NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.
IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
SHAUN MICHAEL SCHULTE, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 18-0202
FILED 8-20-2019
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2017-001025-001
The Honorable Christopher A. Coury, Judge
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Michelle Hogan
Counsel for Appellee
Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix
By Mikel Steinfield
Counsel for Appellant
STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Presiding Judge Samuel A. Thumma delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Randall M. Howe and Chief Judge Peter B. Swann joined.
T H U M M A, Judge:
¶1 Shaun Schulte appeals his conviction and sentence for
computer tampering. Schulte argues the superior court violated his right to
self-representation by applying an incorrect standard when denying his
request to waive counsel and represent himself. Because Schulte’s request
was untimely and equivocal, he has shown no error. Accordingly, his
conviction and sentence are affirmed.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 In January 2017, a grand jury indicted Schulte on three counts
of computer tampering, each a Class 5 felony, alleged to have been
committed on three separate days in July and August 2015. Before trial,
after a request by Schulte’s counsel, the court ordered a competency
evaluation. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 11.2 (2019).1 Based on the evaluations of
three doctors, in September 2017, the court found Schulte competent to
stand trial.
¶3 Schulte’s trial took place in January 2018, and he was
represented by counsel throughout. On the second day of trial, Schulte told
the court that, at specific times the previous day, during voir dire, someone
had “used a laser pointer” on him causing “markings on [his] head, on [his]
hair.” Schulte suggested it would be improper to proceed without
investigating his claims and asked the court to review video of the
proceedings. The court informed Schulte it would do so but overruled his
request to continue trial, reassuring Schulte that if the court discovered
“some impropriety, [it could] certainly pump the brakes and figure out
what’s going on.” Based on Schulte’s behavior, the State asked, and the
court ordered that Schulte (who was not in custody) undergo drug testing
that same day. Schulte did so, testing positive for methamphetamine, and
“admitted to [his] Pretrial Services Officer that he had used the
1Absent material revisions after the relevant dates, statutes and rules cited
refer to the current version unless otherwise indicated.
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
methamphetamine on January 17, 2018, the day he believed that lasers had
been pointed at him in the courtroom.”
¶4 Nearly a week later, after the close of evidence but before
closing arguments, the following lengthy exchange took place in open court
outside of the presence of the jury:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge, Mr. Schulte would like to –
THE COURT: Hi, Mr. Schulte.
DEFENDANT: I’m at odds with my Counsel as far as a
defense as far as closing arguments. And maybe I could—I’m
at a loss what I should do. I mean fundamental, complete
different odds. And I wanted to—I don’t want to dismiss my
Counsel. But I can’t—if my counsel is unable to even
reportedly mention what I’d like to have mentioned. I can’t—
I don’t believe it’s a legal argument and I don’t believe it’s an
argument that I even would be able to carry as far as moving
forward. I do want to move forward but I’m sorry, I can’t.
We’re at odds.
THE COURT: Let me ask [defense counsel] without divulging
any confidence is the argument that he’s asking you to make
a proper argument in so far as it relates to evidence
introduced during the trial?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: It’s not a proper argument, Your
Honor.
THE COURT: All right.
DEFENDANT: I would—
THE COURT: Mr. Schulte, I’m going to be very clear with
you, sir. Lawyers—and if you were representing yourself, you
would be subject to the same standards. You cannot argue
anything you want to at closing arguments. It has to be based
entirely and only on the evidence and the reasonable
inferences from th[at] evidence at trial. . . .
What I’m being told is—what I’m being told is that the
argument that you want to raise is not a proper one which
means that any lawyer, were you to substitute out your
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
lawyer[,] even though you’re at odds, this is not an
irreconcilable conflict under State [versus] Cromwell and
State versus Torres.
Considering, you know, that any new Counsel would be
presented with the same conflict. At the time of the motion
we are ready to go to closing argument right now. This is a
single disagreement over defense strategy and a strategy you
want to utilize is one that you cannot utilize under the rules.
DEFENDANT: Your Honor, may I?
THE COURT: Sure.
DEFENDANT: I disagree with you because I have not
divulged specific strategy as far as how to approach this. I just
have a different way of approaching the argument. I wouldn’t
bring anything in new. I wouldn’t bring anything out of order
or that hasn’t been introduced into evidence. Specifically the
evidence at hand—and there’s nothing else to—there’s
nothing I would be able to bring forth, only the testimony of
the witnesses and exhibits that are at hand.
