in the Matter of M.S., a Juvenile

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________

No. 02-18-00099-CV
___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF M.S., A JUVENILE

On Appeal from the 323rd District Court
Tarrant County, Texas
Trial Court No. 323-103751-16

Before Kerr and Birdwell, JJ.; and Rebecca Simmons, J. (Sitting by Assignment)
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Simmons
 MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found that M.S. had engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the

offenses of capital murder and aggravated robbery. The trial court entered affirmative

findings pursuant to the jury findings and found that M.S. was in need of

rehabilitation and placed her in the custody of the Texas Juvenile Justice Department

for 20 years with the possibility of transfer to the Institutional Division of the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice.1

M.S. appeals, contending in points one through four that the trial court erred

by including a “legal-duty” parties charge from section 7.02 of the Texas Penal Code

because M.S. had no legal duty to prevent the commission of the capital-murder and

aggravated robbery offenses. In her fifth point, M.S. complains that the trial court

erred by placing “law of parties” language in an incorrect location within the

application paragraphs relating to the capital-murder and robbery offenses thereby

authorizing the jury to adjudicate Appellant delinquent of (1) the capital murder

charges as a principal only;2 and (2) the aggravated-robbery charges simply because

she was a party to using or exhibiting a firearm. We reverse the judgment of the trial

court.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.04(d)(3)(A).
1

It is undisputed that M.S. did not shoot a gun during the incident.
2

2
 BACKGROUND

M.S. was charged as a party to the capital murder and aggravated robbery that

occurred on the evening of July 26, 2016, at the home of Zach Beloate (Beloate),

which left Beloate wounded and his roommate Ethan Walker (Ethan) dead. M.S. had

turned 16 years old the day before the incident. The testimony at trial revealed several

juveniles3 and adults participated in the incident including Ariana Bharrat (Ariana),

Megan Holt (Megan), M.S., T.K., J.B., Latharian Merritt (Larry), and Sean Robinson

(Bankz). According to Megan, M.S. brought up the idea of stealing from Beloate

because she was romantically involved with him and because Beloate and Ethan were

drug dealers who often had drugs and cash on the premises. M.S. developed the plan

and explained the layout of Beloate’s apartment.

On the evening of July 26, Ariana drove Megan, M.S., T.K., and Bankz to

Beloate’s. Larry and J.B. were in another car driven by one of Larry’s girlfriends.

Larry and Bankz were armed with guns; J.B. had brass knuckles. The general plan was

for M.S. to divert Beloate with sexual activity, Megan would keep the front door

unlocked, and Bankz, J.B., and Larry would enter and threaten Beloate and Ethan

while T.K. and Megan searched for drugs. Megan testified that she knew there was a

plan to rob Ethan and she went to the house voluntarily.

3
We will refer to any minors by their initials. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(c).

3
 The night of the incident, M.S. and Megan were the first to enter Beloate’s

house and then Ariana joined them. All three ended up in Beloate’s bedroom, along

with Victor Landes, to smoke marijuana. Within approximately 15 minutes, Larry,

Bankz, J.B., and T.K. came into the house. Bankz entered Beloate’s room pointing

his gun at everyone while J.B. followed. The three girls left the room, and Megan

helped T.K. look for drugs. Larry displayed his gun and entered a bedroom where

Ethan and a minor, A.R., were located. Ethan and Beloate were questioned

concerning the location of drugs, but no drugs were found. Both Beloate and Ethan

were shot, and Ethan subsequently died from the gunshot. When the three girls

heard gun shots they ran to Ariana’s car where T.K. and Bankz ultimately joined them

before leaving for T.K.’s apartment.

At trial, M.S. offered evidence to establish that she was the victim of human

trafficking and that her participation in the incident had been the result of duress by

Ariana, her groomer, and Tramon Jordan (Tramon), her pimp. M.S. first met Ariana

when she was 12 and Ariana was a senior in high school. She hung out with Ariana

who eventually introduced her to Tramon when M.S. was 14. Thereafter, Ariana and

Tramon would take M.S. to strip at clubs in Fort Worth and ultimately Las Vegas. In

addition to stripping, Tramon forced M.S. into prostitution when she was 15. M.S.

testified that she was unable to escape from Ariana or Tramon because they

threatened to harm her family and they physically assaulted her. At trial Texas

Department of Public Safety Agent Coleman and Counselor Toni McKinley, an

4
expert on human trafficking, both testified that M.S. was a victim of human

trafficking.

