Davis, H. v. 2507 Chestnut St. Operations

J-A01003-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

HORACE DAVIS, ADMINISTRATOR OF : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
THE ESTATE OF GRACE KELLY : PENNSYLVANIA
DAVIS, DECEASED, :
:
:
v. :
:
:
2507 CHESTNUT STREET : No. 1048 EDA 2018
OPERATIONS, LLC D/B/A/ THE :
BELVEDERE CENTER, GENESIS :
HEALTHCARE, LLC, DELAWARE :
COUNTY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, :
CROZER-CHESTER MEDICAL :
CENTER, CROZER-KEYSTONE :
HEALTH SYSTEM, KINDRED :
HOSPITAL PHILADELPHIA- :
HAVERTOWN, KINDRED HOSPITAL :
EAST, LLC, KINDRED HEALTHCARE, :
INC., MERCY CATHOLIC MEDICAL :
CENTER OF SOUTHEASTERN :
PENNSYLVANIA D/B/A MERCY :
FITZGERALD HOSPITAL AND MERCY :
HEALTH SYSTEM OF SOUTHEASTERN :
PENNSYLVANIA

Appeal from the Order Entered March 27, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Civil Division at No(s): 2017-001749

BEFORE: OTT, J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 16, 2019

Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-Havertown, Kindred Hospital East, LLC,

and Kindred Healthcare, Inc. (collectively, “Kindred”)1 appeal from the order

____________________________________________

1 The remaining entities listed in this appeal with Kindred are not a party to
this appeal.
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of the Delaware County Court of Common Pleas, dated March 27, 2018,

overruling their preliminary objections to the complaint filed by Horace Davis,

Administrator of the Estate of Grace Kelly Davis, deceased, (“Davis”) 2 in this

medical professional liability action. Kindred raises the following three

arguments: (1) whether the trial court erred in refusing to enforce the

Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) Agreement signed by Decedent, where

Davis failed to meet his burden to demonstrate by clear and convincing

evidence that Decedent lacked the capacity to understand the agreement; (2)

whether the court erred in refusing to enforce two ADR Agreements signed by

Davis despite evidence of long-standing and continuously granted authority

conferred upon him by Decedent; and (3) whether the court erred and/or

abused its discretion by refusing to enforce the ADR Agreement on the

grounds of unconscionability, even though the terms of the agreement were

verbally explained and understood by Davis. Based on the following, we

affirm.

The trial court set forth the following underlying facts as follows:

[Decedent] entered Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-
Havertown, owned and operated by Defendants, Kindred Hospital
East, LLC and Kindred Healthcare, Inc., on April 2, 2015 and
remained in the facility through April 20, 2015. Upon admission,
____________________________________________

2 Horace Davis and Grace Kelly Davis were husband and wife. They were will
be referred to Davis and Decedent, respectively. Davis is a retired non-
attorney magisterial district judge. See Defendants’ Supplemental
Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants’ Preliminary Objection to
Enforce the Alternative Dispute Resolution Agreement, 10/25/2017, Exhibit C,
Deposition of Horace Davis (8/31/2017), at 9.

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she presented with pressure ulcers which persisted and
deteriorated during her stay at [Kindred’s] facility. [Decedent]
was again admitted to Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-Havertown
on June 19, 2015; this admission lasted until July 9, 2015 during
which time her same wounds persisted and deteriorated.
[Decedent] was last admitted to Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-
Havertown on July 30, 2015; this admission lasted until August
25, 2015 during which time her same wounds persisted and
deteriorated further to a stage of IV. Throughout [Decedent]’s
stay at [Kindred’s] facility, she allegedly received inadequate care
and treatment. [Decedent] died on November 20, 2015 and
[Davis] alleges that the pressure ulcers, which were caused solely
and exclusively by the conduct of [Kindred] (and/or their
respective agents, servants, employees) caused and/or
contributed to her demise.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/2018, at 2 (record citations omitted).

During Decedent’s stay at the hospital, she and Davis executed several

Voluntary Arbitration Agreements, which were identical and contained the

same terms. “The Agreements were allegedly executed on or about March

13, 2015 by [Davis], on or about June 19, 2015 by decedent, Mrs. Davis, and

on or about July 31, 2015 by [Davis] at the time of three separate admissions

of [Decedent] to [Kindred’s] facility.” Id. at 2 (footnote omitted). An example

of the Agreement is as follows, in relevant part:

VOLUNTARY ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AGREEMENT
BETWEEN PATIENT AND HOSPITAL

Under both federal and state law two or more parties may agree
in writing for the settlement by arbitration of any dispute arising
between them. The following is an agreement to resolve any and
all disputes that might arise between the Patient and the Hospital
through alternative dispute resolution methods, including
mediation and arbitration.

