[Cite as State v. Wochele, 2019-Ohio-1122.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 106769
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
ERIC L. WOCHELE
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:
MODIFIED AND REMANDED
Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-17-623093-A
BEFORE: Per Curiam
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 28, 2019
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Russell S. Bensing
1370 Ontario Street
1350 Standard Building
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
Jeffrey M. Maver
Assistant County Prosecutor
The Justice Center - 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
PER CURIAM:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Eric Wochele (“Wochele”), appeals his ethnic intimidation
conviction. For the reasons set forth below, we modify and remand for resentencing.
{¶2} In November 2017, Wochele and codefendant, Scott Walterschied (“Walterschied”),
were charged with two counts of ethnic intimidation, with each count carrying one- and
three-year firearm specifications.1 The indictment lists aggravated menacing as the underlying
offense. Prior to trial, Walterschied entered into a plea agreement with the state of Ohio
(“state”). As part of the plea agreement, Walterschied pled guilty to one count of ethnic
intimidation. The state nolled the one- and three-year firearm specifications and the remaining
count. Wochele proceeded to a bench trial where the following evidence was adduced.
1
As of the date of this opinion, Walterschied has not filed an appeal.
{¶3} On April 29, 2017, Markus Lurns (“Lurns”) and his girlfriend, Katrina Woodley
(“Woodley”), planned to drop off Woodley’s car at a paint shop near East 66th and Bessemer in
Cleveland. They followed each other to the shop in their respective vehicles. Lurns drove a
large truck and Woodley drove a sedan. Lurns testified that as he and Woodley approached the
shop, he noticed a car parked across the driveway of the parking lot, making it difficult for him to
maneuver his truck through the driveway. The car was in front of Wochele’s business — an
auto body shop, which shared the driveway with the paint shop. The owner of the paint shop
was not present when Woodley and Lurns arrived, so they decided to leave. Woodley was able
to exit the drive and park her car on the street.
{¶4} Woodley and Lurns are African-American. Lurns testified that he asked Wochele,
who is Caucasian, if he could move the car so that he could back his truck out of the driveway.
Lurns testified that Wochele refused and yelled “[n]ext time park on the mother f — street.”
(Tr. 44.) Lurns replied, “I’m a paying customer. I park wherever I want[.]” Id. At no point
during this exchange was a racial slur used. Additionally, Lurns testified that he did not feel
threatened after this encounter. (Tr. 59.)
{¶5} With Wochele’s car parked as it was, Lurns managed to exit the drive and returned
approximately 20 minutes later with Woodley. When they returned, they noticed that the car
was now parked up against the fence blocking the entire entrance.
{¶6} Consequently, Lurns parked his truck on the street, and he and Woodley walked up
to the paint shop. As they approached the shop, Lurns testified that he heard Wochele say,
“[t]hat’s why that n — parked on the street and that n — this.” (Tr. 46.) Lurns replied, “we left
and we was gone for 20 minutes, 30 minutes, now we are back and you still starting trouble with
me.” Id. Woodley told Lurns that “it’s not worth it” to engage with Wochele and told him to
keep walking to the paint shop.
{¶7} As Woodley and Lurns continued toward the shop, Wochele disappeared. Shortly
thereafter, Wochele reappeared with Walterschied, who brandished a firearm in each hand.
Walterschied then handed one of the guns to Wochele as they ran towards Lurns and Woodley.
Walterschied and Wochele both had their guns pointed at Lurns and Woodley. Lurns testified
that while Wochele was pointing his gun at him, he continued to say “[a] lot of n — words” and
that he could carry the pistol because he has a CCW license. (Tr. 48.) Both Lurns and
Woodley testified that Wochele’s actions scared them. Oddly, Woodley further testified that she
was never actually threatened by Wochele. (Tr. 79-80.)
{¶8} Lurns then called a family member who advised him to call 911. Lurns’s family
member is a police officer. As a result, Lurns called 911. Lurns was on the phone with the 911
operator for approximately nine and a-half minutes. While on phone, Lurns never mentioned
that Wochele called him the “N word.” Nor did he say that he was upset that Wochele used
racial slurs. He did tell the operator that he and Wochele got into an argument and were calling
each other “b —.” (Exhibit no. 1.)