ANALYSIS

In points one through four Appellant complains that the trial court improperly

instructed the jury in the law of parties by including an incorrect “legal duty” law of

parties instruction in the abstract portion of the jury charge. According to M.S., this

error flowed into the capital-murder application paragraph as well as the aggravated-

robbery application paragraphs relating to Beloate and Ethan.

I. Standard of Review

The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure generally govern the jury charge in juvenile

proceedings. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 56.01(b); see In re L.D.C., 400 S.W.3d 572, 574

(Tex. 2013). But a juvenile proceeding is quasi-criminal; thus, criminal law precedent

may be instructive in juvenile cases. See In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d 760, 765–67 (Tex.

1999). In criminal cases, jury-charge error is reviewed using a two-step process. Ngo

v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). First, the court determines

whether error exists in the charge. Id. If there is error, we determine if the appellant

has been harmed: “The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether the

appellant preserved the error by objection.” Id. If an appellant has preserved the

error by objection, we must reverse if we find “some harm” to his rights. See id.

(citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)).

But where there is no objection, we will not reverse for jury-charge error unless the

5
record shows “egregious harm” to the appellant. Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 461

(Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“The failure to preserve jury-charge error is not a bar to

appellate review, but rather it establishes the degree of harm necessary for reversal.”).

M.S. did not object to the legal-duty law of parties instruction in the jury

charge. When the charge error is not preserved “and the accused must claim that the

error was ‘fundamental,’ [she] will obtain a reversal only if the error is so egregious

and created such harm that [she] ‘has not had a fair and impartial trial’—in short

‘egregious harm.’” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see Mendez v. State, 545 S.W.3d 548,

552 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). Bearing this standard in mind, we turn to the charge.

II. Charge Error

A trial court must instruct the jury on the law applicable to the case. Tex. Code

Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14. It is well-settled that “[j]ury charges which fail to apply

the law to the facts adduced at trial are erroneous.” See, e.g., Gray v. State, 152 S.W.3d

125, 128 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Perez v. State, 537 S.W.2d 455, 456 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1976); and Harris v. State, 522 S.W.2d 199, 200 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)). This is

so because if an issue is “law applicable to the case,” “[t]he jury must be instructed

‘under what circumstances they should convict, or under what circumstances they

should acquit.’” Id. at 127–28 (quoting Ex parte Chandler, 719 S.W.2d 602, 606 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1986) (Clinton, J., dissenting)). “It is not sufficient for the jury to receive

an abstract instruction on the law and then to render a verdict according to a general

6
conclusion on whether the law has been violated.” Williams v. State, 547 S.W.2d 18, 20

(Tex. Crim. App. 1977).

The “abstract paragraphs [of a jury charge] serve as a glossary to help the jury

understand the meaning of concepts and terms used in the application paragraphs of

the charge.” Arteaga v. State, 521 S.W.3d 329, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) (citing

Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). “An abstract

statement of the law that goes beyond the indictment allegations usually will not

present reversible error unless ‘the instruction is an incorrect or misleading statement

of a law which the jury must understand in order to implement the commands of the

application paragraph.’” Id. (citing Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 302–03 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996)).

A. Was Inclusion of the “Legal-Duty” Theory Error?

We first address whether the inclusion of the legal-duty parties’ instruction was

error. M.S. argues that the trial court committed error by including a legal-duty

parties’ instruction in the abstract portion of the charge because there was no factual

or legal basis to support a duty on M.S.’s part to prevent the offenses for which she

was charged, adjudicated delinquent, and sentenced. The State argues that the

inclusion of the “legal-duty” law of parties instruction was proper because M.S. had a

legal duty to prevent the commission of the offense because she created the danger.

A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense “if the offense is

committed by his own conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally

7
responsible, or both.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.01(a). A person is criminally

responsible for another’s criminal conduct if:

(1) acting with the kind of culpability required for the offense, he
causes or aids an innocent or nonresponsible person to engage in
conduct prohibited by the definition of the offense;

(2) acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid
the other person to commit the offense; or

(3) having a legal duty to prevent commission of the offense and
acting with intent to promote or assist its commission, he fails to
make a reasonable effort to prevent commission of the offense.

Id. § 7.02(a).

