In the Int. of: S.N.R., Appeal of: S.R.

J-S19002-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: S.N.R., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: S.R., MOTHER :
:
:
:
: No. 2758 EDA 2018

Appeal from the Order Entered August 15, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court at
No(s): CP-51-DP-0001387-2018

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MAY 17, 2019

S.R. (Mother) appeals from the order, entered in the Court of Common

Pleas of Philadelphia County, adjudicating S.N.R. (Child), born September,

2003, dependent, and finding Child the victim of abuse by Mother. 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 6303. After our review, we affirm based on the opinion authored

by the Honorable Joseph L. Fernandes.1

On April 2, 2018, the Philadelphia Department of Human Services (DHS)

received a Child Protective Services (CPS) report that Mother was suffering
____________________________________________

1 We note that the court appointed counsel for Child, as well as a guardian ad
litem (GAL). Counsel for Child filed a letter to this Court indicating she would
not be filing a brief on behalf of Child. The GAL has filed a brief on appeal on
behalf of Child, recommending this Court affirm the trial court’s order
adjudicating Child dependent and finding child abuse as to Mother. Brief of
Appellee S.N.R., at 16. The Philadelphia Department of Human Services
(DHS) also filed a brief as a participant, requesting this Court affirm the trial
court’s order. Brief for Participant, at 31.

____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S19002-19

from Munchausen syndrome by proxy.2 The report stated that Mother had

made multiple medical specialist appointments for Child, including 37 calls to

Child’s primary care physician, 62 healthcare visits, and six emergency room

visits in 2016, and 21 calls and 38 healthcare visits in 2017. DHS filed a

dependency petition on June 7, 2018, alleging Child was without proper care

or control and that Child was a victim of child abuse as defined at 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 6303. Dependency Petition, 6/7/18, at 1.3 Mother and Se.R. (Father) are

recently divorced.

____________________________________________

2 Munchausen syndrome by proxy, a mental illness, now known as Factitious
Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA), is considered a form of child abuse by
the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9834-factitious-disorder-
imposed-on-another-fdia (last visited 4/17/19). “In this mental illness, a
person acts as if an individual he or she is caring for has a physical or mental
illness when the person is not really sick. The adult perpetrator has the
diagnosis (FDIA) and directly produces or lies about illness in another person
under his or her care, usually a child under 6 years of age.” Id.

3 The dependency petition alleged, inter alia, that

[Child] had developed conversion disorder, which is a mental
condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other
nervous system symptoms that cannot be explained by medical
evaluation. The [CPS] report alleged that [Child] had developed
ticks [sic] and automatic movements, and that [Child] began
receiving mental health treatment through Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia (CHOP) with a social worker and psychiatrist in 2016
because of her diagnosis; that [Child] had not shown any
improvement and the ticks [sic] were still present; and that
[Child] had been admitted to Cumberland Hospital for Children
and Adolescents [Cumberland] in Virginia for inpatient mental
health treatment as a result of her lack of improvement . The
report alleged that [Child] remained at Cumberland Hospital for

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On June 25, 2018, pursuant to a protective custody order, Child was

removed from Mother’s care and placed in DHS’ custody. Order of Protective

Custody, 6/25/18. On July 23, 2018, the court held an adjudicatory/child

abuse hearing and heard testimony from Brian Brennan, M.D., a child abuse

pediatrics fellow at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). Both Mother

and Father were present at the hearing, and Child participated by telephone.

Doctor Brennan testified with respect to the issue of medical child abuse.

The evidence established that for the first two years of Child’s life,

medical visits were typical. N.T. Hearing, 7/23/18, at 31. Thereafter, medical

visits increased exponentially, to 46 visits between the ages of two and five,

and, by the age of five, Child had been prescribed twenty different

medications. Id. at 28, 29-31. Child’s healthcare team at CHOP noted

Mother’s behavior. CHOP characterized Mother as “hypervigilant” with Child,

who was her only child.

In 2014, Child was diagnosed with amplified musculoskeletal pain

syndrome (AMPS), a syndrome that causes amplified pain response to

____________________________________________

Children and Adolescents for five to six months beginning in July
2017; that while hospitalized, Child showed great improvement
and had lost all ticks [sic] and automatic behaviors; that when
[Child] returned home around October 2017, she regressed and
reverted to exhibiting automatic behaviors and ticks [sic]; and
that since returning home, [Child] has made claims that she was
sexually abused by [Father] and staff at Cumberland Hospital for
Children and Adolescents.

Dependency Petition, 6/17/18, at 2-4.

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relatively innocuous physical contact. Despite the recommended treatment of

“minimizing accommodations for the child” and “normaliz[ing] [Child’s]

existence,” the increasingly frequent medical visits continued.

In 2016, during the time Mother and Father were going through divorce

proceedings, Child was diagnosed with Conversion Disorder.4 This diagnosis

led to inpatient admission to Cumberland Hospital for Children and

Adolescents [Cumberland], a behavioral health hospital. Id. at 37-38. While

there, and separated from Mother, Child showed marked improvement; she

was discharged asymptomatic.5 Id. at 40-41.

In June 2018, approximately eighteen months after her discharge from

Cumberland, Child was admitted to CHOP with severe paralysis; at this time,

Dr. Brennan evaluated Child for medical child abuse. Id. at 87, 90-91. Doctor

Brennan testified:

[Child] did so well during her three months at Cumberland to the
point she was asymptomatic and able to come home only to turn
around within a month and—and decompensate to the point where
she was having paralysis again and needing to be loaded into the

____________________________________________

4 Conversion disorder, also called functional neurological disorder, is a
condition in which abnormal movements or sensations (spells, weakness,
tremors) are not due to injury or disease, but rather a result of a
miscommunication of the nervous system and the body.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17787-conversion-disorder-
in-children--adolescents (last visited 4/17/19).

