Com. v. Renninger, C.

J-S23032-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHAD AARON RENNINGER :
:
Appellant : No. 1357 WDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 6, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Clarion County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-16-CR-0000171-2017

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY COLINS, J.: FILED MAY 16, 2019

Appellant, Chad Aaron Renninger, appeals from the aggregate judgment

of sentence of 157 to 314 months of confinement imposed following his

convictions for multiple sexual offense against three separate children.

Specifically, a jury convicted Appellant of: two counts of corruption of minors,

with defendant “being of the age of 18 years and upwards”; 17 counts of

indecent assault where “the complainant is less than 13 years of age”; 17

counts of indecent assault where “the complainant is less than 16 years of

age”; and five counts of criminal attempt to commit invasion of privacy.1 We

affirm.

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301(a)(1)(ii), 3126(a)(7), 3126(a)(8), and 901(a),
respectively.

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Appellant was born in 1984. N.T., 3/26/2018, at 113 (stipulation as to

Appellant’s birthday).

His first victim, K.G., was born in 2002. Id. at 18-20, 28-35. From

2007 to 2013, when K.G. was between the ages of five and eleven years old,

Appellant would “take [K.G.’s] clothes off and then touch [her]

inappropriately.”

Appellant’s second victim, T.M., was born in 2001. Id. at 62-67, 73.

From 2009 to 2012, when T.M. was between the ages of eight and eleven

years old, Appellant had sexual contact “more than ten” times with T.M.

Appellant’s third victim, A.M., was born in 2001. Id. at 85-88. In 2015,

when A.M. was fourteen years old, Appellant attempted to record her with his

tablet at least five times while she was in the shower.

Pennsylvania State Police Trooper Rodney J. Hotchkiss first interviewed

K.G. on July 18, 2016, and executed a search warrant for Appellant’s

electronic devices later that same day. Id. at 71, 100-02, 105. Trooper

Hotchkiss first interviewed T.M. on August 17, 2016.

In January 2017, T.M. gave a written statement to police. Id. at 74. In

“January or February” 2017, K.G. did the same. Id. at 43. Charges were filed

against Appellant on February 13, 2017. Police Criminal Complaint,

2/13/2017. Nothing in the record indicates that the jury was ever provided

with a copy of the police criminal complaint or told the exact date that charges

were filed.

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Appellant’s jury trial commenced on March 26, 2018. The

Commonwealth moved for sequestration of witnesses, and Appellant

concurred. N.T., 3/26/2018, at 13-14. Both the Commonwealth and

Appellant stated that their witnesses were sequestered, and the trial court

instructed the jury on the meaning of sequestration.

“At trial, K.G. testified on direct examination about several incidents and

then she read from [the] written statement she had prepared when she met

with Trooper Hotchkiss after she told her mother what [Appellant] did to her.

The statement was admitted in evidence as Commonwealth’s Exhibit A.” Trial

Court Opinion, filed November 8, 2018, at 1 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at 24-

36). She acknowledged giving the written statement to police in “January or

February” of 2017. N.T., 3/26/2018, at 43.

K.G. “described in detail eight separate incidents that occurred between

2008 and 2013[,]” when Appellant sexually assaulted her. Trial Court Opinion,

filed November 8, 2018, at 1. During cross-examination, when defense

counsel suggested that K.G.’s description of eight incidents contradicted her

statement that the assaults occurred four or five times per week for years,

K.G. clarified: “I am not saying it happened only eight or ten times. I am

saying that is what I can visually remember. . . . I am not saying that is the

only times that it happened.” N.T., 3/26/2018, at 55.

K.G. also testified that she “believe[d]” that the assaults ceased to occur

when Appellant married and was “pretty sure that [Appellant] got married in

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2013[,]” but she did not know when Appellant and his wife began to live

together before marriage. Id. 40-41, 60. When asked if it were “possible

that some of these dates [of the assaults] could have occurred while

[Appellant] was married[,]” K.G. answered affirmatively. Id. at 60.