{¶9} Cleveland police officers arrived on the scene within approximately ten minutes
after the 911 call. The investigation by the police was captured on bodycam video, which was
played at trial. The bodycam video depicts Lurns and Woodley calmly discussing the incident
with the officers. (Ex. 4). During their discussion, neither Lurns nor Woodley used or repeated
the “N word” when describing what Wochele said to them. Lurns and the investigating officer
both acknowledged this on cross-examination. Lurns did tell the officers that he and Wochele
were calling each other “b —.” Woodley also acknowledged on cross-examination that “[n]o
one ever said they were pulling a gun out because you’re African American.” (Tr. 80.) One of
the investigating officers stated that this was not the first time he has been to the mechanic shop
with a call about Walterschied waiving a gun in the air. The investigating officer stated that he
was going to do an “agg menacing” report. The detective assigned to the case testified that
when he received the report a few days later, it “was already titled ethnic intimidation.” (Tr.
103.)
{¶10} Wochele testified in his own defense. He owns a mechanic shop next to the paint
shop Lurns and Woodley were patronizing. Wochele testified that 99% of his clientele is
African-American. On the date of the incident, he pushed a car he was working on outside so he
could diagnose it. He observed a vehicle out back. When he walked outside, Lurns asked
Wochele if he could move the car so he could exit the property. Wochele replied, “[n]o, the car
isn’t moveable right now. I can’t get it moved.” He told Lurns, “[i]f you can’t back out of here
you shouldn’t have pulled in.” Lurns replied, “I’m a paying customer. I park wherever I
want[.]” (Tr. 44.)
{¶11} Lurns was able to exit the driveway without Wochele moving the car. After Lurns
left, Wochele moved the car another two to three feet so another car could not enter the drive. A
short while later, Lurns returned. Wochele testified that Lurns put his hand behind his back
between his coat and said, “I’ll blow your head off,” while using an expletive. Wochele
believed that Lurns had a firearm. As a result, he walked toward Lurns with his fists up and
replied, “I’m unarmed but if you want to do this let’s go.” At that point, the two of them
exchanged words. Wochele called Lurns a “b —” and said “[y]ou want to do this, we could do
this, mother f —.” He testified Lurns said, “[y]ou cracker, mother f —.” (Tr. 124.)
{¶12} Wochele testified that Walterschied then came outside with a gun. (Tr. 125.)
Wochele told Walterschied that the gun was not necessary. He took the gun from Walterschied,
put it in his pocket, and walked away. He said to Walterschield “[g]ive me the gun. At least I
have a license. I could have a gun. I’m a licensed concealed carrier.” Id. Wochele admitted
on cross-examination that he never actually saw Lurns with a gun at any time.
{¶13} Wochele further testified that he did not use any racial slurs at any time during both
interactions. He testified that the threats he made to Lurns were retorts to Lurns’s threats.
{¶14} At the conclusion of trial, the court found Wochele guilty of one count of ethnic
intimidation (Count 1), as well as the one- and three-year firearm specifications. The trial court
granted Wochele’s Crim.R. 29 motion in part, and dismissed Count 2, which named Woodley as
the victim. The trial court sentenced Wochele to 6 months on Count 1 and 36 months on the
three-year firearm specification to be served prior to and consecutive to Count 1 for a total of 42
months in prison.
{¶15} Wochele now appeals, raising the following single assignment of error for review.
Assignment of Error One
The trial court erred in entering a judgment of conviction of ethnic intimidation, in
the absence of any evidence that [Wochele] committed the crime of aggravating
menacing “by reason of” the victim’s race.
{¶16} The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution met its
burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. An
appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal
conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if
believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. The
relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 1997-Ohio-52, 678
N.E.2d 541.
{¶17} Under R.C. 2903.21(A), “no person shall knowingly cause another to believe that
the offender will cause serious physical harm to the person or property of the other person[.]”
Aggravated menacing does not require that the offender be able to carry out his threat or even
believe himself capable of carrying it out; it is sufficient if the offender knowingly causes the
victim to believe the offender will carry his threat into execution. State v. Walker, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 88694, 2007-Ohio-4047, ¶ 14, citing State v. Charlton, 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2006-T-0079, 2007-Ohio-2051, ¶ 12. “The gist of the offense is the victim’s reasonable belief
that serious physical harm is about to befall him.” Id.
{¶18} With regard to ethnic intimidation, this court has stated that “the crime of ethnic
intimidation occurs when a person commits a specified predicate offense by reason of race, color,
religion, or national origin.” State v. Wisniewski, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77152, 2000 Ohio
App. LEXIS 5220, *13 (Nov. 9. 2000). The ethnic intimidation statute is set forth in R.C.
2927.12(A) and provides that “[n]o person shall violate [R.C.] 2903.21 * * * by reason of the
race, color, religion, or national origin of another person or group of persons.”
{¶19} Wochele argues that there is insufficient evidence to convict him of ethnic
intimidation because racial slurs are not enough to establish a violation of the ethnic intimidation
statute. He contends that his actions were the result of a dispute over a parking spot, not because
of Lurns’s race. In support of his argument, Wochele relies on State v. Chopak, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 96947, 2012-Ohio-1537, discretionary appeal not allowed, 09/05/2012 Case
Announcements, and State v. Kingery, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24063, 2012-Ohio-505. We
find these cases persuasive.