5When Child returned from Cumberland, she made allegations of prior sexual
abuse when she was five or six, against Father. These allegations were
determined to be unfounded. N.T. Hearing, 8/15/18, at 21-22.

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car. And—and then her doctors had to come down to the parking
lot to see her.

Id. at 46. Doctor Brennan noted the reference in Child’s medical records to

concerns that Mother was “catastrophizing” and exaggerating Child’s

symptoms and that Child was “over-medicalized.” Id. at 39-40, 87. He also

expressed concern that Mother and Child were “enmeshed.”6 Id. at 44.

Doctor Brennan testified that in his opinion, to a reasonable degree of

medical certainty, Child suffered from medical child abuse. Id. at 42. He

explained:

[M]edical child abuse is defined as a child who receives
unnecessary and harmful or potentially harmful medical care at
the instigation of the caregiver. What used to be known as
Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy was kind of redefined relatively
recently to exclude the intention of the caregiver. In [Child’s]
case, [Child] has been provided multiple, multiple, multiple
medical therapies and interventions that are potentially harmful
and are unnecessary given what we — what we currently know. .
. . In medical child abuse cases, it’s difficult from that one-time
clinical perspective to see things until they reach a point where
you take a . . . big step back and you look at the constellation of
everything that’s going on and the severity of the— the
psychopathology that the child is starting to exhibit that you really
do start to . . . get that feeling that maybe this is something that
you need to evaluate further[.]

Id. at 42-44. At the time of that hearing, Child was at CHOP and suffering

from “functional paralysis,” which Dr. Brennan described as an inability to walk

with no physical or organic explanation. He stated that Child is able to transfer
____________________________________________

6 At the August hearing, both Mother and Child testified that they slept
together on the living room sofa, and that they had done so for the past few
years. N.T. Hearing, 8/15/18, at 55, 95-96. In fact, Mother testified that this
sleeping arrangement had started when Child was nine years old. Id. at 96.

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J-S19002-19

herself over to a wheelchair and that her legs move in her sleep. “And so,

she’s able to do things that someone who was legitimately paralyzed from the

waist down would be unable to do.” Id. at 91. At CHOP, Child was undergoing

intensive psychotherapy. Id. at 92. At the conclusion of the hearing, the

court ordered parental visitation at the discretion of the treatment team and

Child, and scheduled a hearing for August 15, 2018.

At the August hearing, the court heard testimony from Child, Child’s

GAL, Mother, Father, DHS, and CUA caseworker/Catholic Community Services

worker. Mother and Father were both represented by counsel. Also appearing

were Child’s legal counsel and a Child Advocates Staff Attorney. At the

conclusion of the hearing, and following the argument of counsel, the court

adjudicated Child dependent pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§

6301-6365, found clear and convincing evidence of child abuse under section

6303 of the Child Protective Services Law (“CPSL”), 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6301-

6386, and ordered the CPS report changed from indicated to founded.

Mother raises three issues on appeal:

1. Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion when it
found that the [DHS] had met its burden of finding, by clear
and convincing evidence, that Child was dependent?

2. Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion when it
found that the [DHS] had met is burden of establishing child
abuse as to Mother by clear and convincing evidence?

3. Did the trial court err and/or abuse its discretion when it
determined the [CPS] report was “founded” and changed
the report from a “CY48” into a “CY49?”

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J-S19002-19

Appellant’s Brief, at vi (slightly reworded for clarity).

Our standard and scope of review from an order in a dependency case

are well settled.

We must accept the facts as found by the trial court unless they
are not supported by the record. Although bound by the facts, we
are not bound by the trial court’s inferences, deductions, and
conclusions therefrom; we must exercise our independent
judgment in reviewing the court’s determination, as opposed to
its findings of fact, and must order whatever right and justice
dictate. We review for abuse of discretion. Our scope of review,
accordingly, is of the broadest possible nature. It is this Court’s
responsibility to ensure that the record represents a
comprehensive inquiry and that the hearing judge has applied the
appropriate legal principles to that record. Nevertheless, we
accord great weight to the court’s fact-finding function because
the court is in the best position to observe and rule on the
credibility of the parties and witnesses.

In re C.M.T., 861 A.2d 348, 351 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).

Expert medical testimony established that it was Mother's actions—

insisting on invasive and unnecessary medical intervention—that resulted in

Child’s ailments and diagnoses. Child was diagnosed with conversion disorder,

and intensive behavioral health and psychiatry evaluation and treatment were

recommended. However, Mother refused to accept that there was not a

medical explanation for Child’s symptoms, and continued to interfere in her

treatment, requesting more invasive testing and medications, including a

lumbar puncture. Nevertheless, under Mother’s care, Child’s condition

continued to deteriorate until she could no longer complete age-appropriate

activities of her daily life. Mother continued to insist on unnecessary

treatments and accommodations for Child, such as a chair lift and pain

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medication. By the time of Child’s August 2017 hospitalization at CHOP,

Mother was insisting on anti-seizure medications and cardiac monitoring.7

After our review of the parties’ briefs, the record, and the relevant law,

we conclude that the trial court properly found Child was dependent and that

Mother committed child abuse pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303(b.1)(2)

(“[f]abricating, feigning, or intentionally exaggerating or inducing a medical

symptom or disease which results in a potentially harmful medical evaluation

or treatment to the child through any recent act.”).8

____________________________________________

7 The Child Protective Services Law (CPSL), 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301-6308,
provides, in relevant part:

(b.1) Child abuse.--The term “child abuse” shall mean
intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the following:

***

(1) Causing bodily injury to a child through any recent act or
failure to act.