The jury charge in this case contained three theories under which the jury could

find M.S. criminally responsible for the offenses alleged in the petition: (1) that M.S.

caused or aided an innocent or non responsible person to engage in conduct

prohibited by the definition of the offense; (2) that M.S. solicited, encouraged,

directed, aided, or attempted to aid another person in committing the offenses alleged;

and (3) the theory in dispute in this appeal: that M.S. did not make a reasonable effort

to prevent the commission of the offense when she had a legal duty to do so (the

“legal-duty theory”).

Specifically, the abstract portion of the charge provided:

A person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense
is committed by her own conduct, by the conduct of another for which
she is criminally responsible, or by both. Each party to an offense may
be charged with commission of the offense. Each party to an offense

8
 may be charged and convicted without alleging that she acted as a
principal or accomplice.

A person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by
the conduct of another if acting with the kind of culpability required for
the offense, she causes or aids an innocent or non-responsible person to
engage in conduct prohibited by the definition of the offense; or acting
with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, she
solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person to
commit the offense; or having a legal duty to prevent commission of
the offense and acting with intent to promote or assist its
commission, she fails to make a reasonable effort to prevent
commission of the offense. If, in the attempt to carry out a conspiracy
to commit one felony, another felony is committed by one of the
conspirators, all conspirators are guilty of the felony actually committed,
though having no intent to commit it, if the offense was committed in
furtherance of the unlawful purpose and was one that should have been
anticipated as a result of the carrying out of the conspiracy. [Emphasis
added.]

1. Inclusion of the “legal-duty” theory in the charge

M.S. relies on Guevara v. State, 191 S.W.3d 203 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006,

pet. ref’d), to support her argument that including the “legal duty” theory in the

charge was error.4 In Guevara, Minnie, Guevara’s mistress, shot and killed Guevara’s

4
In the previous appeal of the case to the court of criminal appeals, Guevara
challenged the intermediate appellate court’s holding that the evidence was legally
sufficient to support the verdict, and the State challenged the holding with respect to
charge error. The court of criminal appeals determined the evidence was legally
sufficient to support the verdict. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004). Although the court of criminal appeals refused to “address whether the
inclusion of the legal-duty theory in the charge was error,” id. at 52 n.28, the court
nevertheless determined the intermediate appellate court applied an incorrect standard
of review for charge error and remanded the cause to the intermediate appellate court
to conduct a harm analysis under article 36.19 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure. On remand, the intermediate appellate court determined that the charge

9
wife, Velia. There was no allegation at trial that Guevera shot his wife. The State

relied on section 7.02(a)(2) of the penal code to establish he was criminally responsible

for his mistress’s actions because they had plotted together to kill Velia. Guevara,

152 S.W.3d at 48. Similar to this case, the abstract portion of the Guevara charge

included both the aiding language from section 7.02(a)(2) and the legal-duty language

from section 7.02(a)(3) of the penal code.

At trial, the State did not present evidence to support the legal-duty theory.

The charge did not define “legal duty” for the jury or “set forth the elements of any

legal duty Guevara may have owed to Velia when such a duty attached.” Guevara,

191 S.W.3d at 206. Neither party objected to the inclusion of the “legal-duty theory”

in the abstract portion of the charge.

In its analysis, the San Antonio Court of Appeals noted first that as a general

rule, a person has no legal duty to protect another from the criminal acts of third

parties or to control the conduct of another. Id. at 207 (citing Walker v. Harris,

924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. 1996)). That general rule, absent extenuating

circumstances, also extends to husbands and wives. Id. Consequently, the court held

that “instructing the jury on the legal duty theory was error because Guevara did not

have a legal duty to prevent the commission of the offense.” Id. (citing Medrano v.

was erroneous and that Guevara suffered egregious harm, remanding the case to the
trial court for a new trial. Guevara, 191 S.W.3d at 210.

10
State, 612 S.W.2d 576, 578 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1981) (recognizing that

without a legal duty arising to prevent the commission of an offense, there is no

criminal conduct)); see also Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.01(c) (providing an omission or

failure to perform an act is not an offense unless there is a legal duty to act).