I. This Alternative Dispute Resolution Agreement (“Agreement”)
is made and entered into this 19 day of June, 2015, by and

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between Kindred Hosp. Havertown (“Hospital”) and DAVIS,
GRACE (“Patient”) (collectively, the “Parties”). The term “Patient”
includes the Patient, his/her Guardian or Attorney in Fact, agent,
or any person acting as the Patient’s Legal Representative whose
claim is derived through or on behalf of the Patient.

II. Alternative dispute resolution, including mediation and
arbitration, is a fair, cost-effective method to quickly resolve
disputes, which may arise as a result of the Patient’s
hospitalization, without the substantial time and expense of using
the courts. Mediations and arbitration hearings take only weeks
or months to schedule, while civil litigation generally takes years
to complete. By avoiding the court system, Patient and Hospital
avoid significant costs. There are charges and fees involved in
mediation and arbitration, but mediations and arbitration hearings
will almost always resolve a dispute sooner and at less cost than
a trial.

III. It is important to understand, that both the Patient and the
Hospital will have only a limited right to appeal an arbitration
award. Unless there is evidence of fraud on the part of the
arbitrator(s) or a serious procedural defect, an arbitration award
will be final. Both the Hospital and the Patient will be bound by
the decision of the arbitrator(s).

IV. This Agreement is optional. The Hospital will provide needed
services to you even if you do not sign the Agreement.

V. By signing this Agreement, you give up your Constitutional
right to a trial by a jury or a judge, and you agree that any dispute
between you and the Hospital will be subject to mediation and
binding arbitration. Likewise, by signing this Agreement the
Hospital gives up its right to a trial by a jury or a judge, and agrees
that any dispute with you will be subject to mediation and binding
arbitration.

…

B. Scope of ADR. Any and all claims disputes arising out of or in
any way relating to this Agreement, including disputes regarding
the validity or scope of the Agreement or the interpretation of the
Agreement, and any and all disputes relating to the Patient’s stay
at the Hospital, whether arising out of State or Federal law,
whether existing or arising in the future, whether for statutory,

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compensatory or punitive damages, and whether sounding in
breach of contract, tort or breach of statutory duties (including,
without limitation, any claim based on violation of rights,
negligence, medical malpractice, any other departure from the
accepted standards of health care or safety or unpaid charges),
irrespective of the basis for the duty or of the legal theories upon
which the claim is asserted, shall be submitted to ADR, as
described in the DJS Rules of Procedure, and resolved by binding
arbitration. This Agreement includes claims against the Hospital,
its employees, agents, officers, directors, any parent company,
subsidiary or affiliate of the Hospital and/or its Medical Director(s)
in his capacity as Medical Director. Only disputes that would
constitute legally cognizable cause of action in a court of law may
be submitted to the ADR process. All claims based in whole or in
part on the same incident(s), transaction(s), or related course of
care or services provided by Hospital to the Patient, shall be
submitted and mediated or arbitrated in one proceeding or the
claim shall be waived.

Preliminary Objections of Kindred to Plaintiff’s Complaint, 3/21/2017, at

Exhibit B.

On March 3, 2017, Davis instituted this medical negligence action

against Kindred and several other defendants. Subsequently,

[o]n March 22, 2017, [Kindred] filed Preliminary Objections to
[Davis’] Complaint seeking to compel arbitration of [Davis’] claims
under the Agreements that had been executed by [Davis] and
[Decedent]. On April 11, 2017, [Davis] responded to [Kindred’s]
Preliminary Objections asserting that the Agreements are
unenforceable as [Decedent] lacked the mental capacity to enter
into the Agreement she executed, that [Davis] lacked the
authority to bind [Decedent] to the Agreements he executed, that
the Agreements are unconscionable contracts of adhesion, and
that enforcing the Agreements would deny the wrongful death
beneficiaries their constitutional right to a jury trial. [Kindred]
filed a Supplemental Memorandum of Law on April 25, 2017 in
response to [Davis’] Answer and asserted that [Davis] failed to
meet the burden of showing that [Decedent] was “incompetent”
to enter into the Agreement that she signed, that [Davis] had
apparent authority and/or agency by estoppel was established to
execute the Agreements he signed, that the Agreements are not

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unconscionable as the Pennsylvania Superior Court did not find
unconscionable an agreement to arbitrate that was similar in all
material respects to the Agreements at issue, and that the facts
averred in [Davis’] Complaint do not support a wrongful death
claim. Further, [Kindred] requested discovery in the form of a
deposition of [Davis] and request for production of documents.