During trial, T.M. gave the following testimony:

A. [Appellant] would take me into the bathroom, like, pull my
pants down and my underwear and pull my shirt up, and he would
bend over and take his down and pull his shirt up and make me
hump him.

Q. What does that mean? If someone doesn’t know what it
means to say that you humped somebody, what does that mean?

A. Like you inject into him.

Q. You said inject into him?

A. Yeah.

Q. What would you inject into him?

A. My penis.

Id. at 64. T.M. acknowledged that his first interview with Trooper Hotchkiss

was on August 17, 2016, and that he gave a written statement to police in

January 2017. Id. at 71, 74. When cross-examining T.M. about his written

statement, defense counsel repeatedly remarked that T.M. wrote his

statement “months later” or “[m]onths after [T.M.] originally met with the

trooper,” which T.M. always agreed was true. Id. at 74.

A.M. testified that Appellant had attempted to record her in the shower

at his home “[t]hree or four” times and in the shower in a camper at a

campground “once or twice.” Id. at 88, 90.

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Trooper Hotchkiss testified that he first interviewed K.G. on July 18,

2016, and that he executed a search warrant for Appellant’s electronic devices

later that day. Id. at 100-01. On cross-examination, the trooper admitted

that, when he initially interviewed T.M. in August 2016, T.M. never mentioned

inserting his penis into Appellant. Id. at 104. Trooper Hotchkiss’s testimony

continued:

Q. You interviewed [K.G.] in July of 2016. You interviewed
[T.M.] in August of 2016. You executed your search warrant in
July of 2016. Right?

A. That is correct.

Q. When did you actually file the criminal charges against
[Appellant]?

[THE COMMONWEALTH]: I’ll object to the relevance. . . .

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: It is relevant because it shows the police
weren’t very worried if they waited months and months to file the
charges.

[THE COMMONWEALTH]: I’ll object to that response to how it
was relevant because he is making an argument that is also
irrelevant to the jury.

THE COURT: The objection is sustained; and members of the
jury, you are instructed to disregard [defense counsel]’s
statement on relevance, so the objection is sustained.

Id. at 105-06. Trooper Hotchkiss then explained that he did not meet with

T.M. at all between the initial interview in August 2016 and his request for

T.M.’s written statement in January 2017. Id. at 106.

Appellant’s mother, Cindy Renninger, testified that A.M. had told her

about Appellant attempting to record A.M. but, when in Appellant’s presence,

A.M. recanted and apologized. Id. at 118-19. Ms. Renninger additionally

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stated that she told A.M.’s mother, C.M., that A.M. had said to her that

Appellant had attempted to record A.M. in the shower. Id.

After Ms. Renninger’s testimony and outside the presence of the jury,

the Commonwealth asked the trial court for a ruling:

It was brought to light through the last witness’s testimony about
a conversation between her and [C.M.] which is [A.M.]’s mother
about that it had been reported previously about [Appellant] was
videotaping [A.M.], and there was a whole conversation that had
occurred.

[C.M.] was in the courtroom. I had never intended to call her as
a witness. That came to light during that testimony. I asked her
briefly, and she said that never happened. She never had this
conversation with Cindy. . . .

So she’d want to testify potentially about that. But she was not
sequestered. I never expected this to come up[.]

Id. at 143-44. Appellant objected, but the trial court permitted the

Commonwealth to call C.M. as a rebuttal witness. Id. at 144-45.

[C.M.] did testify that she did not have a conversation with
Cindy Renninger about A.M. alleging that [Appellant] had tried to
videotape her in the shower in 2015. . . .

The defense attorney then cross examined [C.M.] about matters
not covered on direct examination. She denied having a
telephone conversation with Cindy Renninger . . . in July 2016.
She also said her daughter never told her or anyone about the five
times [Appellant] had videotaped her.

