IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
PORT OF ANACORTES, a Washington No. 78726-8-1
municipal corporation,
DIVISION ONE
Respondent,
V.
FRONTIER INDUSTRIES, INC. a
Washington, corporation; EINO "MIKE" PUBLISHED OPINION
JOHNSON and LORIE A. JOHNSON, a
married couple; ITOCHU
INTERNATIONAL, INC., a foreign
corporation;
Petitioners,
INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY
OF NORTH AMERICA, a Pennsylvania
corporation; INSURANCE COMPANY
OF NORTH AMERICA, a Pennsylvania
corporation; ACE USA INSURANCE a
Pennsylvania corporation; THE CHUBB
CORPORATION, a Pennsylvania
corporation.
Defendants. FILED: August 19, 2019
CHUN, J. — The Port of Anacortes filed suit against defendant& under the
Model Toxics Control Act(MTCA), which imposes strict liability on any owner or
operator of a facility "at the time of disposal or release of. . . hazardous
substances." RCW 70.105D.040(1)(b). Defendants' activities at the Port's log
handling facility resulted in the accumulation of significant amounts of wood
1 "Defendants" refers to Petitioners Frontier Industries, Inc., Eino "Mike" Johnson, Lode A.
Johnson, and Itochu International, Inc.
No. 78726-8-1/2
debris in the marine environment. Decomposition of such debris in the marine
environment releases hazardous substances such as ammonia, benzoic acid,
and phenols. Moreover, such hazardous substances existed in the water at the
cessation of defendants' activities at the Port. This indicates that a release of
hazardous substances occurred during defendants' tenure as operators of the
facility. Therefore, we affirm the trial court's denial of defendants'joint motion for
summary judgment.
I.
BACKGROUND
The Port serves as a Washington port district and owns upland and
aquatic property on Guemes Channel in Anacortes, Washington. The Port
purchased the site in 1965. The property includes Pier 2, a deep-water marine
terminal, and a "round log" handling facility. Round logs have had their leaves
and branches removed but maintain their bark. The round log handling facility
consists of the upland "log yard" and the "log pocket" in a small embayment in
the water. Log handling occurred at this site for approximately four decades,
from the mid-1960s to 2004.
From 1994 to 1997, defendant Frontier Industries, owned by Mike
Johnson, leased the log yard and log pocket for log handling. Defendant Itochu
International, Inc., a Japanese trading firm, also used the log handling facility to
export logs to Japan. In 1997, log handling ceased for a time due to a downturn
in the round log export business. Exports resumed later that year, and Johnson
2
No. 78726-8-1/3
entered an agreement with the Port for Itochu to serve as the exclusive round log
user of the Port's facility. The Port closed the log handling facility in 2004.
Defendants handled tens of millions of board feet of round logs at the Port
facility. A tugboat would pull large rafts, composed of many bundles of logs, into
the log pocket. The tugboat would then deposit the logs in a north-south position
within the log pocket. During low tide, the logs typically rested on the bottom of
the log pocket. Removal of the logs required east-west positioning. A small
gasoline-powered boat called a "log bronc" moved the rafts around inside the log
pockets to reorient them. When the logs were properly situated, a large machine
called a "Wagner" would go to the log pocket and retrieve bundles of logs with its
hydraulic claws.
During this process, the logs shed bark while in the log pocket. Shedding
occurred because the logs soaked in the salt water and rubbed and crashed
against each other and the machinery. The shed bark deposited on the bottom
of the log pocket.
Studies dating back to 1984 show that sediment with 20 percent wood
waste by volume can cause a negative impact on the marine environment.2
"Wood waste leaches and/or degrades into some compounds that can be toxic to
aquatic life, such as phenols and methylated phenols, benzoic acid and benzyl
alcohol, terpenes, and tropolones."3 Wood debris decomposes into byproducts
2 CP 287.
3 OP 296-97.
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No. 78726-8-1/4
"such as sulfides, ammonia, and phenols, which can cause or contribute to
toxicity." Additionally, "TVS [total volatile solids] and sulfides are known by-
products of wood waste decomposition in the marine environment that are toxic
to aquatic life."5
After the facility's closure, the Port assessed the environmental impacts of
the log handling activities. Surface sediment samples contained contaminants
such as benzene derivatives. The investigation also included the digging of eight
test pits in the marine sediment to two feet below the mudline. All eight pits
confirmed the presence of wood debris, with four of the test pits exceeding 50
percent wood waste by weight. The layer of deposited wood debris ranged in
thickness from 11 inches to two feet. Two of the pits showed approximately 75
percent wood waste through two feet of sample sediment.