On July 13, 2017, this Court entered an Order granting
additional time for the parties to conduct discovery and
supplement the record as deemed necessary on issues relating to
the validity and/or enforceability of the Agreements. On October
25, 2017, upon completion of the additional discovery permitted
by the Court, which included the depositions of [Kindred’s]
Admissions Coordinator and [Davis], [Kindred] filed a
Supplemental Memorandum of Law in support of their position to
enforce the Agreements. On October 26, 2017, [Davis] filed a
Supplemental Memorandum of Law in support of his position. On
March 27, 2018, this Court entered an Order overruling
[Kindred’s] Preliminary Objections to [Davis’s] Complaint from
which [Kindred] took their appeal on April 4, 2018.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/2018, at 3-4 (citations omitted). Specifically, the

court found:

[Kindred’s] Preliminary Objections were properly overruled as
[Decedent] did not have the requisite mental capacity to enter the
Agreement, [Davis] did not have authority to enter the
Agreements and the Agreements are unconscionable. As such,
the Agreements requiring the parties to proceed to arbitration are
each unenforceable as a whole and this action should remain
before this Court.

Id. at 4. This appeal followed.3

____________________________________________

3 We note:

“As a general rule, an order denying a party’s preliminary
objections is interlocutory and, thus, not appealable as of right.
There exists, however, a narrow exception to this oft-stated rule
for cases in which the appeal is taken from an order denying a

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We begin with the following: “Our standard of review of an order of the

trial court overruling [or granting] preliminary objections is to determine

whether the trial court committed an error of law. When considering the

appropriateness of a ruling on preliminary objections, the appellate court must

apply the same standard as the trial court.” DeLage Landen Fin. Servs.,

Inc. v. Urban P'ship, LLC, 903 A.2d 586, 589 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation

omitted). “When preliminary objections, if sustained, would result in the

dismissal of an action, such objections should be sustained only in cases which

are clear and free from doubt.” Id. (citations omitted).

Moreover, our review “is limited to determining whether the trial court’s

findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether the trial court

abused its discretion in denying [the objections].” Gaffer Ins. Co., Ltd. v.

Discover Reinsurance Co., 936 A.2d 1109, 1112 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citation

omitted).

____________________________________________

petition to compel arbitration.” Shadduck v. Christopher J.
Kaclik, Inc., 713 A.2d 635, 636 (Pa. Super. 1998) (citations
omitted). See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 7320(a)(1) (stating appeal may
be taken from court order denying application to compel
arbitration); Pa.R.A.P. 311(a)(8) (stating appeal may be taken as
of right and without reference to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c) from order
“which is made appealable by statute or general rule.”).

Elwyn v. DeLuca, 48 A.3d 457, 460 (Pa. Super. 2012). See Preliminary
Objection of Kindred to Plaintiff’s Complaint, 3/21/2017, at 3-5 (arguing that
pursuant to the arbitration agreement, Davis’ claims should be submitted to
arbitration).

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In its first issue, Kindred claims Davis did not establish by clear and

convincing evidence that Decedent was incapacitated which prevented her

from knowingly entering into the June, 19, 2015, arbitration agreement.

Kindred’s Brief at 16. Relying on Cardinal v. Kindred Healthcare, Inc., 155

A.3d 46 (Pa. Super. 2017), appeal denied, 170 A.3d 1063 (Pa. 2017), Kindred

states:

The fatal flaw in the trial court’s reasoning stems from its failure
to apply the accepted rule that [Decedent’s] signature on the
Agreement creates a presumption that the Agreement is valid,
thereby shifting the burden to her to demonstrate, by clear and
convincing evidence, that the signature was not validly obtained.

Id.

Moreover, Kindred alleges:

There is no dispute that both [Decedent] and the [Kindred]
representative actually signed this particular Agreement. [Davis]
now claims that [Decedent] did not understand what [she] was
signing due to mental incapacity. [Davis’] defense is the exact
type of affirmative incapacity defense where the burden shifts to
h[im] to demonstrate that the Agreement is void for some reason
outside the parameters of the document. See, e.g., Salley v.
Option One Mortg. Corp., 925 A.2d 115, 129 (Pa. 2007) (party
challenging the agreement bears the burden of proof);
MacPherson v. Magee Mem’l Hosp. for Convalescence, 128
A.3d 1209, 1221 (Pa. Super. 2015) (en banc) (party asserting
arbitration agreement is void due to procedural and substantive
unconscionability has the burden of proof).