Trial Court Opinion, filed November 8, 2018, at 11 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at

146-48).

During closing arguments, defense counsel emphasized the delay

between the first police interviews with K.G. and T.M. and follow-up

investigations:

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[K.G.’s] written statement that she wrote in January or February
of 2017. She was interviewed by the police in July of 2016, and
then five or six months later, writes these incidents down . . . She
writes this basically what I would call a script out months after
meeting with the trooper. . .

[T.M.] gives that interview, and then months later, he writes this
statement that we ask him about.

N.T., 3/27/2018, at 5, 7, 13.

On March 27, 2018, the jury convicted Appellant of the aforementioned

charges. For crimes against K.G., Appellant was convicted of one count of

corruption of minors, eight counts of indecent assault of a person less than 13

years of age, and eight counts of indecent assault of a person less than 16

years of age. For crimes against T.M., Appellant was convicted of one count

of corruption of minors, nine counts of indecent assault of a person less than

13 years of age, and nine counts of indecent assault of a person less than 16

years of age. Finally, all five convictions for criminal attempt to commit

invasion of privacy were for crimes against A.M.

On June 6, 2018, the trial court sentenced Appellant. On June 18, 2018,

Appellant filed a post-sentence motion for a new trial challenging the weight

of the evidence pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 607. On August 17, 2018,

at oral argument[, Appellant’s] counsel presented two arguments
in support of a request for a new trial. First, he argued that the
victims testified that the incidents of abuse happened on dates
that are different than the dates they gave to the police and the
ones the Commonwealth stated in the Information and therefore,
the victims’ testimony is unreliable. Next, he argued that the
testimony of the victim [T.M.] that [Appellant] made him perform
anal sex on [Appellant] when [T.M.] was seven years old is
unreliable because it was physiologically impossible and also

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because [T.M.] did not tell the police, but instead reported it for
the first time at trial.

Trial Court Order, 8/22/2018, at 1. On August 22, 2018, the trial court denied

Appellant’s post-sentence motion. Id. at 3. On September 18, 2018,

Appellant filed this timely direct appeal.2

Appellant presents the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the trial court committed reversible error by
limiting defense cross-examination of the arresting officer and
prohibiting defense questioning as to the timing of and reason for
delay in filing charges against [Appellant]?

2. Whether the trial court committed reversible error by
allowing the testimony of a Commonwealth witness, who sat
through the entire trial, in violation of the court’s sequestration
order?

3. Whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence?

4. Whether the Commonwealth failed to prove all five counts
of criminal attempt of invasion of privacy beyond a reasonable
doubt?

Appellant’s Brief at 8-9 (suggested answers and trial court’s answers

omitted).3

____________________________________________

2Appellant filed his statement of errors complained of on appeal on October 9,
2018. The trial court entered its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) on
November 8, 2018.
3 The Commonwealth has elected not to file a brief with this Court. Letter
from Drew J. Welsh, Assistant District Attorney, to Nicholas Corsetti, Deputy
Prothonotary (April 3, 2019). While this Court understands the demand placed
upon county prosecutors with small staffs, this Court is shocked that, in a case
of this severity, the Commonwealth did not file a brief.

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Cross-Examination of Trooper Hotchkiss

Appellant first contends that “the trial court committed reversible error

by limiting defense cross-examination of the arresting officer and prohibiting

questioning as to the timing and delay in filing charges” – specifically, “the

nearly half-year delay” between the interviews of K.G. and T.M. in July and

August 2016 and the filing of charges against Appellant in February 2017.

Appellant’s Brief at 23;4 see also id. at 25-26; N.T., 3/26/2018, at 100, 102,

105-06. Appellant argues that counsel should have been allowed to ask

Trooper Hotchkiss about this delay “as evidence that the Commonwealth

questioned complainants’ stories.” Appellant’s Brief at 23.