In 2008, the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) required
the Port to conduct chemical and biological toxicity testing to determine if the log
pocket's wood waste posed an environmental risk. The testing found that the log
pocket sediment samples contained higher concentrations of total sulfides than
typically found in the Puget Sound. Additionally, the sediment samples failed to
meet Ecology's criteria for benthic6 abundance. Subsequent investigations
4 CP 288.
5 CP 291.
6 "Benthic" is defined as "of, relating to, or occurring on the bottom underlying a body of
water." WEBSTER'S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 204(2002). An expert for the Port
described the importance of the benthic community as follows: "Benthic organisms, or benthos,
are organisms that live on or near the sediment surface in a marine environment. A healthy and
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No. 78726-8-1/5
provided additional evidence of adverse environmental effects from wood debris.
In addition to wood waste, sediment samples contained metals, benzoic acid,
dioxins, and furans in amounts exceeding required cleanup levels.
In April 2014, Ecology issued a Potentially Liable Person (PLP)
Determination letter to the Port as owner of the log handling site. In response,
the Port entered into an Agreed Order with Ecology promising to conduct a
remedial investigation of the extent of the hazardous substances and a feasibility
study on the options for cleanup, as well as draft a cleanup plan. As of June
2018, the remedial investigation and feasibility studies for cleanup of the log
handling facility reached their final stages. The Port has paid, and has agreed to
continue to pay, for remedial action at the site.
The remediation report lists wood waste as the first contaminant of
concern. In addition, substances such as metals, LPAHs,7 HPAHS,8 cPAHs,9
benzoic acid, phenols, dioxins, and furans contaminate the wood debris area and
commingle within the wood waste. While many of these contaminants stem from
the use of machinery during the log handling operations, hazardous substances
such as benzoic acid and phenols also result from the decomposition and
degradation of the wood debris in the marine environment. Site testing in the log
diverse benthic community is a foundation of the aquatic food web and recycles nutrients
between the sediment and water column in forms useable to other organisms."
7 LPAHs are low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as
acenaphtene and flourene.
8 HPAHs are high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as
benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene and chrysene.
9 cPAHs are carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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No. 78726-8-1/6
pocket demonstrated the presence of these contaminants as well as other known
by-products of wood debris including ammonia and sulfides.
In July 2016, the Port filed a complaint seeking contribution from
defendants under MTCA. The Port requested proportionate recovery of the costs
of remediation for the site from these former operators.1° The Port also sought
declaratory judgment on two issues. First, the Port requested declaratory relief
"that the Operator Defendants, as former owners and/or operators under
RCW 70.105D.040(2), are strictly liable, jointly and severally, for all remedial
actions costs resulting from releases or threatened releases of hazardous
substances at the Site, a facility under RCW 70.105D.020(8)." Second, the Port
claimed entitlement to declaratory judgment that defendants' insurance carrier is
obligated to defend and/or indemnify the Port with respect to the environmental
liability. Finally, the Port raised a breach of contract claim against the insurance
company for failure to indemnify it for costs and liability incurred due to the
damage caused by the hazardous substances.
Defendants jointly moved for summary judgment, requesting dismissal of
all claims. Specifically, defendants sought to avoid liability on the ground that
10 During oral argument, ltochu disputed its role as an operator of the log handling facility.
Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, Port of Anacortes v. Frontier Indus., No. 78726-8-1 (July
12, 2019), at 2 min., 40 sec. through 3 min. 18 sec.(on file with the court). ltochu did not raise
this issue in its briefing on review. We do not consider arguments made outside the briefing.
RAP 10.3. For the purposes of this review, we assume ltochu operated the log handling facility
as alleged.