Applying the correct evidentiary burdens, the trial court
clearly erred in finding that clear and convincing evidence showed
that [Decedent] did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into the
ADR Agreement. While [the court] cited to record evidence that
[it] believed supported a conclusion of mental incapacity, [it]
gives short shrift to evidence supporting the opposite conclusion.
[Decedent’s] treating physician, Dr. Kamran Tareen, noted on July
1, 2015 that her “MS (Mental Status) was at baseline.”

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Additionally, the Neurology Progress note, from the same day,
noted that [Decedent] was “awake, alert, and oriented x3.
Speech is fluent.”
…

The situation here is virtually identical to Cardinal. There is
evidence suggesting both impairment and lucidity. In such a case,
as Cardinal instructs, there cannot be “clear and convincing”
evidence of impairment sufficient to invalidate this agreement.

Additionally, the testimony of [Davis] further establishes
that there was no significant impairment on the part of his wife at
the time [Decedent] signed the June 2015 ADR Agreement. He
was present, and watched her sign the June 2015 ADR Agreement.
Per [Davis’] testimony, [Decedent] had a basic understanding that
she was being readmitted to Kindred and that this document was
part of the paperwork necessary to get her back into the Facility.

Id. at 17-18 (emphasis removed; reproduced record citations omitted).

We are guided by the following:

Arbitration agreements are matters of contract. Under
Pennsylvania law, it is presumed that an adult is competent to
enter into an agreement, and a signed document gives rise to the
presumption that it accurately expresses the state of mind of the
signing party. Estate of McGovern v. Com. State Employees’
Ret. Bd., 512 Pa. 377, 517 A.2d 523, 526 (Pa. 1986). To rebut
this presumption, the challenger must present evidence of mental
incompetency which is clear, precise and convincing. Id. This
burden of proof requires that

the witnesses must be found to be credible, that the facts
to which they testify are distinctly remembered and the
details thereof narrated exactly and in due order, and that
their testimony is so clear, direct, weighty and convincing
as to enable the [finder of fact] to come to a clear
conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise
facts in issue.

Evans v. Marks, 421 Pa. 146, 218 A.2d 802, 804 (Pa. 1966).

[W]here mental capacity to execute an instrument is at
issue, the real question is the condition of the person at the

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very time he executed the instrument . . . in question[. A]
person’s mental capacity is best determined by his spoken
words and his conduct, and [] the testimony of persons who
observed such conduct on the date in question outranks
testimony as to observations made prior to and subsequent
to that date. Mere mental weakness, if it does not amount
to inability to comprehend the contract, and is
unaccompanied by evidence of imposition or undue
influence, is insufficient to set aside a contract.

Id. (citations and quotation marks omitted).

Moreover, “[i]t is well settled that mere weakness of
intellect resulting from sickness or old age is not legal grounds to
set aside an executed contract if sufficient intelligence remains to
comprehend the nature and character of the transaction, and no
evidence of fraud, mutual mistake or undue influence is present.”
Taylor v. Avi, 272 Pa. Super. 291, 415 A.2d 894, 897 (Pa. Super.
1979) (citations omitted). “[F]ailure of memory does not prove
incapacity, unless it is total or so extended as to make incapacity
practically certain. A testator may not be able at all times to
recollect the names of persons or families of those with whom he
has been intimately acquainted . . . and yet his understanding of
the ordinary transactions of his life may be sound.” Id., quoting
Lawrence’s Estate, 286 Pa. 58, 132 A. 786, 789 (Pa. 1926).

Cardinal v. Kindred Healthcare, Inc., 155 A.3d 46, 50 (Pa. Super. 2017),

appeal denied, 170 A.3d 1063 (Pa. 2017).

Here, the trial court found the following:

Documents prepared by [Kindred’s] own medical
professional around the date the Agreement was signed by
[Decedent] (June 19, 20152), compel the conclusion that
[Decedent’s] thoughts were impaired at the time that she
executed the Agreement and therefore she lacked the mental
capacity to enter the Agreement. [Decedent’s] admission records
to [Kindred’s] facility prepared by Kamran Tareen, M.D. dated
June 20, 2015 reflect that [Decedent] was a 79 year woman with
multiple complex medical issues including a large cerebellar
infarction (stroke), Chronic Kidney Disease, IV, atrial fibrillation
with pacemaker status, multiple myeloma (cancer of the plasma
cells) in remission, stage II decubitis ulcer, sepsis due to a urinary

