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Supreme Court Date: 2019.09.04
09:04:39 -05'00'
Stanphill v. Ortberg, 2018 IL 122974
Caption in Supreme ZACHARY STANPHILL, as Administrator of the Estate of Keith
Court: Sylvester Stanphill, Deceased, Appellee, v. LORI ORTBERG et al.,
Appellants.
Docket No. 122974
Filed December 28, 2018
Rehearing denied March 18, 2019
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Second District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, the Hon.
J. Edward Prochaska, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Appellate court judgment affirmed.
Circuit court judgment reversed.
Cause remanded.
Counsel on Hugh C. Griffin and Stevie A. Starnes, of Hall Prangle & Schoonveld,
Appeal LLC, and Laura G. Postilion, of Quintairos, Prieto, Wood & Boyer,
P.A., both of Chicago, for appellants.
Lori A. Vanderlaan and James F. Best, of Best, Vanderlaan &
Harrington, of Chicago, for appellee.
Michael Resis, of SmithAmundsen LLC, of Chicago, for amicus
curiae Illinois Association of Defense Trial Counsel.
David R. Nordwall, of Chicago, for amicus curiae Illinois Trial
Lawyers Association.
Justices JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Thomas, Kilbride, Theis, and
Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Garman dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 In this case, we are asked to determine whether the special interrogatory that was given to
the jury at trial was in proper form and whether the jury’s answer to the special interrogatory
was inconsistent with its general verdict in the plaintiff’s favor. The circuit court of Winnebago
County held that the jury’s answer to the special interrogatory was inconsistent with the general
verdict and entered judgment in favor of the defendants. The appellate court reversed. 2017 IL
App (2d) 161086. The appellate court found that the special interrogatory was not in proper
form and, therefore, should not have been given to the jury. In addition, the court determined
that, because the special interrogatory was ambiguous, the jury’s answer was not necessarily
inconsistent with its general verdict. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the
appellate court.
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 Plaintiff Zachary Stanphill, as administrator of the estate of his deceased father, Keith
Stanphill (Keith), filed a wrongful death and survival action against Lori Ortberg (Ortberg), a
licensed clinical social worker and employee assistance program counselor, and her employer
Rockford Memorial Hospital (Rockford). 1 Plaintiff alleged in the complaint that, on
September 30, 2005, Keith had an initial, one-hour appointment with Ortberg and that it was
Ortberg’s duty at that time to evaluate and assess Keith’s mental health condition. It was further
alleged that Ortberg breached her duty by performing an inadequate assessment of Keith’s
mental status and, as a result, Ortberg incorrectly diagnosed Keith’s condition, failed to
recognize that he was at high risk for suicide, and failed to refer him to a hospital emergency
room or a psychiatrist for immediate evaluation and treatment. Finally, it was alleged that, as
1
This suit was originally filed in June 2007 by Susan Stanphill, Keith’s wife, serving as
administrator of the estate. Susan later relinquished any and all rights she might have as a beneficiary
under the Wrongful Death Act (740 ILCS 180/1 et seq. (West 2012)) and to any claims and/or proceeds
resulting from settlement or judgment in this case. When Zachary Stanphill, Keith’s son, turned 18, he
was substituted as administrator of the estate, and the cause of action was refiled in February 2014.
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a consequence of Ortberg’s professional negligence, Keith did not receive the care and
assistance he required, which led to his death by suicide on or about October 6, 2005.
¶4 A jury trial took place between May 24 and June 2, 2016. At trial, Keith’s wife, Susan,
testified that she and Keith married in 1987 and had two children: Zachary, born December
1995, and Kayla, born August 2002. According to Susan, Keith’s mental health had never been
an issue until April 2005, when she told Keith about a relationship she was having with another
man, Michael Barnhart, who was a security guard at the school where Susan worked. After
learning about this relationship, Keith’s mental condition noticeably began to decline. Susan
testified that, despite her attempts to assure Keith that she was committed to their marriage,
Keith worried that she would leave him. Keith’s concerns increased in mid-August 2005, when
he became aware that Barnhart was calling Susan at home. Then, in late August 2005, Keith
received a letter from Barnhart’s wife, which contained copies of romantic e-mails Susan and
Barnhart had exchanged. After receiving those e-mails, Keith spiraled into a deep depression.