“The determination of the scope and limits of cross-examination are

within the discretion of the trial court, and we cannot reverse those findings

absent a clear abuse of discretion or an error of law.” Commonwealth v.

Handfield, 34 A.3d 187, 210 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations omitted).

In its opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), the trial court explained its

reasons for sustaining the Commonwealth’s objection as follows:

[B]efore [the trial court] sustained [the Commonwealth’s]
objection[, it] considered defense counsel’s explanation that the
date of filing the charges was relevant because it showed the
police were not very worried if they waited months and months to

____________________________________________

4 In an accompanying footnote, Appellant states: “The issue was preserved
as the trial court sustained the Commonwealth’s objection to the testimony,
solicited by [Appellant], over [Appellant]’s argument.” Appellant’s Brief at 23
n.6. Pursuant to our review of the record, we agree. N.T., 3/26/2018, at
105-06.

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file the charges. In [the trial court’s] opinion, evidence on
whether or not the police were worried about the case did not
tend to establish a material fact or support an inference
regarding a material fact on the guilt or innocence of
[Appellant]. It appeared that defense counsel was asking the jury
to infer that Trooper Hotchkiss delayed filing the charges because
he did not believe the victims. [The trial court] decided that a
delay in the filing did not tend to prove that the trooper had doubts
about the victims’ credibility, but in any case, the trooper’s view
of the credibility of the victims at that stage of the proceedings
was irrelevant. It was the job of the jury to judge the credibility
of the witnesses.[5] . . . [The trial court] did not commit an error
in instructing the jurors to disregard defense counsel’s argument
on credibility.

Trial Court Opinion, filed November 8, 2018, at 9–10 (emphasis added).

According to Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 402: “All relevant evidence

is admissible, except as otherwise provided by law. Evidence that is not

relevant is not admissible.”

Evidence is relevant if:

(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence; and

(b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.

Pa.R.E. 401 (emphasis added). Our Supreme Court has also recently further

explained: “Evidence is admissible if it is relevant — that is, if it tends to

establish a material fact, makes a fact at issue more or less probable, or

supports a reasonable inference supporting a material fact — and its probative

value outweighs the likelihood of unfair prejudice.” Commonwealth v.

____________________________________________

5 “The fact-finder” – in the instant action, the jury – “has the responsibility of
resolving . . . questions of credibility.” Commonwealth v. Roane, 2019 PA
Super 56, *4 (filed February 22, 2019) (citation omitted).

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Clemons, 200 A.3d 441, 474 (Pa. 2019) (emphasis added) (citations

omitted).

The trial court, in making its ruling on the relevance of the trooper’s

opinion of the victims’ reliability, only considered whether Appellant’s

questions “tend[ed] to establish a material fact or support an inference

regarding a material fact[.]” Trial Court Opinion, filed November 8, 2018, at

9. The trial court did not address whether Appellant’s line of questioning

“ha[d] any tendency to make a fact more or less probable[.]” Pa.R.E.

401(a); see also Clemons, 200 A.3d at 474 (evidence is relevant if it “makes

a fact at issue more or less probable”).

Accordingly, we agree with Appellant that the trial court abused its

discretion in sustaining the Commonwealth’s objection to Appellant’s cross-

examination of Trooper Hotchkiss about the delay between the first interviews

with K.G. and T.M. and the subsequent investigation and filing of charges.

See Handfield, 34 A.3d at 210. In a case such as this one that relies entirely

upon testimonial evidence with no physical evidence, any challenge to the

credibility of the testifying witnesses could make the facts about which they

testified more or less probable. See Pa.R.E. 401(a); Clemons, 200 A.3d at

474.

However, such error is harmless, because the jury was already aware

of the time lag between the initial reporting in July and August 2016 and the

delayed police investigation in January 2017 even without this additional

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cross-examination. We “may affirm on any valid basis appearing of record.”

In re N.B., 187 A.3d 941, 945 (Pa. Super.) (en banc) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 197 A.3d 1172 (Pa. 2018).