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tract infection, history of C difficile colitis, sever[e]
hypoproteinemia, and anemia. (Admission Report dated June 20,
2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’
Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). It is further noted
that on June 12, 2015, approximately a week prior to her
execution of the Agreement, she was found to have an acute
change in mental status. (Admission Report dated June 20, 2015,
Exhibit C of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’
Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). The change in
mental status was diagnosed as the result of a new left cerebellar
infarction (stroke). (Admission Report dated June 20, 2015,
Exhibit C of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’
Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). [Decedent] also
had a subarachnoid area of hemorrhage and, although Dr. Tareen
notes that [Decedent] is “oriented [to person, place and time]”,
he recommended that she follow-up with a neurologist for
evaluation. (Admission Report dated June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of
Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’ Preliminary
Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). It is further noted in the June
20, 2015 report that [Decedent] had a history of multiple episodes
of having acute change of mental status with recovery.
(Admission Report dated June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiff’s
Answer in Opposition to Defendants’ Preliminary Objections to
Plaintiffs Complaint).

________________________

2 The agreement is not dated by [Decedent] next to her
signature; however, the agreement on page 1 is dated June
19, 2015. Just above [Decedent’s] signature, the
Agreement states, “IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties,
intending to be legally bound, have signed this Agreement
as of the date first written above”. This date was June 19,
2015, the date of [Decedent’s] admission to [Kindred’s]
facility. (Exhibit B of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to
Defendants’ Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint).
[Kindred] suggest[s] that the Agreement was signed on July
1, 2015 by [Decedent], when their representative executed
the agreement, but the record does not support this.
Additionally, [Kindred’s] admissions coordinator’s
deposition testimony does not confirm the date on which
[Decedent] signed the agreement.
________________________

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In Dr. Tareen’s progress note dated June 21, 2015, two (2)
days after [Decedent] signed the Agreement, a CT scan was still
pending of [Decedent] and he was still waiting on Neurology
consults and Dr. Tareen notes that [Decedent] is “oriented [to
person]” only. (Progress Note dated June 21, 2015, Exhibit C of
Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’ Preliminary
Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). Further, as reflected in the
June 21, 2015 note, when [Decedent] was asked if she ate
breakfast that morning, she said she could not remember if she
ate or not and therefore the doctor recommended that she be
assisted with eating. (Progress Note dated June 21, 2015, Exhibit
C of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’ Preliminary
Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint).

Although the medical records submitted by [Kindred] reflect
that [Decedent’s] “[mental status (“MS”)] was at baseline”, there
is no evidence of what her baseline was. (Progress Note dated
July 1, 2015, Exhibit D of Defendants’ Supplemental Memorandum
of Law in Support of Defendants’ Preliminary Objections to Enforce
Alternative Dispute Resolution Agreement). Further, certain …
medical records submitted by [Kindred] are dated July 1, 2015,
the day their representative signed the Agreement, not the date
that the Agreement reflects that it was signed by [Decedent]. In
addition, although it is stated in Dr. Tareen’s discharge summary
dated July 20, 2015 that [Decedent] did not have any neurological
defects, this was as of July 20, 2015, almost a month after [she]
executed the Agreement and more than a month after she
suffered her stroke. (Discharge Summary dated July 20, 2015,
Exhibit C of Plaintiff’s Answer in Opposition to Defendants’
Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff’s Complaint). Lastly,
[Kindred’s] assertion that [Davis] testified that he believed that
[Decedent] understood she was being admitted into the hospital
and that signing the documents was a part of the admissions
process does not speak conclusively to whether [Decedent] was
competent to enter the Agreement. To the contrary, and more
specific to the issue, [Davis], who was present when [Decedent]
signed the Agreement, testified that [she] did not understand
what the [admission] documents entailed and her conditions
prevented her from signing the remaining admissions documents.
(8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 31, 32, 46).

The record of this action establishes that, at the time that
the Agreement was signed, [Decedent] was an elderly resident,
with multiple health conditions, and was noted by [Kindred’s] own

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doctor as having an acute change in mental status a week before
the execution of the Agreement, and this doctor believed as of
June 20, 2015, the day after [Decedent] signed the Agreement,
that a neurological evaluation was necessary. Her cognitive
impairments, coupled with her age and medical conditions,
undoubtedly affected her ability to understand the terms of a
sophisticated legal agreement. Therefore, this Court finds that
[Decedent] was incompetent at the time she entered the
Agreement and therefore the Agreement that she signed dated
June 19, 2015 is void.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/2018, at 5-8.