6
No. 78726-8-1/7
wood debris does not constitute a hazardous substance." The trial court denied
the motion for summary judgment.
The trial court also denied defendants' motion for reconsideration, but
certified the decision for review by this court under RAP 2.3(b)(4). A
commissioner of this court accepted discretionary review to determine whether
wood debris is a hazardous substance under MTCA.12
II.
DISCUSSION
Defendants contend that wood waste, as a matter of law, does not qualify
as a hazardous substance under MTCA.13 They ask us to reverse the trial
court's ruling on this ground.
Appellate courts review de novo orders on motions for summary judgment
and perform the same inquiry as the trial court. Owen v. Burlington N. & Santa
Fe R.R., 153 Wn.2d 780, 787, 108 P.3d 1220 (2005). A court properly grants
summary judgment where there exists no genuine issue as to any material fact,
11 Defendants also alleged that the Port could not meet its burden of producing evidence
of a release or disposal of other hazardous substances during the time defendants operated the
site. This issue is not on review.
12 After completion of the briefing, the Port filed a motion to strike portions of defendants'
reply briefing concerning argument about the validity of the Sediment Management Standards
(SMS) under the Administrative Procedures Act(APA). A commissioner of this court referred the
motion to strike to the panel for consideration with the merits. Because we do not reach the SMS
arguments raised by the Port, the motion is moot and we need not rule on it.
13 Defendants argue the sole issue on review is whether wood debris is a hazardous
substance and that we are limited to answering only this question. Specifically, defendants claim
that the Port did not previously raise the issue of liability for disposal of non-hazardous materials
that later decompose into hazardous substances. Defendants do not cite any legal authority to
support their position. We may affirm the trial court's ruling on a summary judgment motion on
any ground supported by the record. Pac. Marine Ins. Co. v. Dep't of Revenue, 181 Wn. App.
730, 737, 329 P.3d 101 (2014).
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No. 78726-8-1/8
entitling the moving party to judgment as a matter of law. Owen, 153 Wn.2d at
787; CR 56(c). "The court must consider the facts in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party, and the motion should be granted only if reasonable
persons could reach but one conclusion." GO2Net, Inc. v. C I Host, Inc., 115
Wn. App. 73, 83, 60 P.3d 1245 (2003). We may affirm a trial court's decision on
a motion for summary judgment on any ground supported by the record.
Pac. Marine Ins. Co. v. Dep't of Revenue, 181 Wn. App. 730, 737, 329 P.3d 101
(2014).
This case requires us to interpret MTCA. We review de novo questions of
statutory interpretation. Ass'n of Wash. Spirits & Wine Distribs. v. Wash. State
Liquor Control Bd., 182 Wn.2d 342, 350, 340 P.3d 849 (2015). Our "fundamental
objective is to ascertain and carry out the Legislature's intent, and if the statute's
meaning is plain on its face, then [we] must give effect to that plain meaning as
an expression of legislative intent." Dep't of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn,
L.L.C., 146 Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002). Furthermore,"meaning is
discerned from all that the Legislature has said in the statute and related statutes
which disclose legislative intent about the provision in question." Campbell &
Gwinn, 146 Wn.2d at 11. The court must interpret the language in a manner
rendering no portion of the statute meaningless or superfluous. Rivard v. State,
168 Wn.2d 775, 783, 231 P.3d 186 (2010). The court defers to an agency's
interpretation of its own regulations only if the statute presents ambiguity. Port of
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No. 78726-8-1/9
Seattle v. Pollution Control Hearings Bd., 151 Wn.2d 568, 593, 90 P.3d 659
(2004).
"The primary intent of MTCA is that Ip]olluters should pay to clean up their
own mess." Pope Res., LP v. Dep't of Nat. Res., 190 Wn.2d 744, 751, 418 P.3d
90(2018)(quoting State of Washington Voter's Pamphlet, General Election 6
(Nov. 8, 1988)). "The provisions of[MTCA] are to be liberally construed to
effectuate the policies and purposes of this act." RCW 70.105D.910.