(2) Fabricating, feigning, or intentionally exaggerating or inducing
a medical symptom or disease which results in a potentially
harmful medical evaluation or treatment to the child through any
recent act.

(3) Causing or substantially contributing to serious mental injury
to a child through any act or failure to act or a series of such acts
or failures to act.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6303(b.1)(1)-(3).

8We note also that the trial court found Child’s testimony not credible, found
Father’s testimony credible, and made no determination with respect to
Mother’s credibility. However, the court concluded that the evidence
presented by the caseworkers and medical expert established that Mother

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J-S19002-19

The trial court has comprehensively and correctly addressed Mother’s

claims on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s August 15, 2018

order on the basis of Judge Fernandes’ opinion.9 We direct the parties to

attach the trial court opinion in the event of future proceedings.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/17/19

____________________________________________

posed a “grave threat” and that her visits would be suspended until further
hearing and recommendation by Child’s treatment team.

9W note a typographical error on page 10 of the trial court’s opinion; the first
word of the second paragraph should read “Mother’s,” not “DHS’s.”

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 Circulated 05/10/2019 02:05 PM

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FOR THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHJA
FAMILY COURT DIVISION
[n the Interest ofS.N.R., a Minor CP·S 1-DP-0001387-2018

FID: 5 J -FN-001206-2018

APPEAL OF: S.R., Mother 2758 EDA 2018

OPINION1

Fernandes, J.:
Appellant S.R. (..Mother") appeals from the order entered on August 15, 2018, adjudicating S.N.R.
("Child") dependent and finding child abuse against Mother. Carla Beggin, Esquire, counsel for
Mother ("Mother's Counsel") filed a timely Notice of Appeal with a Statement of Matters
Complained of on Appeal pursuant to Rule l 925(b) ("Statement of Brrors").'

Factual and Procedural Background:
DHS became involved with this family on April 2, 2018, when OHS received a Child Protective
Services ("CPS") report alleging that Mother suffered from Munchausen syndrome by proxy;
Mother made multiple specialist appointments for Child and took Child to be examined by doctors;
Mother was initially viewed as an anxious Mother but in 2016, Mother made 37 calls to the office
Child's primary care physician ("PCP"), 62 healthcare visits, and six emergency room visits for
Child; in 2017, Mother made 21 calls and 38 healthcare visits for Child; Child developed a
conversion disorder;' Child developed ticks and other automatic movements; Child began
receiving mental health treatment through Children's Hospital of Philadelphia ("CHOP") with a

I The trial court requested the Notes of Testimony for
July 23, 2018, and August I 5, 20 l 8, on August 29, 2018. The
!rial court received the Notes of Testimony for July 23, 2018, on August 30, 2018. The trial court made a subsequent
request for the August IS, 20l8, Notes of Testimony on October 4, 2018, October 11, 2018, and October 17, 2018.
The trial court received the Notes of Testimony for August IS, 2018, on October 23, 2018.
1
Mother's Counsel filed the Notice of Appeal and Statement of Errors on September 11, 2018. Mother's Counsel's
Proofof Service indicates that all parties were served by "first class United States mai � postage prepaid, e-fil ing 211d/or
Courthouse mailbox." Trial Judge did not receive a copy of the Notice of Appeal and Statement of Errors from
Mother's Counsel and was not made aware of this appeal until Trial Judge received a copy of the Appeal Docket Sheet
&om the Superior Court of Pe1111Sylvania on October 4, 2018.
, Conversion disorder is a meotal condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system
symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 37-38).
Page 1 of 14
social worker and psychiatrist in 2016 due to her diagnosis; Child had not shown any improvement
and the ticks were still present; Child had been admitted to Cumberland Hospital for Children and
Adolescents (''CHCA") in Virginia for inpatient mental health treatment as a result of her lack of
improvement; Child remained at CHCA for five to six months, beginning in July 20 l 7; while Child
was hospitalized at CHCA, Child showed great improvement and Jost all ticks and other automatic
behaviors; when Child returned home to Mother in October 2017, she regressed and reverted to
exhibiting automatic behaviors and ticks; after Child returned home from CHCA, she claimed that
she was sexually abused by Father and staff at CHCA; Mother removed Child from school two
years prior; Child no longer took dance lessons; Child was enrolled in a home school program;
Child had little social contact; Mother stated that Child's behavior was a result of Father's actions;
Mother had previously gone to Child's PCP's office and told another physician that Child was
having terrible migraines; ihar physician sent Child to a neurologist; Mother returned to the PCP's
office and spoke to a different physician about another issue and this pattern continued for 18
months until the PCP told Mother that she must address any issues with him only; since being
given the limitation, Child's referrals to specialists lessened; Child has seen approximately 10-15
specialists, including a psychiatrist, weight control physician, ophthalmologist. and neurologist;
Child recently stated that she was having anxiety and trouble sleeping; Child was attending therapy
with a social worker and psychiatrist; Child was considered overweight; Child has been prescribed
medication for mental health concerns; Mother and Father were going through a divorce; Mother
appeared to be anxious; Mother described Father as an abusive person; Mother stated that the
family had been involved with children and youth services authorities in the past. This report was
indicated. DHS visited Child and Mother o.t their home on the same day. When DHS spoke With
Child, Child denied the allegations; she did not believe that Mother was making her sick to get
attention and that the symptoms were real; Mother was the only person who understood what she
was going through; she no longer interacted with Father after be announced that he was divorcing
Mother on Facebook; prior to the divorce, Child rarely interacted with Father because he was either
working or rarely at home; Child was supposed to begin therapy sessions with Father but Mother
told her that if she did not get better, Father would get full custody, which caused her a lot of
anxiety; Child accused Father of sexually abusing her when she was about five or six years old,
but was unable to give DHS further detail as to Father's actions other than that he came into her
bedroom at night. During the interview, Child began making clicking noises with her mouth and