We note the court made several critical factual findings: (1) Decedent

was an elderly woman with multiple complex medical issues, including several

incidents of cerebellar infarctions (otherwise known as strokes) and she had

a subarachnoid area of hemorrhage, and the treating physician had requested

a neurological evaluation of Decedent;4 (2) the June 20, 2015, medical

admission report indicated Decedent had a history of multiple episodes of

having acute changes of mental status with recovery; (3) although the medical

records submitted reflected that Decedent’s mental status was at baseline,

there is no evidence of what her baseline was; and (4) Davis testified that he

was present when Decedent signed the Agreement and she did not understand

what the admission documents entailed and her condition prevented her from

signing the remaining documents. Based on the totality of the circumstances,

____________________________________________

4 The doctor subsequently indicated that two days after she signed the
agreement, Decedent was oriented to person only and she could not
remember if she ate breakfast that morning. See Trial Court Opinion,
7/2/2018, at 6.

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Decedent endured an acute change in mental status around the same time

she signed the document, specifically evidence of the recent cerebellar

infraction and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which can reasonably be inferred as

dispositive in determining that, while Decedent may have been oriented to

person, place or time questions, there is clear and convincing evidence to

support the trial court’s finding that Decedent did not comprehend the legal

consequences of the document she was signing.5 Furthermore, knowing

that she was being admitted to Kindred, a place she had been before, does

not equate to comprehending the legal consequences of the document she

was signing.6

Moreover, we find Cardinal, supra, which Kindred relies on,

distinguishable from the present matter. In reversing the trial court’s

decision, a panel of this Court determined there did not exist clear, precise,

____________________________________________

5 This is supported by the fact that Davis stated she did not sign any other
documents that day. See Defendant’s Supplemental Memorandum of Law in
Support of Defendants’ Preliminary Objection to Enforce the Alternative
Dispute Resolution Agreement, 10/25/2017, at Exhibit C, Deposition of Horace
Davis, 8/31/2017, at 31-32(“Q. Okay. And were you concerned at all with
her signing this document? A. No. Q. Okay. Did you think she understood?
A. I don’t know what you mean by understood. She understood that she was
being admitted to the hospital and this is part of the stuff that was necessary
to get her back into the facility. Q. Okay. Do you know if she signed the
other admissions document? A. The other admissions document? Q. Did
she sign or did you sign them? A. I think I signed the other. Q. You signed
the other. Why was that? A. Because her hand wasn’t steady and there was
some conditions that prevented her from signing.”).

6 Moreover, that initial agreement, dated March 12, 2015, was signed by
Davis and not Decedent.

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and convincing evidence to support the court’s finding that the decedent

lacked capacity to enter into the arbitration agreement. See Cardinal, 155

A.3d at 51. First, the panel concluded “the trial court’s focus on the knowledge

possessed by [the hospital] employee … regarding the contents and

implications of the agreement [wa]s misplaced” because it was “irrelevant to

this inquiry what [the hospital employee] knew or did not know about the

agreement” as the “concern is whether clear and convincing evidence exists

on the record to demonstrate that [the d]ecedent lacked capacity to enter into

the contract.” Id. Second, the panel “flatly reject[ed] the trial court’s reliance

on the fact that [the d]ecedent had, some years prior to signing the

agreement, executed a power of attorney in favor of his nephew,” the appellee

in the appeal, because “mere existence of a power of attorney can in no way

be construed as indicia of incapacity on the part of the principal.” Id. Lastly,

the panel found the trial court omitted certain medical evidence concerning

the decedent was “‘awake, alert, [and] oriented" on [the date of admission]

and ‘alert [and] oriented’ on … the very date the agreement was executed[.]”

Id. at 52. Furthermore, while the trial court noted that the hospital employee

had observed the decedent having difficulty affixing his signature to the

agreement, the employee’s deposition testimony also revealed that she “went

on to acknowledge that she actually had no independent recollection of [the

d]ecedent’s ability to sign his name during her meeting with him” and the

decedent “was able to express other preferences, such as his desire to decline

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the facility’s assistance with the management of his personal funds and his

wish to have his bills submitted directly to Medicare.” Id.

Here, the court did not rely on the deposition statements made by

Kindred’s employee to analyze Decedent’s state of mind at the time signed

the agreement. Second, there was no argument put forth by Davis that

Decedent was incapacitated due to executing a power of attorney. Third,

there was no evidence presented in Cardinal that the decedent had suffered

a stroke a week prior to signing the admission documents and acute changes

in mental status like in the present matter. Accordingly, Kindred’s first

argument fails.

Next, Kindred claims the trial court erred in finding that Davis had no

legal authority to waive his wife’s rights under the Survival Act 7 when he

signed the Agreements. Kindred’s Brief at 20. Rather, Kindred alleges Davis

had Decedent’s express verbal consent to sign the Agreements on her behalf.