In this case, the application paragraph was similar to that in Guevara, because it

advised the jury that it could convict M.S. if she was acting as either a principal or a

party with no further explanation. Specifically, the charge required conviction if the

jury found M.S. intentionally caused the death of Ethan “by shooting Ethan Walker

with a firearm, and [M.S.] was in the course of committing or attempting to commit

the offense of robbery or burglary, as either a principal or a party . . . .” As in Guevara,

faced with the phrase “as either a principal or a party” and nothing more, “it is

entirely plausible that the jury would refer back to the charge’s definition of when a

person is criminally responsible for an offense committed by another person, a

definition that included the legal duty theory.” Guevara, 191 S.W.2d at 207.

“[B]ecause Guevara had no duty to prevent Velia’s death, his conviction for her

murder could have been based on a legally insufficient ground.” Id. at 208.

2. Did M.S. have a legal duty?

M.S. argues that charge error exists because as in Guevara, the legal-duty theory

was a legally insufficient ground for conviction because M.S. owed no duty to prevent

the offenses. The State responds that M.S.’s actions leading up to the offenses

created a legal duty to prevent commission of the capital-murder and aggravated-

11
robbery offenses. The State points out that section 6.01 of the Texas Penal Code

provides that: “[a] person who omits to perform an act does not commit an offense

unless a law as defined by section 1.07 provides that the omission is an offense or

otherwise proves that he has a duty to perform the act.” Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 6.01(c). The State then turns to section 1.07 to determine if there is a “law” that

provides a legal duty to prevent the commission of the offenses.

Section 1.07 defines “law” as “the constitution or a statute of this state or of

the United States, a written opinion of a court of record, a municipal ordinance, an

order of a county commissioners court, or a rule authorized by and lawfully adopted

under a statute.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(30) (emphasis added). Because

there appears to be no constitutional provision, statute, or rule that creates a legal

duty, the State relies on written opinions by appellate courts in civil cases that

articulate a common-law duty to prevent injury to others that arises when a party

negligently creates a dangerous situation. See El Chico Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306,

312 (Tex. 1987) (finding liability for El Chico based on negligently serving intoxicating

beverages resulting in car accident). The State contends that evidence M.S. planned

the robbery, chose the location and victims, and provided a layout of the scene to her

co-defendants created a legal duty to prevent the commission of the offenses that

supports a finding of criminal responsibility for another’s conduct under section

7.02(b)(3).

12
 Under the State’s theory, a person who omits to perform an act commits an

offense if there is a common law duty to perform the act articulated by a court of

record such as the county, district, and appellate courts in Texas. The State does not

refer us to any other Texas case or authority that has adopted a similar theory that

imports the civil duty to prevent injury articulated in premises-liability and other

negligence cases to support a finding of legal duty under section 7.02(b)(3) of the

penal code.

The State relies on State v. Zascavage, 216 S.W.3d 495, 497 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2007, pet. ref’d) as a basis for its theory that a civil common-law duty may

form the basis for a finding of legal duty under the law of parties. However, Zascavage

is not supportive. In Zascavage, the court examined the constitutionality of the former

hazing statute set forth in Texas Education Code section 37.152 that made it an

offense to fail to report hazing. See Tex. Educ. Code Ann. § 37.152(a)(4). Of primary

concern was whether the statute provided “sufficient notice of a particular charge to a

particular defendant.” Zascavage, 216 S.W.3d at 497 (citing Billingslea v. State,

780 S.W.2d 271, 275–76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989)). After noting that “the legislature’s

1993 amendment to section 6.01(c) of the penal code . . . allow[s] common law duties

to form the basis for criminal prosecution,”5 the court emphasized that “penal

provisions which criminalize a failure to act without informing those subject to

5
See Act of February 8, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 3, § 1, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 10.

13
prosecution that they must perform a duty to avoid punishment are unconstitutionally

vague.” Id. at 497–98 (citing Billingslea, 780 S.W.2d at 276). The Zascavage court

ultimately rejected the State’s reliance on various education codes and civil immunity

cases to create a duty to prevent hazing and declared the hazing statute

unconstitutional. The State’s theory in this case, based on premises-liability cases that

are intensely fact specific, is even more tenuous. We have found no cases that

support the State’s theory and we decline to adopt it in this case.