¶5 Susan testified that, after Keith received the e-mails, she and Keith sought counseling from
her father, Wesley Poe, who was also the minister at the Pentecostal Church of Jesus Christ,
where they attended services. In addition, Susan made an appointment for Keith to see his
physician. The physician prescribed an antidepressant for Keith that he began taking on
September 8, 2005. However, despite the counseling with Susan’s father and the medication,
Keith’s mental condition did not improve. Keith began losing weight and wasn’t sleeping.
Susan testified that Keith “moped around,” dragging his feet with his head hung low. Although
he continued to go to his job as a car salesman—work he had successfully done for more than
20 years—his sales began to decrease. Keith also lost interest in recreational activities he used
to enjoy. Keith continued to attend church services, but he stopped actively participating or
helping out as he had done in the past.
¶6 Susan testified that, about two weeks before Keith committed suicide, there were a few
occasions when she woke up at night to find Keith sitting on the side of the bed, watching her
sleep. Because of this, Susan asked Keith to sleep at her father’s house, and Keith agreed.
Susan explained that, although Keith slept at the Poe residence, he would come home early in
the morning to get dressed for work and to make breakfast for the children. After work, he
would come home and spend the evening with the family. Then around 10 p.m., he would go
to the Poe residence to sleep.
¶7 Keith also agreed to see a counselor, which Susan arranged through her employee
assistance program (EAP). 2 Susan testified that she told the scheduler at the EAP that her
husband “was really depressed because he thought I was having an affair.” Keith was given an
appointment with Lori Ortberg on September 30, 2005. Susan further testified that she did not
go to the appointment with Keith but knew that he kept it because she saw the paperwork that
he had been given following the appointment. From this paperwork, Susan learned that Keith
was referred to another counselor for additional counseling sessions. With Susan’s
2
It was explained at trial that the EAP was a benefit available to Susan and her family through
Susan’s employer-provided insurance. The EAP acts as a “gatekeeper” for coverage of mental health
services. In most instances, the EAP counselor would not provide the actual counseling but simply
evaluate the client and determine what additional services were necessary. The EAP counselor would
then make an appropriate referral and authorize, for insurance purposes, a certain number of sessions.
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encouragement and prodding, Keith called the other counselor’s office on Tuesday, October 4,
2005, and was given an appointment for October 11, 2005.
¶8 On Thursday, October 6, 2005, Susan left with the children to visit her sister in Kentucky.
The trip was preplanned and one she and the children made annually, taking advantage of the
school vacation for the Columbus Day holiday. Susan testified that Keith did not appear upset
about her leaving and she had not been concerned about leaving Keith alone because, although
he was depressed, he had never before attempted suicide and never expressed any thoughts
about suicide to her or, as far as she knew, to anyone else. Therefore, she never suspected that
he would commit suicide.
¶9 Later in the evening of October 6, 2005, after Susan and the children left on their trip, Keith
went to the Poe residence and ate dinner with his in-laws. He asked for the leftovers to have
for his lunch at work the next day. He watched some TV with the Poes, then went home. The
next day, however, Keith did not show up for work. He also did not answer any of Susan’s
phone calls. On Sunday, October 9, 2005, Susan called her father since she was still unable to
reach Keith. When her father told her that Keith had not gone to church services that day, she
asked him to go to the house to check on Keith. Wesley Poe and his wife Glenda then drove to
the Stanphill home. There they found Keith on the floor of the garage. Subsequent autopsy
results showed that he had died of asphyxiation due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Near
Keith’s body was a note, which was attached to copies of the e-mails that were sent to him by
Barnhart’s wife. The note read, “The day my heart broke forever. When I read these emails.”
¶ 10 Lori Ortberg also testified at the trial. She explained that she met Keith Stanphill for the
first and only time on September 30, 2005, when he came to see her for a one-hour
appointment. It was her testimony, however, that at the time of trial she had no independent
recollection of Keith or the appointment. Her testimony regarding Keith’s single counseling
session, therefore, was based on the records kept in his file, the notes written on his chart during
and following his appointment, and on her custom and practice in providing counseling
services through the EAP for more than a decade.
¶ 11 Ortberg testified that when Keith arrived at her office for his appointment he was given a
self-assessment questionnaire to fill out. Keith checked off boxes on the form, which indicated
the following: he had feelings of harming himself or others “most of the time”; feelings of
sadness “most of the time”; sleep changes “most of the time”; appetite changes “all of the
time”; feelings of anxiety, nervousness, worry, and fear “all of the time”; sudden unexpected
panic attacks “most of the time”; and feelings of being on the verge of losing control “most of
the time.” Ortberg testified that during the session she reviewed Keith’s responses with him.