Id. It also asserts there was evidence of apparent authority and authority by

estoppel to establish Davis had legal authority to sign the documents at issue.

In support of this argument, Kindred points to the following:

[Davis’] testimony establishes that he did in fact have his wife’s
express verbal authority to sign admission papers on her behalf.
The authority was granted to him by his wife, based on their
continuous, repeated affirmations of agreement. [Davis’]

____________________________________________

7 See 42 Pa.C.S. § 8302 (“All causes of action or proceedings, real or
personal, shall survive the death of the plaintiff or of the defendant, or the
death of one or more joint plaintiffs or defendants.”).

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J-A01003-19

testimony confirms that this process was done with [Decedent’s]
knowledge and consent.

…

As is clear from the testimony of [Davis], he consistently acted on
his wife’s behalf, with her consent. Upon [Decedent’s] admission
to Kindred, it was their joint decision that he would get her signed
in and settled, based on their long-standing course of conduct,
and, in essence, a meeting of their minds prior to her admission.

…

[Davis’] actions on behalf of his wife constituted a reasonable
basis upon which the admission person could rely in having him
sign the admission documents. [Davis], with the approval of
[Decedent], held himself out as the legal representative in signing
the documents. Although [Davis] did not have a formal Power of
Attorney document, it is clear that the existence of the
relationship, in the context of an ongoing course of conduct
(where [the husband and wife] executed admissions documents
together and agreed on the disposition of her admission),
establishes express or apparent agency, and/or agency by
estoppel.

…

By signing the underlying Agreement, [Davis] acknowledged that
he was voluntarily relinquishing the right to a jury trial in favor of
Alternative Dispute Resolution, on behalf of his wife, with whom
he conferred daily, and kept watch over. It was more than
reasonable for Kindred staff to rely upon [Davis] as his wife’s
authorized agent. There is no evidence that [Decedent], who was
present in the Hospital for all those weeks, did anything to disavow
Kindred staff of the idea that her husband, who happened to be a
retired Magisterial Judge, could be counted on to act in her best
interests, and with her consent. During his testimony, [Davis]
made it clear that he and his wife communicated daily as to
virtually all her healthcare decision-making. Kindred reasonably
relied on those manifestations of his authority to allow him to sign
off on the pertinent paperwork. It is also clear from [Davis’]
testimony that he understood the basic components of the ADR
Agreement.

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J-A01003-19

Id. at 21-24.

Initially, we note the trial court found this issue was waived for Kindred’s

failure to include in its concise statement. See Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/2018,

at 8 n.2 (“Although this Court addresses whether [Davis] had the authority to

execute the March 13, 2015 and July 30, 2015 Agreements, [Kindred has]

waived their ability to challenge this issue by not including it in their Concise

Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal.”). We reviewed the concise

statement,8 and are in agreement with the trial court that Kindred did not list

an agency argument in its therein concise statement. Accordingly, Kindred

____________________________________________

8 Rather, Kindred’s concise statement identifies the following issues:

1. Whether the Trial Court erred in refusing to enforce the ADR
agreement signed by decedent Grace Kelly Davis, a retired nurse,
where Plaintiff failed to meet her burden of proof to establish
evidence that Mrs. Davis lacked capacity to enter into the
agreement?.

2. Whether the Trial Court erred in refusing to enforce the two
ADR agreements signed by decedent's husband (a retired
Magisterial Judge), despite Mr. Davis’ unequivocal
acknowledgment of his understanding of the arbitration
agreements?

3. Whether the Trial Court erred in refusing to enforce valid ADR
agreements, signed over multiple admissions by decedent's
husband (a retired Magisterial Judge) and the decedent (a retired
nurse, Grace Kelly Davis), given husband’s testimony that the
documents were presented, explained, reviewed and signed by
the admissions staff?

Concise Statement of Errors Complained of on Appeal, 5/17/2018, at 2.

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J-A01003-19

has waived this issue. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues not included in

the Statement and/or not raised in accordance with the provisions of

this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”).9

Assuming arguendo Kindred had not waived this issue, this argument is

unavailing. With respect to the issue of agency, we are guided by the

following:

“Agency is the relationship which results from the consent of one
person that another may act on his behalf.” Lincoln Avenue
Industrial Park v. Norley, 450 Pa. Super. 621, 677 A.2d 1219,
1222 (Pa. Super. 1996) (citation omitted). “The creation of an
agency relationship requires no special formalities.” Walton, 66
A.3d at 787 (citation omitted). “The existence of an agency
relationship is a question of fact.” Id. “The party asserting the
existence of an agency relationship bears the burden of proving it
by a fair preponderance of the evidence.” Id.