{¶20} In Chopak, a dispute arose between two neighbors, Kimyatta Fuller (“Fuller”), an
African-American, and Bowen Chopak, a Caucasian. There were several incidents that took
place prior to the day in question that contributed to escalating tension between Fuller and
Chopak. On the day of the incident, Fuller went to a neighbor’s house, knowing that Chopak
was there, to question him about an incident with her son. Id. at ¶ 9. Fuller testified that:
Chopak ignored her at first, and then told her that he did not want to talk to her.
According to Fuller, Chopak became upset when she continued to question him,
threw his plate of food at the wall, and used obscenities at her. He then got up
from the table and walked out the back door of [the neighbor’s] house toward his
house. Fuller admitted that instead of letting Chopak leave, she followed him out
the back door and continued to question him about the incident. According to
Chopak, Fuller cursed and harassed him as he walked away. Chopak testified
that as he was walking toward his house, Fuller slapped him on the back of his
head so hard that it knocked off his baseball cap and that as he bent down to pick
it up, she told him, “I’ll kick your ass myself” and called him a “racist cracker.”
Chopak walked through the gate of the chain-link fence onto his lot and closed the
gate. Fuller remained on the other side of the fence but stood by the gate and
continued to verbally harangue Chopak. According to Fuller, [Chopak’s cousin’s
girlfriend] then came out of the back house and began using vulgar language and
hurling racial slurs at her. Chopak then pulled a small knife out of his pocket,
stabbed it several times through the gate, and told Fuller, “I will f—— kill you
and slit your throat, you f—— n—.”
Chopak testified that he pulled the knife because he felt threatened when he saw
four African-American males come from around the front of [the neighbor’s]
house and walk into the backyard as he and Fuller were arguing at the fence.
Fuller, along with [her son and daughter], who had heard the commotion and
come down to see what was going on, denied that there were any other males in
the yard during the confrontation.
Id. at ¶ 10-12.
{¶21} On appeal, this court affirmed Chopak’s conviction for aggravated menacing, but
vacated his conviction for ethnic intimidation. Id. at ¶ 32. In finding insufficient evidence to
convict Chopak of ethnic intimidation, this court stated:
There is simply no evidence in this record that Chopak selected Fuller as his
victim because she is African-American, nor is there any evidence that his
menacing acts were taken because of her race. Rather, the evidence demonstrates
that Chopak’s actions were taken in response to Fuller’s refusal to back away
from a confrontation that she instigated by confronting him in [the neighbor’s]
house, and then escalated by following him out of the house and haranguing him
as he walked away. It would not be unreasonable for anyone to react in anger to
such confrontational conduct. And although Chopak’s use of the “N word” was
offensive, “repugnant or obnoxious language does not, in itself, demonstrate tha[t]
an action was undertaken ‘by reason of the victim’s race.’” [Kingery], 2d Dist.
No. 24063, 2012-Ohio-505, ¶ 20. Here, it is apparent that the threats Chopak
made were prompted by Fuller’s conduct and not “by reason of” her race.
Id. at ¶ 24.
{¶22} Kingery involved a confrontation between Christina Kingery, a Caucasian, and a
Laderek Brown (“Brown”), an African-American. Brown, a mailman, was delivering mail to
the Kingerys. On the day in question, Brown sprayed the Kingery’s dog with “dog repellant” as
he was approaching the Kingery’s mailbox, which was located on the front of the house. Id. at ¶
2. According to Brown, the dog ran towards him, was barking and very aggressive, and was not
on a leash. He had been bitten by dogs before and was afraid that he was going to be attacked
by the Kingerys’ dog. Id. at ¶ 13. Brown further testified that:
Kingery became very upset and belligerent after he sprayed the dog with repellant.
She called him a “n*****,” told him to go back to Africa, told him to go back to
the west side of the city, and said “that’s why I called you a n***** because you
do things like that (spraying the dog).” Brown testified that Kingery also
threatened “wooping his ass.” Brown said that he felt threatened by these
comments and by Kingery’s screaming and shouting, and that he retreated from
the house, believing that Kingery might cause him physical harm.
Id. at ¶14.