We hold that the submission of the legal-duty theory was erroneous because

M.S. had no legal duty to prevent the offenses and, therefore, the charge allowed the

jury to convict M.S. based on a legally insufficient ground. See Arteaga, 521 S.W.3d at

339 (holding “[i]t is reversible error when an abstract instruction is given that is an

incorrect or misleading statement of the law that the jury must understand to

implement the application paragraphs” and citing Plata, 926 S.W.2d at 301-02). Here,

the jury had to understand the law of parties to implement the application paragraphs,

and the section 7.02(b)(c) legal-duty theory was not “law applicable to the case.” Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (“[T]he judge shall, before the argument begins,

deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to the

case.”). We now turn to a harm analysis to determine if the record shows that the

error resulted in egregious harm.

14
 B. Was the Charge Error Egregious?

When considering whether a defendant suffered egregious harm, we consider

not only the erroneous portion of the charge, but also other relevant aspects of the

trial. See Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Hutch v. State,

922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. These

include: (1) the entire jury charge; (2) the state of the evidence, including the contested

issues and weight of probative evidence; (3) the argument of counsel; and (4) any

other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole. Almanza,

686 S.W.2d at 171. The reviewing court must conduct this examination of the record

to “illuminate the actual, not just theoretical, harm to the accused.” Id. at 174. Charge

error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the

defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory. See Sanchez,

209 S.W.3d at 121.

1. Entire Charge.

In determining whether a charge error is egregiously harmful, we first consider

whether a reasonable jury referring to other parts of the charge would find a correct

statement of the law or would instead be confused or misled. Vasquez v. State,

389 S.W.3d 361, 371 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 752 (examining

whether error was “corrected or ameliorated in another portion of the charge” or

“was compounded by [a] misleading statement” in the charge). “[O]mitting an

element necessary to convict a defendant is less likely to be harmful if the elements

15
are accurately set forth in another section of the charge.” Uddin v. State, 503 S.W.3d

710, 717 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.); see Riley v. State, 447 S.W.3d

918, 929 (Tex. App.–-Texarkana 2014, no pet.) (citing Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 367;

Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).

In this case, the application paragraph instructed the jury that if it found that

M.S. “intentionally caused the death of Ethan Walker, by shooting Ethan Walker with

a firearm, and M.S. was in the course of committing or attempting to commit the

offense of robbery or burglary, as either a principal or a party, then you will find

that M.S. has engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the offense of capital

murder as alleged in the Petition.” [Emphasis added.]. Similar application paragraphs

relating to the aggravated-robbery offenses referenced M.S.’s actions “as either a

principal or party.” The specific jury questions also asked the jury if M.S. committed

the offenses as either a principal or a party. For further clarification, jurors would

have referred back to the abstract portion of the charge which included all three

modes of being criminally responsible under section 7.02(b).

We have already determined that M.S. did not have a legal duty to prevent the

commission of the offense, but the jury could have convicted M.S. based on a legally

inapplicable theory of criminal responsibility. Based on the legal-duty theory in the

abstract portion of the charge, the jury could have concluded that M.S. “having a legal

duty to prevent commission of the offense, and acting with intent to promote or

16
assist its commission, . . . fail[ed] to make a reasonable effort to prevent commission

of the offense.”

In addition to the wrongful inclusion of legal duty in the abstract portion of the

charge, M.S. also complains about the poor wording of the application paragraphs

that authorized the jury to adjudicate her delinquent only as a principal.6 The capital-

murder application paragraph instructed the jurors to adjudicate M.S. delinquent if

they believed beyond a reasonable doubt that she:

intentionally cause[d] the death of Ethan Walker, by shooting Ethan
Walker with a firearm, and [M.S.] was in the course of committing or
attempting to commit the offense of robbery or burglary, as either a
principal or party, then you will find that [M.S.] has engaged in
delinquent conduct by committing the offense of capital murder as
alleged in the Petition. [Emphasis added.]

M.S. argues that this instruction asked the jury whether M.S. physically shot Ethan

and caused his death as a principal and only applied the “principal or party” language

to the robbery or burglary allegation. M.S. argues she should not have been convicted

of capital murder because there was no evidence that she personally shot Ethan.

M.S. argues the aggravated-robbery application paragraphs were equally

erroneous. The aggravated-robbery application paragraphs pertaining to Ethan

6
M.S. discusses this error in point five of her brief but because we must
consider the entire charge, we examine the application paragraphs in our egregious
error review. See Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 366.