According to her notes, Keith told her that he had lost weight and that he had seen his physician
and was prescribed an antidepressant. However, because the notes were not detailed, Ortberg
could not say if she was told how much weight Keith lost, the name of his doctor, or the specific
medication prescribed, nor did she know if he was taking the medicine or whether it was
helping him.
¶ 12 Ortberg testified that she definitely discussed Keith’s response regarding “harming himself
or others” because her notes reflected that Keith denied having a suicide plan or any suicidal
or homicidal ideation. Thus, despite his responses on the form, after speaking with Keith,
Ortberg believed that he was not at imminent risk of harming himself. Ortberg diagnosed Keith
as having “adjustment disorder with depressed mood” and authorized further counseling
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sessions with another licensed clinical social worker who specialized in dealing with people
who were having marital difficulties, since this was the reason for Keith’s current depressed
mood.
¶ 13 Ortberg conceded on cross-examination that, as a competent licensed clinical social
worker, if she believed a client was at imminent risk of committing suicide, it would be her
duty to see that the client was taken to a hospital emergency room—either by a family member
or by the police—for further evaluation and, if a psychiatrist found it to be necessary,
admission for inpatient treatment. In this case, however, Ortberg testified that she had
concluded that Keith was not at imminent risk of committing suicide. Therefore, she did not
contact Keith’s family or refer him to an emergency room or psychiatrist for further evaluation
or observation.
¶ 14 The jury also heard testimony from four expert witnesses, two for the plaintiff and two for
the defense. One of the plaintiff’s experts was Daniel Potter, a licensed clinical social worker,
who testified regarding the standard of care applicable to all licensed clinical social workers.
According to Potter, a competent licensed clinical social worker must conduct a thorough
evaluation, reflected by detailed notes on the client’s chart. Also, the applicable standard of
care required a licensed clinical social worker to recognize the signs that a client is at imminent
risk of committing suicide and, if so, see that the client is evaluated by a hospital emergency
room or psychiatrist. Potter then opined that on September 30, 2005, Ortberg breached the
standard of care and was professionally negligent in that she failed to conduct a proper
evaluation of Keith’s mental health status and, as a result, failed to recognize that Keith was
suicidal at that time and failed to take the necessary steps to have Keith taken to an emergency
room or to be seen by a psychiatrist for further evaluation and possible inpatient treatment.
¶ 15 Counter to Potter’s testimony, defense witness Terry Lee, also a licensed clinical social
worker, testified that Ortberg complied with the applicable standard of care by conducting a
thorough evaluation of Keith. In Lee’s view, Keith was not suicidal on September 30, 2005,
when he met with Ortberg. This, Lee said, was evidenced by the fact that Keith made a follow-
up appointment with the counselor recommended by Ortberg. According to Lee, a person who
is suicidal and without hope doesn’t make an appointment to see a counselor on some future
date.
¶ 16 The plaintiff’s second expert witness was Dr. Bawden, a psychiatrist. He testified that,
based on the deposition testimony and records he reviewed, he believed that Keith was at
imminent risk of committing suicide on September 30, 2005, when he was seen by Ortberg.
Dr. Bawden also testified that he agreed with Potter that Ortberg failed to conduct a proper
evaluation and assessment of Keith and incorrectly diagnosed him with adjustment disorder,
failing to recognize the level of Keith’s depression. In Dr. Bawden’s opinion, Ortberg’s failures
were a proximate cause of Keith’s death because, if Ortberg had recognized that Keith was
depressed and suicidal, she would have referred Keith to an emergency room or a psychiatrist
on September 30, 2005, and his suicide would have been prevented.
¶ 17 On cross-examination, Dr. Bawden was asked, “[Do you] think it was reasonably
foreseeable to Ms. Ortberg that Mr. Stanphill would commit suicide about a week later?” He
responded, “No, it wasn’t that it was that way to her, but it should have been that way to her,
based on the information she had. It wasn’t that she thought that he was suicidal and she
ignored that. She didn’t believe he was. From her frame of reference.” Dr. Bawden further
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clarified, stating, “she should have foreseen that he was at a high enough risk to require referral
to an appropriately qualified person, provider.”
