after Protz
I was decided in 2015. Id., slip op. at 3. The claimant’s reinstatement petition was
denied by the WCJ as untimely. Id. The claimant appealed to the Board. Id., slip
op. at 4. While the claimant’s appeal was pending before the Board, the Supreme
Court issued its decision in Protz II. Id. The Board reversed the decision of the
WCJ and reinstated the claimant’s total disability status as of June 20, 2017, the date
9
Protz II was decided. Id. This Court vacated and remanded for a hearing to
determine whether the claimant continued to be disabled. Id., slip op. at 8. In its
opinion, the Court noted one of the central holdings in Whitfield that, if the claimant
met his burden and the employer failed to present evidence to the contrary, the
claimant was entitled to reinstatement “as of the date [the claimant] filed [his or
her] [p]etition.” Id., slip op. at 7 (emphasis in original).
In light of this precedential and persuasive history, we conclude the facts in
Dana Holding are sufficiently distinguishable. The claimant in Dana Holding was
still disputing the initial modification of his disability status, before the Protz I
decision was handed down. In the instant matter, Claimant never challenged
Employer’s November 20, 2013 change of disability status and his review petition
was filed more than two years later in January 2016, a few months after this Court
issued its decision in Protz I. As such, Dana Holding cannot inform our decision
here. Rather, given the facts before us, we agree with Employer that our recent
decision in Whitfield is more persuasive.
Here, Claimant filed his review petition within three years from the date of
his last payment of compensation. The WCJ took no testimony and made no
credibility findings. Reinstatement of Claimant’s benefits was based solely on Protz
I and the legal arguments of the parties. The Board directed reinstatement of benefits
as of the date Protz II was decided. We recognize that the Board did not have the
benefit of our decision in Whitfield when it reinstated Claimant’s benefits as of June
20, 2017, the day Protz II was issued. That date, however, conflicts with Whitfield,
which holds that reinstatement should be the date upon which Claimant filed his
reinstatement petition. As such, we agree with Employer that, if Claimant
10
demonstrates he continues to be disabled, the correct date of his reinstatement is
January 21, 2016.
Accordingly, consistent with our decision in Whitfield, we vacate the order of
the Board and remand this matter to the Board. The Board is directed to further
remand this matter to the WCJ for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether
Claimant’s work-related injury continues or Claimant remains disabled.
ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
11
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
James Womack, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 14 C.D. 2018
:
Workers' Compensation Appeal :
Board (Philadelphia Parking :
Authority), :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 13th day of March, 2019, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board (Board) dated December 19, 2017, is vacated, and this
matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
ELLEN CEISLER, Judge