While it’s characterized by [defense counsel as] something
different, I don’t believe it is. I believe it’s skirting but it’s not
there. It’s not going to broach or bring in any new evidence at
all.
THE COURT: All right.
DEFENDANT: But I do apologize about the late timing of the
this. But we’ve been talking about it the last couple days and
I am just now coming to a final like would you mention this
and this?
THE COURT: All right. Mr. Schulte, I’m going to deny your
request at this time to represent yourself. I don’t hear enough
of a sufficient basis that entitles you to a new lawyer for the
reasons that I said.
Let’s put it this way, I want to supplement the record by
pointing out the following. . . . I’ve been informed there’s one
prior—you have been convicted once before, [and] that is not
historical because you were adjudicated to be guilty but
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
insane. You’ve gone through two Rule 11 proceedings in this
case.
DEFENDANT: That’s not correct.
THE COURT: Well, in a prior case.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: One other case, Your Honor.
THE COURT: I’m sorry?
THE STATE: It’s two in the previous 2015 case and one time
in Rule 11 in the 2017 matter.
THE COURT: Very good. I understand the 2015 case and the
current case arise out of the same transaction or occurrence,
generally speaking, am I right?
THE STATE: Yes, Your Honor.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes, Your Honor.
DEFENDANT: Rule 11—
THE COURT: In addition, sir, some of the statements that you
made the other day concerning the lasers [. . . ] I have a ruling,
I reviewed the record. I don’t see any indication on your head.
In addition, you have not been compliant with the pre-trial
release conditions. And [. . .] you tested positive for
methamphetamine on the very day that you believed that you
saw lasers coming from this jury which is not substantiated.
The bottom line is that I don’t—there is not a legal basis to
allow you to represent yourself. I have questions concerning
your ability to do so and your ability to follow the law. In
addition, I find that there’s no basis for you to substitute
lawyers at this late hour in this case in trial. For those reasons,
your request is denied and we’re going to proceed at this
point in time.
DEFENDANT: Does that—I agree, Your Honor, and I will
abide by your ruling. But I do object to it and also does that
mean you’re questioning my competency now?
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
THE COURT: No not questioning your competency, sir, you
appear visibly agitated. You appeared agitated at several
points during this trial. And you can be competent but not be
able to represent yourself. Let’s put it that way.
And at this point in time, I’m not going to allow you to do that
because I’ve been provided no offer of proof of any sort of
argument that you can make that would be proper that your
lawyer will not make. And again a single disagreement over
strategy does not entitle you to a new lawyer. [Bailiff], bring
in the jury.
¶5 After closing arguments and deliberation, the jury found
Schulte guilty of one count of computer tampering and not guilty of the
other two counts. The court suspended Schulte’s sentence and placed him
on three years’ intensive probation, with an initial term of six months in jail.
Schulte timely appealed, and this court has jurisdiction pursuant to Article
6, Section 9, of the Arizona Constitution and Arizona Revised Statutes
(A.R.S.) sections 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031 and 13-4033(A).
DISCUSSION
¶6 On appeal, Schulte characterizes his statements in the
exchange quoted above as a request to waive his right to counsel and
represent himself. He argues the court applied the wrong standard for
competency when denying that request, erroneously applying a “higher
standard that Arizona has never adopted.”
¶7 “A defendant has a constitutionally protected right to be
represented by counsel or to proceed without counsel if she so chooses.”
State v. De Nistor, 143 Ariz. 407, 412 (1985) (citing Faretta v. California, 422
U.S. 806 (1975) and Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 24). “[A]n erroneous failure to
accord a defendant his properly asserted right to represent himself when
he is competent to waive counsel in a criminal case is structural error
requiring reversal without a showing of prejudice.” State v. McLemore, 230
Ariz. 571, 575-76 ¶ 15 (App. 2012).
¶8 “A defendant may waive the right to counsel if the waiver is
in writing and if the court finds that the defendant’s waiver is knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 6.1(c). In addition, the
defendant is required to “make an unequivocal and timely request to
proceed pro se.” State v. Lamar, 205 Ariz. 431, 435-36 ¶ 22 (2003).