Page 2 of 14
Child stated that she could not control the sounds because she had conversion disorder; she began
exhibiting the symptoms of the disorder a few years ago; the symptoms were due to stress at school
and manifested after an incident in school where a fellow student sprayed mace into the air; she
had pseudo-seizures; she sometimes had outbursts of stating the phrase "woo-hoo" and became
paralyzed; staff at the hospital told her doctors that she was getting better but they lied and that she
faked her improvement so that she could be discharged from the hospital. When DHS spoke with
Mother, who also denied the allegations of the report, Mother stated that after the incident where
the student sprayed mace· in the air, Child developed ticks and pseudo-symptoms of physical
disorders and illnesses; she had taken Child to many specialists to help care for Child and that
could not be done without a referral from the PCP due to insurance restrictions. OHS later learned
that Mother and Child had Personal Choice medical insurance.' Mother also stated that she never
saw Father touch Child inappropriately; Child bad not told her about the sexual abuse until recently
via text message; Child never told her in detail about what happened with Father, but she was sure
Child told the therapist. OHS assessed the home and determined that it was appropriate; however,
DHS learned that although Child has her own bed and bedroom, Child and Mother slept in the
living room in their own recliners. When DHS asked Child about the sleeping arrangements, Child
explained that she could not sleep in her room because she was sexually assaulted by Father in her
bedroom.

On May I, 2018, DHS spoke with Father, who denied sexually assaulting Child, and he stated that
he believed the allegations were a part of a plot for custody of Child by Mother; he was accused
of many things since he initiated divorce proceedings againgt Mother two years ago; he believed
he was accused of things whenever he did sometbmg to further the separation from Mother; this
recent al legation arose two weeks after he signed the family home over to Mother; he believed that
the allegations stemmed from the fact that he would not relinquish his parental rights to Child nor
would he reunite with Mother; he could not have sexually abused Child because he was never
allowed to be alone with Child; Mother was overly possessive of Child; he never went into Child's
bedroom at night; he worked most nights as a firefighter and, except for one visit, had not seen
Child outside of a hospital in the last two years; he was concerned about Child; Child had over 300
exams, laboratory tests, and other specialty services since she was nine years old; he visited Child

4
Personal Choice insurance does not require a referral to see a specialist.
Page3 of14
while she was at CHCA and she was doing well there; Child regressed when she returned to
Mother's care.

On May 11, 2018, Child attended a forensic interview at the Philadelphia Children's Alliance
("PCA"). When Child arrived, she told staff that she could not see anything because of her
conversion disorder; however, Child was observed on video using her cellular telephone. Child
kept her eyes closed throughout the entire interview. Child initially could not explain anything in
detail that happened to her, but eventually stated that about five to eight years ago Father came
into her bedroom and touched himself inappropriately before penetrating her. Child stated that she
couldn't remember if this was a recurring event; she only recently remembered; she used to be
strongly bonded with Father until two years prior; when Father separated from Mother, he began
treating Mother poorly; she only disclosed to Mother because Mother told her that if she did not
get her mental health and school issues under control, she would be sent to live with Father; she
did not want to live with Father. When the interview ended, Child opened her eyes and was seen
in the waiting area using her cellular telephone and listening to music.

On May 25, 2018, DHS received correspondence from Child's mental health treatment team at
CHOP. The correspondence indicated that Mother had been hypervigilant about Child's health
since she was a baby, even going so far as sleeping on the floor of Child's room, next to her crib,
which was unwarramed because Child was a healthy baby; Mother's hypervigilance caused a strain
on ber marriage and Father disengaged from the family as Mother and Child became more and
more enmeshed and continued to meet eaca other's emotional needs; Child began exhibiting
somatic symptoms around age eight, after Father moved out of the home for an extended period
of time; Child was eventually diagnosed with amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome ("AMPS")
after multiple visits to various specialists; Child began treatment for anxiety in 2014 and that
anxiety triggered Child's AMPS; Child and Mother attended therapy sessions together for years

without Father; Child began exhibiting conversion disorder symptoms in 2016; after Father moved
out of the home in 2016, Child began suffering from pseudo-seizures, full body paralysis, and the
inability to open her eyes and/or mouth, in addition to AMPS; Child's symptoms became so
debilitating that she could no longer attend school or participate in age-appropriate activities;
Father began participating in therapy while Child was at CHCA and it was recommended that the
sessions continue once Child was discharged from CHCA; the focus of the therapy sessions

Page 4 of 14
between Father and Child was to reengage Father in the family unit and to decrease Child's
conversion disorder symptoms by diluting the enmeshment between Child and Mother so that
Child could develop age appropriate autonomy and independence; after Child's symptoms
regressed after she was discharged from CHCA. Mother removed Child from public school and
enrolled Child in a cyber-school against the recommendation of Child's treatment team; Child was
still attending therapy sessions with Father, however, her symptoms prevented her from attending
sessions; when Father suggested petitioning the Domestic Relations Branch of Family Court to
revisit his and Mother's shared custody arrangement, the therapy sessions resumed; when Child's
symptoms did not decrease, the treatment team suggested that Child return to residential treatment;
Child made accusations th.at Father sexually assaulted her shortly thereafter and Father's therapy
sessions with Child ceased; the treatment team expressed concerns that while Mother did not
strictly meet the definition of factitious disorder imposed on another, there was significant illness
exaggeration and symptom reinforcement occurring; Child did not have any social interactions
and Chi Id and Mother's lives appeared to revolve around Child's physical symptoms and suspected
ailments; Mother may be purposely attempting to keep Child from Father due to her own fear of
loss and very significant enmeshment with Child; Child was caught in a destructive conflict
between Father and Mother to the point that Child's well-being was being impacted.