“Not every denial of an accused’s right to cross-examine . . . requires a

new trial. If the error did not control the outcome of the case, it will be

deemed harmless.” Commonwealth v. Mullins, 665 A.2d 1275, 1279 (Pa.

Super. 1995) (citations omitted).

In the current case, the jury knew from T.M.’s and Trooper Hotchkiss’s

testimony that the trooper’s first interview with K.G. was in July 2016, that

the search warrant was executed immediately thereafter, and that T.M. was

interviewed by the trooper in August 2016. N.T., 3/26/2018, at 71, 100-01.

The jury also heard of no additional activity on the case until January 2017,

when, according to their own testimony, K.G. and T.M. were asked to give

written statements to police. Id. at 43, 74. Trooper Hotchkiss specifically

acknowledged that he had no interaction with T.M. between August 2016 and

January 2017. Id. at 106. During cross-examination of T.M. and during

closing arguments, defense counsel emphasized the months of inertia by

police after K.G.’s and T.M.’s original interviews. Id. at 74; N.T., 3/27/2018,

at 5, 7, 13.

Hence, even if the jury were never told the exact date that charges were

filed against Appellant, the jury was still cognizant of at least a four-and-half

month gap during which no police activity occurred and could have inferred a

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plethora of reasons for this delay, including Appellant’s suggestion that the

Commonwealth doubted K.G.’s and T.M.’s veracity. Further cross-

examination of Trooper Hotchkiss on this topic would not have added anything

to the jury’s awareness, and the trial court’s decision to preclude additional

cross-examination did not control the outcome of the case, making the trial

court’s error harmless. See Mullins, 665 A.2d at 1279.6

Appellant also argues that “his federal and state constitutional rights to

confront witnesses against him and his rights of due process” were violated

by this delay prior to his arrest. Appellant’s Brief at 24. While “certain pre-

arrest delay may violate a defendant’s due process rights[,] . . . [o]nly if a

defendant can show that the passing of time caused actual prejudice and that

the prosecution lacked sufficient and proper reasons for postponing the

prosecution is he entitled to relief.” Commonwealth v. Simpson, 66 A.3d

253, 283 (Pa. 2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Since

Appellant cannot establish prejudice caused by the delay, he cannot establish

a violation of his due process rights and is not entitled to relief.

____________________________________________

6 Additionally, the jurors personally heard, viewed, and assessed the
testimony of K.G. and T.M., as well as that of A.M. and C.M., and made their
own credibility determinations. The jury did not just rely on Trooper
Hotchkiss’s assessment of the victims nor was this child abuse case one where
the victims’ evidence is presented through a forensic psychologist.

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C.M.’s Testimony

Next, Appellant argues:

The trial court committed reversible error by allowing the
testimony of a witness, who was not sequestered and heard all
trial testimony, in violation of the court’s sequestration order.

The trial court permitted the testimony of a witness, [A.M.]’s
mother, over [Appellant]’s objection, notwithstanding that
[A.M.]’s mother had heard all other witnesses’ testimony at trial,
including that of her daughter, one of the complainants, and
notwithstanding that all testifying witnesses were to be
sequestered.

Appellant’s Brief at 34-35 (footnote omitted) (some formatting).

“As to sequestration, the abuse of discretion standard applies[.]”

Commonwealth v. Tighe, 184 A.3d 560, 572 (Pa. Super.), appeal granted

on other grounds, 195 A.3d 850 (Pa. 2018); see also Commonwealth v.

Rose, 172 A.3d 1121, 1127 (Pa. Super. 2017) (“Where violation of a

sequestration order occurs, the remedy selected is within the sound discretion

of the trial court.” (citing Commonwealth v. Smith, 346 A.2d 757, 760 (Pa.

1975)), reargument denied (December 6, 2017), appeal denied, 186 A.3d 369

(Pa. 2018); Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 767 (Pa. Super.