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
¶9 As directed by the Arizona Supreme Court, to be timely, the
request must be made “before the jury is empaneled.” Lamar, 205 Ariz. at
436 ¶ 22. “If the request is untimely, then whether defendant will be given
the opportunity to waive counsel is within the discretion of the trial court.”
De Nistor, 143 Ariz. at 413; see also State v. Cornell, 179 Ariz. 314, 326 (1994)
(“A defendant’s right to discharge counsel and proceed in propria persona
is a qualified right once trial has begun.”). The unequivocal request
requirement ensures “that a defendant does not inadvertently waive
counsel while thinking aloud about the benefits and pitfalls of self-
representation,” and also “prevents a defendant from ‘taking advantage of
the mutual exclusivity of the rights to counsel and self-representation.’”
State v. Henry, 189 Ariz. 542, 548 (1997) (citations omitted).
¶10 Schulte’s request was untimely. The statements quoted above
came after the close of evidence, long after jury empanelment and with only
closing arguments remaining. See Lamar, 205 Ariz. at 436 ¶ 22. In fact,
Schulte does not suggest his request was timely. Instead, he argues that
because the superior court did not deny his motion based on timeliness or
equivocality, this court may not affirm on those bases. Not so. This court
may affirm the superior court if it was correct for any reason. State v. Perez,
141 Ariz. 459, 464 (1984).
¶11 Moreover, Schulte’s statements quoted above do not amount
to an unequivocal request to proceed as a self-represented party. At no
point did Schulte express a desire to represent himself. Schulte instead
stated he was “at odds with” his attorney “as far as a defense as far as
closing arguments,” was “at a loss what [he] should do,” did not “want to
dismiss [his] Counsel,” and “want[ed] to move forward” but could not,
because he and his attorney were “at odds.” These statements, at best,
suggest he sought to make a specific argument that his attorney believed to
be improper, and he could have done so in one of three ways: (1) proceed
with his assigned counsel and convince counsel to make the argument; (2)
change counsel; or (3) waive counsel and represent himself. On this record,
it is unclear which of these options Schulte sought to exercise, meaning his
request was not unequivocal. Indeed, had the court allowed Schulte to
represent himself after his ambiguous statements, Schulte “might later have
had a compelling argument that he never made a genuine waiver of
counsel.” Henry, 189 Ariz. at 548.
¶12 The transcript and minute entry indicate the court was
uncertain of the nature of Schulte’s request. The transcript shows that,
throughout the exchange, the court at different points spoke to Schulte
about the possibility of obtaining new counsel or representing himself
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STATE v. SCHULTE
Decision of the Court
during closing arguments. In fact the court, not Schulte, first raised the self-
representation issue. Moreover, the court used language from and cited
cases dealing with substitution of counsel rather than waiver of counsel and
self-representation. See State v. Cromwell, 211 Ariz. 181, 185-88 ¶¶ 19-37
(2005) (affirming denial of defendant’s request for new counsel); State v.
Torres, 208 Ariz. 340, 343 ¶ 8 (2004) (holding that court must grant a request
for new counsel where a defendant establishes an “irreconcilable conflict
with his attorney”). Similarly, Schulte never completed or filed a written
request to waive his right to counsel and never provided a Form 8. See Ariz.
R. Crim. P. 6.1(c) & Form 8 (“Notice of Right to Counsel and Waiver”).
Finally, the minute entry issued by the court characterized Schulte’s
statements as a “request to represent himself, or in the alternate substitution
of counsel.” Schulte claims on appeal “the trial court’s treatment of the
issue” in the minute entry “is the best evidence of clarity.” To the contrary,
the language in the minute entry, and the record as a whole, reveal the
court’s uncertainty as to the nature of Schulte’s request and confirm the
request fell short of an unequivocal request for self-representation.
¶13 Schulte never timely sought to proceed as a self-represented
party. Moreover, his statements made before closing arguments did not
amount to an unequivocal request for self-representation and were not
followed or accompanied by a written request to waive counsel. The court
did not err in denying Schulte’s untimely, equivocal request.2
CONCLUSION
¶14 Schulte’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
2 Because Schulte’s convictions and sentences are affirmed on these bases,
the court need not, and does not address Schulte’s arguments related to
Arizona’s standard governing competency to self-represent.
8