{¶23} In reversing Kingery’s conviction for ethnic intimidation, the Second District Court
of Appeals noted that ethnic intimidation statutes proscribe conduct (rather than speech) that is
not protected under the First Amendment. Id. at ¶ 21, citing Dayton v. Smith, 68 Ohio Misc.2d
20, 646 N.E.2d 917 (Dayton Mun. 1994), citing Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476, 487, 113
S.Ct. 2194, 124 L.Ed.2d 436 (1993); In re M.J.M., 2004 PA Super 360, 858 A.2d 1259
(Pa.Super. 2004). “Thus, Kingery’s words alone could not have established the offense of
ethnic intimidation.” Id. Rather, the defendant must exhibit a racial animus directly tied to and
as a motivating factor in the underlying offense to sustain the conviction. Id. at ¶ 22. The court
concluded that no such evidence was presented against Kingery. “There was no basis to
conclude that Kingery’s reaction to the spraying of her dog would have been more civilized or
less ‘emotional’ if the mail carrier had not been African American.” Id.
{¶24} Here, Lurns testified that while Wochele was pointing his gun at him, Wochele
said “[a] lot of n — words” and that he could carry the pistol because he has a CCW license.
However, in the nine and a-half minute 911 call and the eight-minute bodycam video captured
immediately following the incident, Lurns never stated that Wochele used the “N word.” In fact,
the bodycam video depicts Lurns speaking calmly with the officers when describing the incident.
Moreover, when testifying about calling his family member prior to calling 911, Lurns never
stated he told his family member that Wochele used the “N word.”
{¶25} As in Chopak and Kingery, in the instant case, there is no evidence that Wochele
sought out Lurns because of his race, nor is there any evidence that Wochele’s menacing acts
were taken because of Lurns’s race. Rather, the evidence demonstrates that the incident resulted
from Wochele’s and Lurns’s disagreement about where the car was parked. Lurns and Woodley
left the shop and later returned, which resulted in the second confrontation. Lurns’s return to the
scene 20 minutes later escalated their confrontation, which continued with both Lurns and
Wochele shouting at each other and Wochele’s brandishing of the gun. We recognize that while
Wochele’s use of the “‘N word’ [is] offensive, ‘repugnant or obnoxious language does not, in
itself, demonstrate tha[t] an action was undertaken ‘by reason of the victim’s race.’” Chopak,
2012-Ohio-1537, at ¶ 24, quoting Kingery, 2012-Ohio-505, at ¶ 20.
{¶26} We recognize this court’s decision in State v. Sura, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
85309, 2005-Ohio-3838. In Sura, we found that Sura’s conviction for ethnic intimidation was
supported by sufficient evidence and not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The
evidence presented at trial revealed that shortly after an African-American family moved into an
all-white neighborhood, Sura poured gas and weed killer on the family’s lawn, threatened to
throw a brick at two members of the family, and made somewhere between 10 and 50 derogatory
racial remarks to the family over a period of less than three months. Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶27} Sura can be easily distinguished. The defendant in Sura was proactive. Sura
intentionally and specifically sought out the victims based on their race and went to their home
with the purpose to harm them. This proactive selection by the defendant in Sura is clearly
distinguishable from the random, happenstance interaction between Lurns and Wochele. Here,
Wochele did not intentionally and specifically seek out Lurns because of his race. Rather,
Wochele and Lurns began to argue after Lurns did not agree with where Wochele parked the car
he was repairing at the time Lurns happened to drop off Woodley’s car.
{¶28} We are mindful that a hate crime is one in which the victim was selected based on
some immutable characteristic — in this case, race. A hate crime, as defined by New York state
law, is committed when the person against whom the offense is committed is intentionally
selected “because of a belief or perception regarding the race, color, national origin, ancestry,
gender, religion, religious practice, age, disability, or sexual orientation of a person, regardless of
whether the belief or perception is correct.” NY CLS Penal § 485.05(1)(a). Ohio’s hate crime
statute focuses on crimes committed with a bias motivated by race, religion, or national origin,
and falls into the category of “ethnic intimidation” under R.C. 2927.12. In other words, ethnic
intimidation results when a crime is committed on the basis of the victim’s race. The evidence
in the instant case does not support this conclusion.
{¶29} Rather, the evidence demonstrates that the threats between Lurns and Wochele
were prompted by their random, happenstance dispute over where the car was parked. As a
result, there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that Wochele threatened Lurns with a gun
because of his race. There is sufficient evidence in the record, however, that Wochele
knowingly caused Lurns to believe that he would cause serious physical harm to him.
Therefore, Wochele’s conviction for ethnic intimidation is modified to aggravated menacing and
remanded for resentencing.
{¶30} Accordingly, the sole assignment of error is sustained in part and overruled in part.
{¶31} Judgment is modified and remanded. The defendant is ordered discharged.
It is ordered that appellee and appellant share the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common pleas
court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s conviction having been modified
in part, any bail pending appeal is terminated.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, JUDGE