17
instructed the jury to adjudicate M.S. delinquent if it believed beyond a reasonable

doubt that she:

intentionally or knowingly, while in the course of committing theft of
property and with intent to obtain or maintain control of said property,
threaten[ed] or place[d] Ethan Walker in fear of imminent bodily injury
or death, and the Respondent did then and there use or exhibit a deadly
weapon, to wit, a firearm, as either a principal or a party, then you will
find that [M.S.] has engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the
offense of aggravated robbery as alleged in the Petition.

M.S. argues the aggravated-robbery application paragraph instructed the jurors

to adjudicate her guilty if they believed beyond a reasonable doubt that she personally

robbed Ethan, and the “as either a principal or a party” language applied only to the

use of a deadly weapon. M.S. argues there was no evidence that M.S. personally

robbed Ethan. According to M.S., the aggravated-robbery application paragraph

relating to Beloate is equally problematic because it instructed jurors to adjudicate her

delinquent if they believed beyond a reasonable doubt that she:

[i]ntentionally or knowingly, while in the course of committing theft of
property and with the intent to obtain or maintain control of said
property, cause[d] bodily injury to Zachary Beloate, by shooting him
with a firearm and [M.S.] did then and there use or exhibit a deadly
weapon, to wit, a firearm, as either a principal or a party, then you will
find that [M.S.] has engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the
offense of aggravated robbery as alleged in the Petition. [Emphasis
added.]

M.S. argues that this aggravated-robbery application paragraph instructed the jurors to

adjudicate M.S. guilty if they believed beyond a reasonable doubt that she personally

robbed Beloate and that the “as either a principal or a party” language applied only to

18
the use of a deadly weapon, and she asserts that there is no evidence that M.S.

possessed a deadly weapon during the incident.

The placement of the “principal or party” language does not appear to modify

the entire offense, is confusing, and more importantly for this review compounds the

error of including the legal-duty theory as a mode under the law of parties instruction

in the abstract portion of the charge.7 Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 371. In parsing

through the application paragraphs the jury would look to the abstract for an

understanding of the law of parties and then try and apply the law to the poorly

worded application paragraphs.

We conclude that the entirety of the jury charge weighs in favor of finding

egregious harm. We next consider whether this harm was ameliorated by other

relevant aspects of the trial.

2. The state of the evidence.

M.S. relies on Guevara, and points to the similarities in the nature of the

evidence. As in Guevara, there was evidence and instructions that would properly

allow the jury to convict M.S. under the aiding theory of section 7.02(b)(2). Guevara,

191 S.W.3d at 207. In Guevara there was no evidence Guevara had a legal duty, but

the State repeatedly argued that he should be found guilty because he should have

We do not address M.S.’s claims under point five, rather we are reviewing
7

other portions of the charge to determine if they ameliorate the error in the abstract
section in accordance with Vasquez, 389 S.W.3d at 371.

19
prevented the murder. Id. at 208. In this case, the State also argued that M.S. did

nothing to stop the offense or warn the victims.8 Specifically, she did not stop to help

her boyfriend Beloate or Ethan after they were shot. According to M.S., the jury was

allowed and even encouraged to adjudicate her delinquent under the legal-duty theory

that was not authorized in this case.

The State responds that this case is distinguishable from Guevara because it is

reasonable from the evidence, argument, and instructions that the jury did not base its

verdict on the “legal-duty” theory.9 Rather, the State argues that the evidence

established M.S. “was an integral part of the offenses.” She planned the robbery;

chose the location and victims; and decided more manpower and guns were needed

for the success of the plan. In closing, the State directed the jury to the second law of

parties’ instruction in the jury charge that mirrored section 7.02(b)(2). Further,

although in closing the State criticized the failure of M.S. to stop the offenses and help

the victims, the State argues these statements were in the context of disproving M.S.’s

8
“She got up and walked out of that bedroom while her boyfriend was being
beaten with brass knuckles and then shot. Did not stop it. Did not render first aid.
Did not call 911.” “She does not stop to help Zachary or Ethan when the gunshots
start. She does not call 911 when Zach is bleeding. When Ethan Walker needed
every second of life left to him, her response was to run out and get inside of a
car . . . .”
9
In Guevara no evidence was presented that Guevara had a legal duty to his
wife, although the State argued throughout trial that Guevara had a duty to protect his
wife. 191 S.W.3d at 207.