On May 29. 2018, DHS learned that since 2016, Chlld had 25 x-ray examinations, three magnetic
resonance imaging (''MRI") examinations, and two ultrasounds. Each examination showed that
Child was experiencing pseudo-symptoms. Child's therapist stated that Mother was in denial of
Child's strengths and limitations and felt that Child's health would improve once Father was no
longer involved in her care; however, Father had not been involved for months and Child's
symptoms had only increased.

On May 31, 2018, OHS received correspoedence from Child's PCP. PCP stated that Child hsd an
extreme number of office and emergency department visits; Child was examined by a large number
of subspecialists; Child had been withdrawn from school and ceased all activities normal for a
child her age; there were no organic causes for any of Child's symptoms; he referred Child for
inpatient treatment at CHCA after medication and outpatient treatment did not work and that after
Child regressed upon returning home, be questioned her about the regression and she stated that
she hated hospitals so much that she did everything she could to be discharged, which suggested

Page5ofl4
� ....

that Child was able to control her symptoms; Child reported that she was sexually abused by
hospital staff and Father; the hospital found no credibility in her statements regarding allegations
of abuse ar the hospital; he was concerned that Child's case showed signs of Muncbausen
syndrome by proxy and that Child and Mother were in collusion around Child's symptoms; Child
was completely dysfunctional and in need of change ofber environment, either in an institutional
or foster care placement PCP included a list of the number of visits to both the office and
emergency room, telephone calls made by Mother regarding Child's health between 2009 and
2017, and a list of specialists that Child has been examined by so far.

Currently, Child is overweight and has been diagnosed with conversion disorder. Child is receiving
treatment through CHOP and is on a 504 plan for special education accommodations in school due
to her conversion disorder diagnosis. Mother is currently unemployed and was previously
employed as a medical professional at CHOP. Mother has a history of mental health issues. DHS
learned that Mother previously received therapy through Counseling Or Referral Assistance
("CORA") in 2017; however, she stopped attending after six sessions. Mother has previously been
diagnosed with anxiety and depression. On June 7, 2018, OHS filed a dependency petition for
Child.

On July 23, 2018, and August 15, 2018, an adjudicatory, child abuse and permanency hearing was
held for Child. The trial court heard testimony from the DHS investigator, the CUA case manager,
a physician from CHOP, Mother, Father, and Child. The trial coun adjudicated Child dependent
and found clear and convincing evidence that Child was a victim of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§6303(b.1)(2). The trial court discharged the temporary commitment to DHS and fully committed
Child. The trial court ordered CUA to do a home evaluation and clearances on Mother's home.
The trial court referred Mother for a parenting capacity evaluation ("PCE"), BHS for a consultation
and/or evaluation. The trial court also ordered Mother to provide verification of employment and
found Mother to be a grave threat to the best interests of Child thereby suspending her visits and
telephone contact with Child. If Mother was not employed, Mother was to be referred to ARC for
employment. Furthermore, the trial court founded the CY48 and turned it into a CY49. On
Septem her l I, 2018, Counsel filed tbis appeal on behalf of Mother.

�. .
Page 6ofl4
Discussion:
On appeal, Mother states that the trial court erred and/or abused its discretion when:

1. It found that DHS, by clear and convincing evidence, had met its burden to establish that
child abuse existed as to Mother.
2. It .. founded" the CPS report of April 2, 2018, as to Mother.
3. It found that OHS, by clear and convincing evidence had met its burden to find Child
dependent.

For the purpose of this opinion, Mother's issues will be consolidated to read: Did the trial court
err or abuse its discretion when it found by clear and convincing evidence that Child was a victim
of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6303 and therefore met the definition of a dependent child
under the Juvenile Act? An issue is waived on appeal where it is not specifically presented in the
Appellant's Pa.R.A.P. l925(b) statement. In re C.P., 901 A.2d 516, 522 (Pa. Super. 2006); See In
re J.E.D.. 879 A.2d 288, 293, fn. 7 (Pa. Super. 2005). lt should be noted that Mother did not appeal
the finding of grave threat, thereby suspending her visits and telephone contact with Child. As
such, Mother has waived her right to appeal the finding of grave threat and visit suspension.

Child abuse is defined at 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6303 (b.1 )(2) as fabricating, feigning, or intentional! y
exaggerating or inducing a medical symptom or disease, which results in a potentially harmful
medical evaluation or treatment to the child through any recent act 5 The existence of child abuse
must be found by clear and convincing evidence but the identity of the abuser need only be
established through prima fade evidence. In re L. Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015). Prima facie
evidence of abuse is established under 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6381( d) as:
Evidence that a child has suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily
not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the parent ...
responsible for the welfare of the child shall be prirna fade evidence of child abuse
by the parent ... responsible for the welfare of the child.

This statutory section applies if the abuse is of a nature that would ordinarily not be sustained or
exist except by reason of the acts of the parent and that the parent is proved to have had
responsibility for the welfare of the child at the time of abuse. In re LZ., 111 A.3d at 1170.

'This is commonly referred to as "Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy" or "factitious disorder." The Opinion will refer
to lhe act as medical child abuse.