¶ 18 The psychiatric expert witness for the defense was Dr. Hanus. It was Dr. Hanus’s
testimony, based on his review of the deposition testimony and record evidence, that Keith was
not suicidal or at imminent risk of harming himself on September 30, 2005, and, therefore,
Ortberg could not have reasonably foreseen that Keith would commit suicide on or before
October 9, 2005. Moreover, Dr. Hanus testified that the fact that Ortberg did not refer Keith to
an emergency room or psychiatrist on September 30, 2005, was not the proximate cause of his
death. According to Dr. Hanus, even if Ortberg had believed Keith was at risk and had referred
Keith to an emergency room or psychiatrist on September 30, 2005, his subsequent suicide
would not have been prevented. This is because, according to Dr. Hanus, a psychiatrist or
emergency room evaluator would not have foreseen that Keith would commit suicide for the
same reason it wasn’t foreseeable to Ortberg—because Keith was not suicidal or at imminent
risk of committing suicide on that date.
¶ 19 After hearing all of the evidence, the jury was instructed by the court. The jury was told
that the issue before them was whether Ortberg was “professionally negligent” because she
(1) failed to recognize that Keith Stanphill was suicidal, (2) failed to properly diagnose Keith
Stanphill’s depression, (3) failed to evaluate Keith Stanphill with the proper mental health
assessment, (4) failed to refer Keith Stanphill to a psychiatrist, or (5) failed to refer Keith
Stanphill to a hospital emergency room. The court defined “professional negligence,” in accord
with Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 105.01 (2011), as follows:
“A licensed clinical social worker must possess and use the knowledge, skill, and
care ordinarily used by a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker. The failure
to do something that a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker would do, or
the doing of something that a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker would
not do, under circumstances similar to those shown by evidence, is ‘professional
negligence.’
The phrase ‘deviation from the standard of care’ means the same thing as
‘professional negligence.’
The law does not say how a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker
would act under these circumstances. That is for you to decide. In reaching your
decision, you must rely upon opinion testimony from qualified witnesses or evidence
of policies. You must not attempt to determine how a reasonably careful licensed
clinical social worker would act from any personal knowledge you may have.”
¶ 20 Defendants proffered a special interrogatory, and the circuit court submitted it to the jury
over plaintiff’s objection, relying on the decision in Garcia v. Seneca Nursing Home, 2011 IL
App (1st) 103085. The special interrogatory, which tracked the language of the special
interrogatory in Garcia, asked the jury to respond “Yes” or “No” to the following question:
“Was it reasonably foreseeable to Lori Ortberg on September 30, 2005, that Keith
Stanphill would commit suicide on or before October 9, 2005?”
¶ 21 During closing argument, plaintiff’s counsel reminded the jury that it would be required to
answer a special interrogatory that asked whether Keith’s suicide was reasonably foreseeable
to Lori Ortberg on September 30, 2005. Plaintiff’s counsel told the jury: “The answer is
absolutely yes, without question. Absolutely yes, without question.” The defense, on the other
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hand, advised the jury, “This is our special interrogatory *** and I would ask that you check
the box no.”
¶ 22 After deliberating, the jury entered a general verdict, finding in favor of the plaintiff and
against the defendants. Damages were awarded on the wrongful death claim in the amount of
$1,495,151. 3 However, the jury answered “No” on the special interrogatory.
¶ 23 After hearing argument from the parties, the circuit court concluded that it was bound by
the appellate court decision in Garcia and ruled that the answer to the special interrogatory
was inconsistent with the general verdict in plaintiff’s favor. Consequently, the circuit court
overturned the general verdict and entered judgment in defendants’ favor. Plaintiffs filed a
posttrial motion, challenging that decision. However, the circuit court, while expressing serious
misgivings about the correctness of Garcia, denied plaintiff’s posttrial motion.
¶ 24 Plaintiff appealed. On review, the appellate court held that the jury’s answer to the special
interrogatory was not absolutely irreconcilable or necessarily inconsistent with the general
verdict in plaintiff’s favor. 2017 IL App (2d) 161086, ¶ 29. However, the appellate court also
held that, even if an inconsistency existed, the special interrogatory was not in proper form
because it asked whether Keith’s suicide was reasonably foreseeable to Lori Ortberg, rather
than asking whether it was foreseeable to a reasonable person or reasonable licensed clinical
social worker. Id. ¶ 33. In this way, the court said, the special interrogatory distorted the law
and made the question ambiguous and misleading to the jury. Id. For these reasons, the
appellate court held that the special interrogatory should not have been given to the jury and
reversed the circuit court’s judgment. Id. ¶¶ 33, 47. The cause was remanded with instructions
that judgment be entered for the plaintiff on the general verdict. Id. ¶¶ 47-48.
¶ 25 We granted defendants’ petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Nov. 1, 2017).