2006) (“This Court’s standard of review for a trial court’s decision on

sequestration of witnesses is abuse of discretion.”).

In exercising its discretion, the trial court should consider the
seriousness of the violation, its impact on the testimony of the
witness, and its probable impact on the outcome of the trial. We
will disturb the trial court’s exercise of its discretion only if there
is no reasonable ground for the action taken.

Rose, 172 A.3d at 1127 (quoting Smith, 346 A.2d at 760).

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After a thorough review of the record, Appellant’s brief, the applicable

law, and the well-reasoned analysis of the Honorable James G. Arner, we

conclude Appellant’s second issue merits no relief. The trial court opinion

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) comprehensively discusses and properly

disposes of that question:

[T]he Commonwealth [called C.M.] in rebuttal. . . . [C.M.] said no
one had contacted her in 2015 about [Appellant] videotaping A.M.
in the shower. That was the extent of her direct testimony.

* * *

[E]ven if [C.M.] had been sequestered, the Commonwealth would
have been able to call her to the stand and tell her what Cindy
Renninger said about the conversation and ask if it had happened.
[The trial court] believed her testimony on that point would not
be influenced by the testimony of others. . . .

In [the trial court’s] opinion, the fact that [C.M.] heard the trial
testimony of Cindy Renninger did not affect her testimony on
direct examination that she did not talk with Cindy Renninger
about [Appellant] videotaping A.M. in the shower. The fact that
[C.M.] heard her daughter’s testimony did not affect her testimony
because A.M. had testified she did not remember any such
conversation.

Trial Court Opinion, filed November 8, 2018, at 10-11 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018,

at 143-44, 146-47). Consequently, the trial court appropriately considered

the seriousness of the failure to sequester C.M., the impact upon C.M. of

hearing A.M.’s and Ms. Renninger’s testimony, and the minimal impact of

C.M.’s testimony on the outcome of the trial. See Rose, 172 A.3d at 1127.

Ergo, the trial court had a reasonable basis for its decision to allow C.M. to

testify as a rebuttal witness even though she was not sequestered during

previous testimony. See id. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion by

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the trial court, Tighe, 184 A.3d at 572; Rose, 172 A.3d at 1127, and we

affirm Appellant’s second issue on the basis of the trial court’s opinion.

Weight of the Evidence

Appellant next challenges the weight of the evidence, maintaining that

it is so contrary to the verdict that he is “entitled to a new trial.” Appellant’s

Brief at 48-49.7 He continues: “The testimony given by the three

complainants was incredible and, in varying degrees, inconsistent and

irreconcilable with the complainants’ own previous statements and other

evidence adduced at trial.” Id. at 49.

Appellant attacks each of the victims’ credibility and consistency in turn.

First, he states that K.G. “told Trooper Hotchkiss that the assaults occurred

every week, for years, . . . four to five times a week[,]” which he contends is

“utterly inconsistent with [K.G.]’s written statement and [K.G.]’s testimony at

trial” that Appellant “indecently assaulted her about eight times[.]” Id. at 50

(citing Commonwealth Ex. “A”; N.T., 3/26/2018, at 28-35, 42). Additionally,

he challenges: “[K.G.] also testified that the assaults did not occur when

[Appellant]’s girlfriend (then wife), Theresa, lived with [Appellant]. However,

Theresa lived with [Appellant] nearly all of the years alleged by [K.G.] to be

when the assaults occurred. . . . In short, [K.G.]’s story doesn’t add-up.” Id.

at 50-51 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at 40-41).

____________________________________________

7 Appellant preserved this challenge in his post-sentence motion for a new
trial dated June 18, 2018, challenging the weight of the evidence pursuant to
Pa.R.Crim.P. 607 and at the corresponding oral argument on August 18, 2018.