Page 7 ofl4
 Mother alleges that the trial court erred in finding child abuse by clear and convincing evidence.
DHS obtained an OPC after the CHOP Child Abuse Clinic determined that Child was suffering
from medical child abuse. (N.T. 08/lS/18, pg. 20). It was established from the testimony of Dr.
Brian William Brennan of CHOP ("'Physician")6 that Child suffered from medical child abuse
based on the extensive medical history of Child. (N.T. 07/23/I 8, pg. 42, 49-50). Child was first
evaluated by Physician in June 2018, after Child presented at the sexual abuse clinic at CHOP
based on the allegations of sexual abuse by Father and tbe sraffat CHCA. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 24-
7
25). DHS has determined that the sexual abuse allegations made by Child were unfounded. (N .T.
08/15/18. pg. 29). After review of Child's medical records, Physician observed that Child had
visited her PCP approximately 156 times, Mother made twice as many phone calls to the PCP as
visits, and Child visited 15 different subspecialists. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 29-30, 33-34). When
Child began seeing a therapist for behavioral health around age 7, Child's medical utilization of
medical appointments decreased during that time period. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 35-36). By Child's
pre-teen years, Child had been diagnosed with asthma, reflux, Severs Disease.! AMPS9, and
conversion disorder. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 34, 37, S 1). Following Child's diagnosis of AMPS, Child
was diagnosed with conversion disorder where Child began having pseudo-seizures 10 involving
leg movements and arm flailing. Child also had selecti ve mutism, paralysis of the legs, and bizarre
hallucinations including people in the room that were not present, people threatening to kill her,
and bubbles on the sun. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs, 38-39). In regards to Child's paralysis, there is no
medical explanation and it can be described as a functional paralysis. (N.T. 07123/18, pg. 91 ).
Child was treated for her diagnosis at the CHCA behavioral health program in Virginia for three
months (N,T. 07/2j/l8, pga. 40-41). Child ....as dfachAcgcd from CHCA aner three months When
she appeared to have completely recovered. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 41). Child and Mother have
indicated that 'Child claims to have faked improvement by improving her symptoms in order to be

6 All parties besides Mother's CoUDSel stipu!J!ied to Physician's CV and expertise in pediatrics aod child abuse
pcdioui�. (N.T. 071.23/18, pg. 12). The trial court accepted Physician as an expert by knowledge. (N.T. 07123/18, pg.
23; OHS Exhibit 1).
• Physician performed a verbal and cursory physical examination of Child, but Child was unable to cooperate with a
general urinary exlllll. (N.T. 07f.?3/J8, pg. 25), Physician also reviewed Child's medical records and spoke with both
Child and Mother regarding Child's bi.story. (N.'f. 071.23/18, pgs. 25-26, 27·28).
• Severs Disease is the il'lflammation of the growth plate, commonly seen in the shoulders of little league pitciien.
(N.T. 07123/lS. pgs, 51·52).
9
AMPS is a syndrome where relatively innocuous contact leads to an amplified pain response. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs,
34-35).
re Physician indicated that Child was having pseudo-seizures because Child did not have EEG patterns that indicated
·,: ,, an aaual seizure, (N.T. 071231\S, pg. 38).
Page 8 of 14
 discharged from CHCA because Child did not want to remain in inpatient care. (N.T. 08/15/18,
pgs. 16-17, 32-33, S0-51):Child claimed that her symptoms began reoccurring after her tteatment
at CHCA because she had to attend family therapy with Father and the stress of reruriring to school.
(N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 52). Child's only organic pathological finding was the Severs Disease, which

;'·
Child was treated for through physical therapy, but Child's records indicate that Child was
experiencing symptoms not proportional to what is commonly seen in Severs Disease. {N.T.
07/23/18, pgs. 51-53). Many of Child's issues were self-resolving, butChild's medical records
indicates that phone calls from Mother regarding the described ailments were not consistent with
the physical exam on the following day. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 89). Physician noted that the most
concerning issue regarding Child was that Mother and Child appeared to be enmeshed and that
Child's behaviors related to the conversion disorder were enabled by Mother. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs.
44-45). Additionally, Child's symptoms appeared to be amplified by Mother's presence, which
was most noticeable during Child's stay at CHCA, where Child was discharged asymptomatic.
(N.T. 07123/18, pgs, 45-46). Physician noted that if Child were to be reunified with Mother, it
would be likely that Child would begin having symptoms of conversion disorder again. (N.T.
07!23/18, pgs. 46-47). Additionally, if Child were to remain in Mother's care, there is a risk for
Child's psychopathology to amplify over time and become more elaborate with more medical
intervention. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 47). Child's medical record indicates an exaggeration and
instigation of Child's symptoms, all consistent with medical child abuse. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 54).
}£_ i Through review of Child's medical records, concerns of medical child abuse have been raised by
other medica1 professionals. (N. T. 07$/18, pg. 69). On more than one occasion, Mother has over-
exaggerated Child's symptoms. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 87). Mother was not always compliant with
the medical recommendations given to Child. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs. 37, 80-81, 83). Mother has been

the primary historian throughout Child's medical treatment in terms of reporting symptoms and
illnesses to medical professionals. {N.T. 07123/18, pg. 88). Mother is also the primary caretaker of
Child. (N.T. 08115/18, pg. 22; OHS Exhibit 3). Before Child was born, Mother worked as an
emergency medical technician ("EMT"} for CHOP and it is common for parents in medical child
abuse cases to have a medical background of some sort {N.T. 07123/18, pg. 44). Child has had far
more medical interaction than would be typical of another child at the same level of health. (N.T.
07n.3/l 8, pg. 78). Mother was aware that a doctor who worked with Child's PCP was concerned
that Child was "over doctored." {N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 81). Mother claimed that she never forced