In addition, we allowed amicus curiae briefs to be filed by the Illinois Association of Defense
Trial, on behalf of defendants, and by the Illinois Trial Lawyers Association, on behalf of
plaintiff.
¶ 26 ANALYSIS
¶ 27 In this appeal, defendants contend that the appellate court erred when it found that the
special interrogatory was not in proper form and that the jury’s answer to the special
interrogatory was not necessarily inconsistent or absolutely irreconcilable with the general
verdict in plaintiff’s favor. Defendants ask that we reverse the appellate court and affirm the
circuit court’s judgment entered on the special interrogatory.
¶ 28 Before reaching these issues, we address defendants’ threshold claim that plaintiff did not
preserve his “appeal objection to the wording of the special interrogatory.” Defendants contend
that, at trial, plaintiff failed to make a specific objection to the special interrogatory on the
ground that it asked about foreseeability as to Lori Ortberg and not to a reasonable person or
reasonable licensed clinical social worker. As a result, defendants contend that plaintiff
forfeited this claim on appeal and the appellate court should not have considered it. We find
no merit to this claim.
¶ 29 Defendants raised this same forfeiture argument in the appellate court. After reviewing the
record, the court found that plaintiff’s objections at trial to the special interrogatory sufficiently
3
No damages were awarded on the survival claim.
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raised an objection to the inclusion of Ortberg in its wording. 2017 IL App (2d) 161086, ¶ 23.
Our own review of the transcripts of the jury instruction conference convinces us that the
appellate court was correct. The record shows that plaintiff’s counsel argued that the jury could
answer the special interrogatory “no,” finding that Keith’s suicide was not reasonably
foreseeable to Ortberg, because the jury believed that Ortberg was negligent “[b]ecause she
didn’t do the job. She didn’t meet the standard of care.” In this way, counsel argued that,
because the special interrogatory asked about foreseeability as to Ortberg, the special
interrogatory was confusing and “not a real test of the verdict.” Defense counsel understood
that these objections centered on the inclusion of Ortberg in the interrogatory because defense
counsel’s response was that including Ortberg in the special interrogatory was necessary
according to Garcia. Accordingly, we see no basis for finding forfeiture and now proceed to
the issues before us in this appeal.
¶ 30 Special interrogatories are governed by section 2-1108 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735
ILCS 5/2-1108 (West 2016)), which provides:
“§ 2-1108. Verdict—Special interrogatories. Unless the nature of the case requires
otherwise, the jury shall render a general verdict. The jury may be required by the court,
and must be required on request of any party, to find specially upon any material
question or questions of fact submitted to the jury in writing. Special interrogatories
shall be tendered, objected to, ruled upon and submitted to the jury as in the case of
instructions. Submitting or refusing to submit a question of fact to the jury may be
reviewed on appeal, as a ruling on a question of law. When the special finding of fact
is inconsistent with the general verdict, the former controls the latter and the court may
enter judgment accordingly.”
¶ 31 Pursuant to this statute, the questions before us—whether the special interrogatory
proffered by defendants was in proper form and whether the special interrogatory was
inconsistent with the general verdict—are questions of law and are therefore reviewed de novo.
See, e.g., People v. Clemons, 2012 IL 107821, ¶ 8.
¶ 32 We first address whether the special interrogatory was in proper form. In this case, the
appellate court held that the interrogatory was not in proper form because it did not apply the
objective “reasonable person” standard for determining foreseeability and, as a result, it
misstated the law, was ambiguous and confusing, and should not have been given to the jury.
2017 IL App (2d) 161086, ¶ 33. We agree.
¶ 33 A special interrogatory is proper and must be given upon a party’s request if it tests an
ultimate fact on which the rights of the parties depend. Hooper v. County of Cook, 366 Ill. App.
3d 1, 6 (2006). Here, plaintiff brought suit against defendants under the Wrongful Death Act
(740 ILCS 180/1 et seq. (West 2012)) to recover for losses suffered as a result of Keith’s death.
In this wrongful death action, as in any negligence action, it was plaintiff’s burden to prove
three essential elements: (1) that defendants owed a duty, (2) that defendants breached the duty
they owed, and (3) that the breach proximately caused the injury. See Williams v. Manchester,
228 Ill. 2d 404, 415 (2008) (the elements of a wrongful death claim are identical to those of a
common-law negligence claim); Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center, 117 Ill. 2d
507, 525 (1987).