MTCA imposes strict liability on any owner or operator of a facility "at the
time of disposal or release of. . . hazardous substances" there. RCW
70.105D.040(1)(b); See Weverhauser Co. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 142
Wn.2d 645, 661, 15 P.3d 115 (2000). It provides for a private right of action for
contribution or declaratory relief against liable persons to recover remedial costs.
RCW 70.105D.080.
MTCA defines "hazardous substances" as:
(a) Any dangerous or extremely hazardous waste as defined
in RCW 70.105.010 (1) and (7), or any dangerous or extremely
dangerous waste designated by rule pursuant to chapter 70.105
RCW;
(b) Any hazardous substance as defined in RCW
70.105.010(10) or any hazardous substance as defined by rule
pursuant to chapter 70.105 RCW;
(c) Any substance that, on March 1, 1989, is a hazardous
substance under section 101(14) of the federal cleanup law, 42
U.S.C. Sec. 9601(14);
(d) Petroleum or petroleum products; and
(e) Any substance or category of substances, including solid
waste decomposition products, determined by the director by rule to
9
No. 78726-8-1/10
present a threat to human health or the environment if released into
the environment.
RCW 70.105D.020(13).
Here, defendants argue that wood debris does not fit within the
established definitions for hazardous waste. Ecology, while not a party in this
case, submitted an amicus brief essentially conceding that wood debris itself
does not fit into the definitions of a hazardous substance in RCW
70.105D.020(13). We agree.
However, the evidence in the record demonstrates that wood debris
results in a release of listed hazardous substances as it breaks down in the
marine environment. As discussed above, the wood debris decomposition
products include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and benzoic acid. The
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of
1980(CERCLA) has designated these compounds as hazardous substances.
42 USC § 9601(14); 40 C.F.R. § 302.4. As hazardous substances designated
under CERCLA, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and benzoic acid meet the definition
of hazardous substances for MTCA under RCW 70.105D.020(13)(c). While
wood by itself may not qualify as a hazardous substance, wood debris
decomposing in the marine environment releases designated hazardous
substances under MTCA.
For the question of liability, the issue then becomes when the release of
the hazardous substances occurred as a result of wood debris decomposition in
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No. 78726-8-1/11
the marine environment. As noted above, parties strictly liable under MTCA
include, "[a]ny person who owned or operated the facility at the time of disposal
or release of the hazardous substances." RCW 70.105D.040(1)(b). "'Release'
means any intentional or unintentional entry of any hazardous substance into the
environment, including but not limited to the abandonment or disposal of
containers of hazardous substances." RCW 70.105D.020(32).
The record shows that as of July 2004, sediment samples from the log
pocket included detectible levels of hazardous substances known to be released
during wood decomposition in the marine environment, including ammonia,
benzoic acid, and phenols. While the chemicals of concern did not exceed
Ecology's Sediment Quality Standards at that time, their presence at the
cessation of log handling indicates a release of hazardous substances occurred
during defendants' tenure as operators of the facility.14
In the context of defendants' motion for summary judgment, we must view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the Port. In doing so, we determine
that issues of fact exist regarding whether hazardous substances were released
14 Defendants point to microorganism activity as the cause of release of hazardous
substances from the wood debris. But the MTCA provision here does not specify the types of
actors required for liability. Liability attaches to lalny person who owned or operated the facility
at the time of disposal or release of the hazardous substances." RCW 70.105D.040(1)(b).
Release entails "entry" of a hazardous substance into the environment regardless of intent.
RCW 70.105D.020(32). MTCA does not require owner or operator activity for liability. The fact of
the release, rather than the actors involved in the release, triggers liability for an owner or
operator. This adheres to the strict liability scheme established by the Act.
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No. 78726-8-1/12
at the time defendants were operators at the log handling facility.15 The trial
court properly denied summary judgment.
Affirmed.
C%,...., .
WE CONCUR:
15 In light of this conclusion, we do not reach the following issues:(1) whether Ecology's
SMS, promulgated through formal rulemaking, establishes wood waste as a hazardous
substance, as argued by the Port, and (2) whether the disposal of a hazardous substance
includes the disposal of a substance (such as wood debris) into an environment where it will
cause a release of hazardous substances, as argued by Ecology.
12