Page 9 of 14
 Child to go to the doctor when she did not want to go. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 73). Child's symptoms
and medical care align with the ongoing custody litigation between Mother and Father (N.T.
08/15/18, pg. 35). Mother blames Father for Child's symptoms. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 8�87).
Physician indicated that Child's proper course of treatment moving forward should be inpatient
psychiatric care and for Mother, since the medical child abuse involved is conversion disorder, the
recommendation is behavioral health therapy. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 48). Physician also indicated
that Mother declined to attend psychotherapy when recommended in 2014, although Mother
claimed that she did attend therapy. (N.T. 08/15/18, pgs. 78-79). The trial court found Physician's
testimony very compelling and credible. Based on the testimony on July 23, 2018, and August 15,
2018 the trial court found clear and convincing evidence that Mother's prolonged intentional
exaggeration of Child's symptoms resulted in medical child abuse under 13 Pa.C.S.A. §6303{b.l).
Furtb.ennore, there was prima facie evidence that Mother is the perpetrator of child abuse under
23 Pa.C.S.A. §638\(d) since Mother was the primary caregiver for Child. Mother was unable to
rebut the presumption. Consequently, the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in finding
child abuse.

DHS's next issue on appeal asked whether the trial court erred in adjudicating Child dependent
based on clear and convincing evidence. A "Dependent Child" will be adjudicated dependent if
the trial court determines, by clear and convincing evidence. that Child is without proper parental
care or control, subsistence, education. as required by law, or other care or control necessary for
Child's physical, mental, or emotional health, or morals. A determination that there is a lack of
proper parental care or control may be based upon evidence of conduct by the parent, guardian, or
other custodian. Clear and convincing evidence has been defined as testimony by credible
witnesses who clearly relate facts that are so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable
the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction without hesitance of the truth of precise facts in issue.
In Interest n[J,M, 166 A.3d 408, 427 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citing In Re Nol'osielsld, 992 A.2d 89,

ti, :, I 07 (Pa. 2010)). The purpose of the Juvenile Act is to preserve the unity of the family whenever
possible. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(b)(l). Nonetheless, a child will be adjudicated dependent when the
child is presently without proper parent.al care and the care is not immediately available. In re R. T..
592 A.2d 55, 57 (Pa. Super. 199\)(citing In Re LaRue,366A.2d 1271 (Pa. Super. 1976)). Superior
Court has defined proper parental care as the care which is geared to the particularized needs of

Page 10 of14
!...
the child and. at a minimum, is likely to prevent serious injury to the child. In re C.R.S.• 696 A2d
840, &41 (Pa. Super. l 997) (citing In lnierest of.Justin S., 543 A.2d 1192, 1200 (Pa. Super. l 988)).
A CY48 report is deemed to be founded if there has been any judicial adjudication based upon a
finding that a child who is a subject of the report bas been abused. J. G. v. Dept. ofPublic Welfare,
795 A.2d l 089, 1092 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 2002).

Mother alleges that the trial court erred in adjudicating child dependent by clear and convincing
evidence. OHS obtained an OPC after the CHOP Clu1d Abuse Clinic determined that Child was
suffering from medical child abuse. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 20). lt was established from the testimony
of Dr. Brian William Brennan of CHOP ("Physician") that Child suffered from medical child abuse
based on the extensive medical history of Child. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 42, 49-50). Child was first
evaluated by Physician in June 20l8, after Child presented at the sexual abuse clinic at CHOP
based on the allegations of sexual abuse by Father and 1he staff at CHCA. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 24-
25). DHS has determined that the sexual abuse allegations made by Child were unfounded. (N.T.
08/15/IS, pg. 29). After review of Child's medical records, Physician observed that Child had
·... visited her PCP approximately 156 times, Mother made twice as many phone calls to the PCP as
visits, and Child visited IS different subspecialists. (N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 29-30, 33-34). When
Child began seeing a therapist for behavioral health around age 7, Child's medical utilization of
medical appointments decreased during that time period. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs. 35-36). By Child's
L.:
pre-teen years, Child had been diagnosed with asthma. reflux. Severs Disease, AMPS, and
conversion disorder, (N .T. 07/23/18, pgs. 34, 37, S 1 ). Following Child's diagnosis of AMPS, Child
was diagnosed with conversion disorder where Child began having pseudo-seizures involving leg
movements and arm flailing. Child also had selective mutism, paralysis of the legs, and bizarre
hallucinations including people in the room that were not present, people threatening to kill her,
and bubbles on the sun. (N.T. 071.23/18, pgs, 38-39}. In regards to Child's paralysis, there is no
medical explanation and it can be described as a functional paralysis. {N.T. 07123/18, pg. 91).
Child was treated for her diagnosis at the CHCA behavioral health program in Virginia for three
months (N.T. 07123/18, pgs. 4041). Child was discharged from CHCA after three months when
she appeared to have completely recovered. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 41). Child and Mother have
indicated that Child claims to have faked improvement by improving her symptoms in order to be
.. discharged from CHCA because Child did not want to remain in inpatient care. (N.T. 08115/18,