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Appellant likewise argues that T.M.’s “testimony is utterly inconsistent

and irreconcilable, in most respects, with oral and written statements given to

Trooper Hotchkiss[,]” because T.M. “never mentioned inserting his penis into”

Appellant “[w]hen Trooper Hotchkiss interviewed [T.M.] in August 2016.” Id.

at 51-52 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at 104). He continues that “the nature of

the assault, i.e. involving [T.M.]’s penetration of [Appellant], is incredible,

given [T.M.]’s age at the time of the alleged acts, which [T.M.] testified he

‘would have been nine or ten years old.’ . . . Simply put, [T.M.]’s stories just

don’t add-up.” Id. at 52-53, 55 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at 65, 72).

Finally, Appellant urges this Court to conclude that A.M.’s “testimony as

to [Appellant]’s attempt to tape [A.M.] is inconsistent with [A.M.]’s own

testimony and other witness testimony including, but not limited to, that of

[Appellant]'s mother, Cindy Renninger, who testified that [A.M.] made an

allegation to Cindy Renninger that [Appellant] videotaped [A.M.], and later

retracted the claim[.]” Id. at 55-56.

When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, we
apply the following precepts. The weight of the evidence is
exclusively for the finder of fact, who is free to believe all, none
or some of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the
witnesses. Resolving contradictory testimony and questions of
credibility are matters for the factfinder. It is well-settled that we
cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.

Moreover, when a trial court finds that the evidence was not
against the weight of the evidence, we must give the gravest
consideration to the trial court’s conclusion because it is the trial
court, and not the appellate court, that had the opportunity to
hear and see the evidence presented. Furthermore, a defendant
will only prevail on a challenge to the weight of the evidence when

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the evidence is so tenuous, vague and uncertain that the verdict
shocks the conscience of the court.

Commonwealth v. Cramer, 195 A.3d 594, 600-01 (Pa. Super. 2018)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

In the current appeal, Appellant is requesting that we re-weigh the

evidence and “substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact.” Id. at

600. “Resolving” the victims’ “contradictory testimony” is a “matter[]” for the

jury as “the factfinder[,]” not for this Court. Id. All credibility determinations

are also the prerogative of the jury as fact-finder. Id. Thus, we cannot and

will not substitute our judgment for that of the jury. Id.

However, even assuming we could substitute our judgment for that of

the fact-finder, we would still find minimal inconsistencies in the victims’

testimonies, and those few that do exist do not “shock[] the conscience of the

court.” Id. at 601.

Appellant misconstrues K.G.’s testimony, as she never stated that

Appellant only assaulted her eight or ten times but, instead, testified that “was

what she could visually remember[,]” in order to describe the incidents in

detail to police and to the jury. Compare Appellant’s Brief at 50 (citing

Commonwealth Ex. “A”; N.T., 3/26/2018, at 28-35) with N.T., 3/26/2018,

at 55.

As for Appellant’s contention that K.G.’s statement that Appellant

ceased to assault her once his girlfriend/wife began to live with him, this Court

has observed that the evidence of a child victim about the chronology of a

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criminal course of conduct need not be as precise as one would expect of the

testimony of an adult victim or about a single incident:

[T]he Commonwealth must be allowed a reasonable measure of
flexibility when faced with the special difficulties involved in
ascertaining the date of an assault upon a young child.

It is true that the date of the commission of the offense must be
fixed with reasonable certainty. Nevertheless, this rule has been
somewhat relaxed when the victim is a child. . . . [W]hen a young
child is a victim of crime, it is often impossible to ascertain the
exact date when the crime occurred. He or she may only have
a vague sense of the days of the week, the months of the
year, and the year itself. If such children are to be protected
by the criminal justice system, a certain degree of imprecision
concerning times and dates must be tolerated.

Commonwealth v. G.P., 765 A.2d 363, 369 (Pa. Super. 2000) (emphasis in

original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (some formatting).