¶ 34 The proximate cause element is a factual question for the jury to decide and has two
components: cause in fact and legal cause. Turcios v. The DeBruler Co., 2015 IL 117962, ¶ 23;
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Hooper, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 7. “Cause in fact” is established where there is reasonable certainty
that the injury would not have occurred “but for” the defendant’s conduct or where a
defendant’s conduct was a “substantial factor” in bringing about the harm. Turcios, 2015 IL
117962, ¶ 23. Legal cause, however, is essentially a question of policy, i.e., “How far should
a defendant’s legal responsibility extend for conduct that did, in fact, cause the harm?” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 24. Legal cause, therefore, is established only when it can be
said that the injury was reasonably foreseeable. Id.; Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill.
2d 432, 456 (1992). Importantly, we have always held that whether an injury is “reasonably
foreseeable” is an objective test, not a subjective one. That is, the question is not what the
individual defendant herself thought would be the likely result of the alleged negligent conduct.
Rather, the question is what a reasonable person would see the likely result to be. Turcios,
2015 IL 117962, ¶ 24; Lee, 152 Ill. 2d at 456; City of Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 213 Ill.
2d 351, 395 (2004).
¶ 35 In wrongful death cases involving suicide, the general rule is that the injured party’s
voluntary act of suicide is an independent intervening act, which is unforeseeable as a matter
of law and breaks the causal link between any alleged negligent conduct and the injury.
Turcios, 2015 IL 117962, ¶ 20. Nevertheless, our courts have held that, where a plaintiff can
show that the suicide was a reasonably foreseeable result of the defendant’s conduct, liability
will attach. Id.; Hooper, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 8; Winger v. Franciscan Medical Center, 299 Ill.
App. 3d 364, 375 (1998). Accordingly, whether it is reasonably foreseeable that person is at
risk of suicide is a key factor in determining whether the proximate cause element has been
sufficiently proven. As such, whether Keith’s suicide was reasonably foreseeable in this case
is an ultimate fact upon which the rights of the parties depend and, therefore, a proper subject
for a special interrogatory. Hooper, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 8.
¶ 36 In this case, defendants proffered a special interrogatory that was intended to test the
foreseeability aspect of the proximate cause element. However, the interrogatory did not apply
an objective standard and ask whether it was foreseeable to a reasonable person or to a
reasonable licensed clinical social worker that Keith Stanphill was at risk of committing
suicide. Instead, the interrogatory was phrased in the subjective, asking whether it was
“reasonably foreseeable to Lori Ortberg on September 30, 2005, that Keith Stanphill would
commit suicide on or before October 9, 2005.” Because the interrogatory was phrased in the
subjective, it was necessarily improper. Indeed, no other conclusion is possible. A negligent
defendant, by definition, does not foresee the likely result of her tortious conduct. Thus, if legal
cause were defined in the subjective, i.e., if it were defined as what the individual defendant
foresaw the likely result of her conduct to be, then legal cause would never exist in those
instances where defendant’s conduct is negligent. This cannot be the case. Accordingly,
because the interrogatory in this case did not apply an objective standard to determine
reasonable foreseeability, it did not test an ultimate fact of the case and should not have been
given to the jury.
¶ 37 Defendants contend, however, that the interrogatory was in proper form because this is a
professional negligence case and, therefore, the “reasonable person” standard does not apply.
We disagree. If the reasonable person standard was inappropriate in this case because
professional negligence was at issue, then the solution was to employ an objective, professional
standard in the interrogatory, i.e., to ask the jury whether it was foreseeable to a reasonable
licensed clinical social worker that Keith Stanphill was at risk of committing suicide. The fact
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that this case involves professional negligence does not justify employing a subjective standard
of foreseeability. 4
¶ 38 Defendants further contend that, based on the decision in Garcia, 2011 IL App (2d)
103085, the interrogatory given in this case was appropriate. Again, we disagree. In Garcia,
plaintiff brought a cause of action against Seneca Nursing Home for the wrongful death of a
patient, Roberto Garcia. Garcia was blind and suffered from a number of ailments, including
paranoid schizophrenia. Id. ¶ 4. He was placed on the fifth floor of the nursing home, which
was a secured floor for mentally ill patients. Id. ¶ 5. Among the various security measures on
this floor was the fact that the windows did not open more than eight inches and were covered
by screens. Id. However, one day, a nurse noticed that the window in Garcia’s room was
opened and discovered Garcia on the ground five stories below. Id. ¶ 9. He had died from the
fall. Id.