Page 11 of 14
--
...
.;..-� :
 pgs. 16-17, 32.:n, S0-51 ). Child claimed that her symptoms began reoccurring after her treatment
at CHCA because she had to attend family therapy with Father and the stress of returning to school.
(N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 52). Child's only organic pathological finding was the Severs Disease, which
Child was treated for through physical therapy, but Child's records indicate that Child was
f .. ·
experiencing symptoms not proportional to what is commonly seen in Severs Disease. (N.T.
07/23/18, pgs, 51-53). Many of Child's issues were self-resolving, but Child's medical records
indicates that phone calls from Mother regarding the described ailments were not consistent with
the physical exam on the following day. (N.T. 07123/18, pg. 89). Physician noted that the most
concerning issue regarding Child was that Mother and Child appeared to be enmeshed and that
Child's behaviors related to the conversion disorder were enabled by Mother. (N. T. 07n.3/ 18, pgs.
44-45). Additionally, Child's symptoms appeared to be amplified by Mother's presence, which
was most noticeable during Child's stay at CHCA, where Child was discharged asymptomatic.
(N.T. 07/23/18, pgs. 4546). Physician noted that if Child were to be reunified with Mother, it
would be likely that Child would begin having symptoms of conversion disorder again. (N.T.
07/23/18, pgs. 46-47). Additionally, if Child were to remain in Mother's care, there is a risk for
Child's psychopathology to amplify over time and become more elaborate with more medical
intervention. (N.T. 07123/18, pg. 47). Child's medical record indicates an exaggeration and
instigation of Child's symptoms, all consistent with medical child abuse. (N.T. 07/23118, pg. 54).
Through review of Child's medical records, concerns of medical child abuse have been raised by
other medical professiomls. (N .T. 07123/l 8, pg. 69). On more than one occasion. Mother has over·
exaggerated Child's symptoms. (N.T. 07123/18, pg. 87). Mother was not always compliant with
th.einedical recotmna1datiO!loS given to Child. (N.T. 07123/18, pgs, 37, 80-81, 83). Mother has been

the primary historian throughout Child's medical treatment in terms of reporting symptoms and
illnesses to medical professionals. (N. T. 07/23/18, pg. 88). Mother is also the primary caretaker of
Child. (N.T. 08115118, pg. 22; DHS Exhibit 3). Before Child was born. Mother worked as an
emergency medical technician ("EMT') for CHOP and it is common for parents in medical child
abuse cases to have a medical background of some sort. (N.T. 07123/18, pg. 44). Child has had far
more medical interaction than would be typical of another child at the same level of health. (N.T.
07/23/ l 8, pg. 78). Mother was aware that a doctor who worked with Child's PCP was concerned
that Child was ..over doctored." (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 81). Mother claimed that she never forced
Child to go to the doctor when she did not want to go. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 73). Child's symptoms

Page 12of 14
:· :,

I·
 and medical care align with the ongoing custody litigation between Mother and Father (N.T.
08/15/18, pg. 35). Moth.er blames Father for Child's symptoms. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 86-87).
Physician indicated that Child's proper course of treatment moving forward should be inpatient
psychiatric care and for Moth.er, since the medical child abuse involved is conversion disorder, the
recommendation is behavioral health therapy. (N.T. 07/23/18, pg. 48). Physician also indicated
that Mother declined to attend psychotherapy when recommended in 2014, although Mother
claimed that she did attend therapy. (N.T. 08/15/18, pgs, 78-79). DHS indicated the CPS report as
to Mother based on medical evidence and the fact that Mother was the primary caretaker of Child.
(N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 22). In addition to Child's medical history, Mother's home is in question
because although Child bas a bedroom. Child chooses to sleep on a couch in the living room next
to Mother and has done so for several years. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 23). Mother also testified that she
believed placement outside of the home is appropriate for Child, if Child is placed in a specialized
treatment facility. (N.T. 08/15/18, pg. 88). Consequently, Mother is in agreement with the trial
court's disposition decision. Placement outside the home is the least restrictive setting for Child to
receive the specialized treatment needed. The record reflects that there was clear and convincing
evidence 10 adjudicate Child dependent as it is unsafe for Child to return to Mother's care. Mother
does noc have the present ability to care for Child's physical, mental, or emotion.al health. The trial
court found the DHS witnesses credible. Therefore, the trial court did not err or abuse its discretion
in finding Child dependent and determining the CPS report founded.

Conclusion:
For the aforementioned reasons, the court found that DHS met its statutory burden by clear and
convincing evidence regarding the finding that Child was a victim of medical child abuse pursuant
to 23 P .C .S .A. §6303(b. l )(2). DHS also met its statutory burden by clear and convincing evidence
that Child met the definition of a dependent child under the Juvenile Act. Accordingly, the order
entered on August 15, 2018, should be affirmed.

Page 13 of 14
,:·--·
... !"-.
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
FOR THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA
FAMILY COURT DMSION

In the Interest of SN.R, a Minor CP-5I-DP-0001387-2018

FID: 51-FN-001206-2018

APPEAL OF: S.R., Mother 2758 EDA 2018

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
1 hereby certify 1hat this court is serving a copy of this duly executed Opinion upon all counsel on
November 28, 2018. The names and addresses of all persons served are as follows:

Lindsey Cordes, Esq. Jalaine Stokes. Esq.
City of Philadelphia Law Department Defenders Association of Philadelphia
I 515 Arch Street, l � Floor 1441 Sansom Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
Lindsey.Cordes@phila.gov jstokes@philadefender.org
Attorney for D.H.S. Guardian Ad Litem

Shane Thompson, Esq. Carla Bcggin. Esq.
1706 Race Street. 4111 Floor 1800 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Suite 300
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
J\norney for Father begginlaw@mac.com
Attorney for Mother
Barry Kassel, Esq.
Supp¢rt Cemer for Child Advocates
1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd.. Suite 1200
Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 19103
bkassel(ii1sccalaw.org
Attorney for Child

Law Clerk to the Hon. Joseph L Fernandes
First Judicial District of Pennsylvania
Family Division
1501 Arch St., Room 1431
Philadelphia. Pa. 19102
T: (215) 686-2660 IF: (215) 686-4224
Ariel.bruce@courts.phila.gov
Page 14 of 14