“[T]he Commonwealth must [also] be afforded broad latitude when

attempting to fix the date of offenses which involve a continuous course of

criminal conduct.” Commonwealth v. G.D.M., Sr., 926 A.2d 984, 990 (Pa.

Super. 2007). In the current action, the Commonwealth must similarly be

allowed a reasonable measure of flexibility when faced with the special

difficulties involved in ascertaining the dates of the continuous course of

assaults upon K.G. See id.; G.P., 765 A.2d at 369.

Additionally, as the trial court noted, “there is no evidence to support

[Appellant’s] argument that T.M. could not have ‘injected’ his penis because

he was only nine or ten years old.” Trial Court Opinion, filed November 8,

2018, at 5; compare id. with Appellant’s Brief at 51-53 (citing N.T.,

3/26/2018, at 65, 72, 104).

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Lastly, the only evidence of A.M.’s alleged recantation was testimony

from Appellant’s own mother, which C.M. disputed. Compare Appellant’s

Brief at 55-56 with N.T., 3/26/2018, at 118-19 and Trial Court Opinion, filed

November 8, 2018, at 11 (citing N.T., 3/26/2018, at 146-48). The jury, as

“finder of fact[,] . . . [wa]s free to believe all, none or some of the evidence[,]”

Cramer, 195 A.3d at 600, and thus was free to disbelieve Ms. Renninger.

Moreover, even if the jury believed Ms. Renninger that A.M. recanted,

the jury could have concluded that A.M. only withdrew her claim when she

was confronted by Appellant and was intimidated by his presence. N.T.,

3/26/2018, at 118-19. Additionally, the jury was aware of A.M.’s alleged

recantation when it rendered its verdict, distinguishing this matter from post-

verdict recantation. Furthermore, A.M. never recanted under oath.

For all these reasons, we find that the verdict does not shock the

conscience. Cramer, 195 A.3d at 601. Accordingly, Appellant’s third issue

merits no relief.

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Sufficiency of the Evidence for Five Counts of
Criminal Attempt to Commit Invasion of Privacy

Finally, Appellant maintains that the evidence only supported his

convictions for four counts of criminal attempt to commit invasion of privacy,

not the five counts of which he was convicted. Appellant’s Brief at 60-61.8

This Court’s standard for reviewing sufficiency of the evidence
claims is as follows:

We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, and
all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a light
most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, support
the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Where there is
sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every element
of the crime has been established beyond a reasonable doubt, the
sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

The evidence established at trial need not preclude every
possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all,
part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the
province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute our
judgment for that of the fact-finder.

Commonwealth v. Izurieta, 171 A.3d 803, 806 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations

and internal brackets omitted) (some formatting).

During trial, A.M. testified that Appellant had attempted to record her in

the shower at his home “[t]hree or four” times and in the shower of a camper

at a campground “once or twice.” N.T., 3/26/2018, at 88, 90. When viewed

____________________________________________

8 Appellant does not argue that any particular element of criminal attempt to
commit invasion of privacy was not established; he merely disagrees with the
total number of charges. See Appellant’s Brief at 60-61. Therefore, any
concerns about “preserv[ing] a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal” by “stat[ing] with specificity the element or elements upon which the
appellant alleges the evidence was insufficient” in the “appellant’s Rule
1925(b) statement” are inapplicable to Appellant’s final claim. In re J.G., 145
A.3d 1179, 1189 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted).

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in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, Izurieta,

171 A.3d at 806, this evidence was not only sufficient to establish five

convictions for attempted invasion of privacy, but, if A.M.’s maximum

estimates were believed by the jury – i.e., “four” times at Appellant’s house

plus “twice” in the camper – the evidence could have supported six

convictions for attempted invasion of privacy. Thus, Appellant’s final issue is

meritless.

* * *

Based on the foregoing, Appellant is not entitled to relief to any of his

claims. Accordingly, we affirm his judgment of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

P.J.E. Bender joins the Memorandum.

Judge Nichols Concurs in the Result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/16/2019

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