¶ 39 Over plaintiff’s objection, the trial court submitted to the jury a special interrogatory, which
was phrased in the subjective and asked, “ ‘Prior to Roberto Garcia’s death, was it reasonably
foreseeable to [defendant] that he would commit suicide or act in a self-destructive manner on
or before April 21, 2004?’ ” Id. ¶ 10. Plaintiff challenged the interrogatory but argued only that
it was too narrow because it did not address the foreseeability that Garcia, unaware of the risk
due to blindness or delusion, would accidentally or unintentionally fall out of the window. Id.
¶ 37. The jury returned a general verdict for plaintiff but answered the interrogatory in the
negative. Id. ¶ 11. The circuit court entered judgment on the special interrogatory, finding it to
be irreconcilable with the general verdict, and the appellate court affirmed. Id. ¶ 13.
¶ 40 Defendants’ reliance on Garcia is misplaced. Although it is true that the interrogatory in
Garcia was phrased in the subjective and asked whether Garcia’s death was reasonably
foreseeable to the defendant, plaintiffs never objected to the interrogatory on this ground, and
neither the trial court nor the appellate court considered whether the interrogatory was
improper because of this wording. Including the defendant in the foreseeability calculus was
never at issue. Therefore, Garcia does not provide support for defendants’ claim that a
subjective standard was appropriate here.
¶ 41 We note, too, that in finding an inconsistency between the verdicts, the Garcia court relied
heavily on Hooper, noting that “[d]efendant drew the wording of the interrogatory verbatim
from the case of Hooper v. County of Cook” (id. ¶ 10) and later stating that, “[i]n this case,
defendant tendered an interrogatory that was identical to the one in Hooper” (id. ¶ 41).
However, the proffered interrogatory in Hooper actually employed an objective standard for
4
The dissent concludes that the special interrogatory was in proper form because it did, in fact, set
forth an objective standard of foreseeability. Emphasizing the word “reasonably,” the dissent
determines that “when the interrogatory asked whether the suicide was reasonably foreseeable to
Ortberg, it asked whether it was foreseeable to her as a reasonably careful licensed clinical social
worker. When asking whether the results of a defendant’s actions were reasonably foreseeable to the
defendant, the court asks, objectively, whether they were foreseeable to a reasonable person in the
defendant’s shoes.” Infra ¶ 57. The dissent has rewritten the special interrogatory. The interrogatory
did not ask whether the suicide was foreseeable to a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker.
Instead, it explicitly asked whether Lori Ortberg thought the suicide was reasonably foreseeable. That
is a subjective standard of foreseeability and is improper. The inclusion of the word “reasonably” before
Ortberg’s name does not change this fact.
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finding foreseeability. Hooper, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 3 (“ ‘Prior to the death of [Louise] Hooper,
was it reasonably foreseeable that she would commit suicide or act in a self-destructive manner
on or before December 6, 1997?’ ”). Therefore, to the extent that the Garcia opinion can be
read as holding that an interrogatory is properly worded if it contains a subjective standard for
determining foreseeability, it is overruled.
¶ 42 Because we have found that the special interrogatory proffered by defendants was not in
proper form and should not have been given to the jury, we need not consider whether the
jury’s answer to the special interrogatory was inconsistent with the general verdict.
¶ 43 CONCLUSION
¶ 44 We hold that the special interrogatory proffered by defendants was not in proper form and
should not have been given to the jury. Accordingly, we affirm the appellate court’s judgment,
which reversed the circuit court’s judgment entered on the special interrogatory and remanded
with instructions that judgment be entered on the general verdict in plaintiff’s favor.
¶ 45 Appellate court judgment affirmed.
¶ 46 Circuit court judgment reversed.
¶ 47 Cause remanded.
¶ 48 JUSTICE GARMAN, dissenting:
¶ 49 At issue is whether a special interrogatory given to the jury was in proper form and whether
the jury’s answer to that interrogatory was inconsistent with its general verdict. Essentially,
the answer to the first question hinges on whether the interrogatory was objective. I would find
that it was.
¶ 50 Zachary Stanphill, on behalf of his father’s estate, alleged that Lori Ortberg, a licensed
clinical social worker, failed to properly assess the decedent’s mental health and foresee his
suicide. After the trial, the jury was instructed that it was to determine if Ortberg was
professionally negligent and was given the Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction for professional
negligence by a licensed clinical social worker. That instruction, as given, states that “[a]
licensed clinical social worker must possess and use the knowledge, skill, and care ordinarily
used by a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker.” See Illinois Pattern Jury
Instruction, Civil, No. 105.01 (2011). The jury was thus instructed that the standard against
which they were to judge Ortberg’s conduct was that of a “reasonably careful licensed clinical
social worker.” Along with that and other instructions, the jury was given the special
interrogatory, asking if it was “reasonably foreseeable to Lori Ortberg on September 30, 2005,
that Keith Stanphill would commit suicide on or before October 9, 2005?” Despite returning a
general verdict for the estate, the jury answered that interrogatory in the negative. The majority
finds that the interrogatory was not in proper form because it was not objective. I respectfully
disagree.