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affirmative defense of duress. The State argues they showed that M.S. was not

threatened or compelled to commit the offenses and could have left at any time. The

State claims “it can be presumed the jury based its verdict on the aiding theory.” We

disagree. There was conflicting evidence regarding the ring leaders of the event and

M.S.’s role in the incident. There was no evidence that M.S. tried to stop the incident.

Reviewing the record in its entirety, it is just as likely that the jury based its verdict on

an inapplicable legal-duty theory.

“When the jury is incorrectly instructed on disjunctive theories and it renders a

general verdict of guilty, the harm analysis must take into account the type of error in

the charge.” Uddin, 503 S.W.3d at 720 (citing Guevara, 191 S.W.3rd at 207-08). A

charge authorizing conviction on an improper legal theory is not free from egregious

error simply because the evidence is sufficient to support the allegations of the

indictment. Id.; see Lang v. State, 698 S.W.2d 223, 225 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1985, no

pet.).10 When “jurors have been left the option of relying on a legally inadequate

theory, there is no reason to think that their own intelligence and expertise will save

them from that error.” Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 59, 112 S. Ct. 466, 474

(1991). In such cases, “the proper rule to be applied is that which requires a verdict to

10
In the civil context, when the trial court submits a broad-form liability
question incorporating multiple theories of liability, the error is harmful and a new
trial is required when the appellate court cannot determine whether the jury based its
verdict on an invalid theory. Crown Life Ins. Co. v. Casteel, 22 S.W.3d 378, 388 (Tex.
2000).

21
be set aside in cases where the verdict is supportable on one ground, but not on

another, and it is impossible to tell which ground the jury selected.” Yates v. United

States, 354 U.S. 298, 312, 77 S. Ct. 1064, 1073 (1957); see also Griffin, 502 U.S. at 59,

112 S. Ct. at 474; Robinson v. State, 266 S.W.3d 8, 12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2008, pet. ref’d); Green v. State, 233 S.W.3d 72, 85 n.9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d); Guevara, 191 S.W.3d at 208.

There is evidence in this case from which a rational juror could have found

appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt based on the law of parties aiding section

7.02(b)(2). However, the charge also implied Appellant had a legal duty to prevent the

commission of the crime: “having a legal duty to prevent commission of the

event [she] acts with intent to promote or assist its commission, and fails to make a

reasonable effort to prevent the commission of the offense.” [Emphasis added.].

The entirety of the evidence weighs toward a neutral finding of egregious error.

3. Argument of Counsel.

Although the State did not mention the word “legal duty” in closing, it

repeatedly criticized M.S. for her failure to prevent the incident or seek help for the

victims. The prosecutor referred to the evidence and the fact that M.S. did not help

her boyfriend: “She got up and walked out of that bedroom while her boyfriend was

being beaten with brass knuckles and then shot. Did not stop it. Did not render first

aid. Did not call 911.” “She does not stop to help Zachary or Ethan when the

gunshots start. She does not call 911 when Zach is bleeding. When Ethan . . . needed

22
every second of life left to him, her response was to run out and get inside of a

car . . . .”

Although the State argues that the preceding comments were directed to the

duress affirmative defense, the statements do not address the duress exercised by

Ariana over M.S. The jury had been instructed by the court and the attorneys to

follow the court’s charge as written. It is doubtful they ignored the instruction. The

argument of counsel weighs toward a finding of egregious error.

4. All Other Relevant Information in the Record.

We find no other information in the record relevant to harm. See, e.g., Wall v.

State, No. 02-18-00065-CR, 2019 WL 2041839, at *7 (Tex. App—Fort Worth May 9,

2019, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

CONCLUSION

Although there is evidence in the record that supports a conviction under the

aiding section of the law of parties, it is equally likely the jury may have convicted M.S.

under the legal-duty theory and exposed appellant to conviction under an invalid

theory. The charge erroneously allowed the jury to convict M.S. of capital murder and

aggravated robbery under an improper legal-duty theory. We hold that this charge

error was egregiously harmful because it affected the very basis of the case and

deprived M.S. of a valuable right to be tried and convicted under a correct theory.

These errors effectively denied M.S. a fair and impartial trial; therefore, we sustain

M.S.’s points one, two, three, and four. Having sustained these points, we do not

23
reach appellant’s fifth point regarding the wording of the application paragraphs. See

Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand

the cause for a new trial.

/s/ Rebecca Simmons

Rebecca Simmons
Visiting Justice

Delivered: August 8, 2019

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