¶ 51 “A special interrogatory is to be read in context with the court’s other instructions to
determine how it was understood and whether the jury was confused.” Simmons v. Garces, 198
Ill. 2d 541, 563 (2002). In this case, the jury was instructed that Ortberg was held to a
“reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker” standard. Thus when the interrogatory
asked whether the suicide was reasonably foreseeable to Ortberg, it asked whether it was
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foreseeable to her as a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker. When asking whether
the results of a defendant’s actions were reasonably foreseeable to the defendant, the court
asks, objectively, whether they were foreseeable to a reasonable person in the defendant’s
shoes. In other words, the court asks whether the defendant foresaw or should have foreseen
the results. The majority, however, proceeds as if the special interrogatory lacks the modifier
“reasonably” before “foreseeable.”
¶ 52 The special interrogatory was not ambiguous or confusing. To ask whether the suicide was
simply “foreseeable” to Ortberg would indeed be ambiguous; the majority would then be
correct that a reasonable hypothesis existed that the jury may have determined that her
negligence caused her to fail to foresee it. To ask whether it was “reasonably foreseeable,”
however, places Ortberg in the shoes of a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker,
on which standard the jury was instructed. Adding the word “reasonably” before “foreseeable”
changes the question from asking whether she actually foresaw Stanphill’s suicide to asking
whether she should have foreseen it under the applicable standard. The majority correctly
points out that the negligent defendant does not foresee the results of her tortious conduct.
What it fails to mention is that the negligent defendant is likewise not reasonable.
¶ 53 In requesting the special interrogatory, defendants relied almost verbatim on the special
interrogatory from Garcia v. Seneca Nursing Home, Inc., 2011 IL App (1st) 103085. The
majority holds that the Garcia interrogatory is also subjective. The majority then states that
the interrogatory from the case on which Garcia relied, Hooper v. County of Cook, 366 Ill.
App. 3d 1, 3 (2006), was objective. The interrogatory at issue in Garcia was taken verbatim
from Hooper except that it added “to [defendant].” Compare Hooper, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 3,
with Garcia, 2011 IL App (1st) 103085, ¶ 10.
¶ 54 Phrasing special interrogatories as in Hooper, now approved by this court as objective, will
result in ambiguity and confusion. Consider the interrogatory in this case as if it were worded
as in Hooper: “Prior to Keith Stanphill’s death, was it reasonably foreseeable that he would
commit suicide or act in a self-destructive manner before October 9, 2005?” Jurors would be
left to guess as to whom. They might determine, for example, that it was reasonably foreseeable
to Stanphill’s wife before she left for vacation or to Mr. Poe, the last person to see him alive,
and answer in the positive despite believing that it was not reasonably foreseeable to Ortberg
as a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker a week before. They might believe that
it was not reasonably foreseeable to most reasonable people and answer in the negative, despite
their belief that it should have been foreseeable to Ortberg.
¶ 55 Nor did the interrogatory misstate the law. As the majority states, whether the suicide was
reasonably foreseeable is an ultimate fact upon which the parties depend. Whether it was
reasonably foreseeable to Ortberg, as a reasonably careful licensed clinical social worker, is
indeed an accurate statement of whether her failure to foresee it was legal causation. Jurors
heard from many witnesses, all of whom had different levels of interaction and association
with the decedent. The interrogatory must be clear that it is asking jurors whether they believe
that someone with the information that Ortberg had—not the information that Stanphill’s wife,
Mr. Poe, or anyone else had—should have reasonably foreseen the suicide. Without
personalization to the defendant’s point of view, in the context of the court’s other instructions
and the standard of care applicable to the defendant, ambiguity arises, and the special
interrogatory cannot serve its purpose.
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¶ 56 In sum, I would find that the special interrogatory given to the jury in this case was
objective and in the proper form. I would also reach the second issue and find that the jury’s
negative response to that interrogatory was clearly and absolutely irreconcilable with its
general verdict in favor of the estate. I would thus reverse the appellate court and affirm the
trial court.
¶ 57 I respectfully dissent.
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