An agency relationship may be created by any of the following:
(1) express authority, (2) implied authority, (3) apparent
authority, and/or (4) authority by estoppel. Express authority
exists where the principal deliberately and specifically grants
authority to the agent as to certain matters. Implied authority
exists in situations where the agent’s actions are “proper, usual
and necessary” to carry out express agency. Apparent authority
exists where the principal, by word or conduct, causes people with
whom the alleged agent deals to believe that the principal has
granted the agent authority to act. Authority by estoppel occurs
when the principal fails to take reasonable steps to disavow the
third party of their belief that the purported agent was authorized
to act on behalf of the principal.

Walton, 66 A.3d at 786 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

____________________________________________

9 See also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 107 A.3d 52, 69 n.7 (Pa. 2014)
(finding Rule 1925 waiver applied because appellant failed to include a claim
in his concise statement), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 43 (U.S. 2015).

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J-A01003-19

McIlwain v. Saber Healthcare Grp., Inc., LLC, 208 A.3d 478, 485 (Pa.

Super. 2019). Moreover, “[t]he basic elements of agency are the

manifestation by the principal that the agent shall act for him, the agent’s

acceptance of the undertaking and the understanding of the parties that the

principal is to be in control of the undertaking.” Walton, 66 A.3d at 787

(citation omitted). Additionally, “[a]gency cannot be inferred from mere

relationships or family ties.” Wisler v. Manor Care of Lancaster PA, LLC,

124 A.3d 317, 323 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 128

A.3d 222 (Pa. 2015).

Here, the trial court found the following:

As there is no written document granting [Davis] express
authority or to establish implied authority, [Kindred] maintain[s]
there was apparent agency and/or agency by estoppel. Apparent
agency and agency by estoppel focus on the words and conduct
of the principal, [Decedent]. “An agent cannot simply by his own
words, invest himself with apparent authority. Such authority
emanates from the action of the principal and not the agent.” To
prevail on a claim of agency by estoppel on the issue of authority
to sign the Agreements, [Kindred] must prove that [Decedent]
intentionally or carelessly caused [Kindred’s] admissions
coordinator to believe an agency relationship existed, or knowing
that the admissions coordinator held such a belief, [Decedent] did
not take reasonable steps to clarify the facts.

[Kindred] ha[s] failed to offer any evidence of [Decedent’s]
conduct at the time the Agreements were executed or her conduct
with the admissions coordinator at any time before execution of
the Agreements. There is no evidence that [Decedent] knew
[Davis] was executing the Agreements specifically. Neither
[Davis] nor [Kindred’s] admissions coordinator could recall
whether [Decedent] was present in the room when the
Agreements were executed by [Decedent]. (8/31/17 Horace
Davis Deposition N.T. 22-23 and 8/31/17 Lilia Margolies
Deposition N.T. 27-28). [Davis] also testified that he did not tell

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J-A01003-19

[Decedent] about the Agreements or the fact that he signed them,
and Mrs. Davis did not instruct him to sign the Agreements.
(8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 23, 40, 47). It is irrelevant
whether [Decedent] had given [Davis] express verbal authority to
sign the admissions paperwork in general, as [Kindred] argues,
unless this verbal authority was given while [Kindred’s]
representative was present such that [Decedent’s] words caused
the admissions coordinator to believe that [Decedent] had granted
[Davis] the authority to act. There is no evidence of such.
Further, there is no evidence that [Decedent] verbally gave
[Davis] the authority to sign the Agreements specifically. Lastly,
there cannot be agency by estoppel because [Kindred] have
offered no evidence of [Decedent’s] negligence.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/2018, at 9-10 (citation omitted). We agree with the

court’s conclusion and would affirm on the basis of the court’s opinion as a

review of the evidence reveals “there was no express, implied, or apparent

authority, nor authority by estoppel to establish an agency relationship”

between Decedent and Davis in relation to signing the arbitration agreements.

McIlwain, 208 A.3d at 485-486.

Lastly, Kindred complains the court erred in finding that the agreement

was void due to unconscionability. See Kindred’s Brief at 24-33. Kindred

states:

The basic thrust of [the trial court’s] analysis appears to be
grounded in the idea that the ADR Agreement is one-sided, and
that it did not clearly indicate that the Agreement was voluntary,
and that the Agreement was not adequately explained to [Davis
or Decedent]. However, if taken to its logical conclusion, it seems
clear that this Decision, if left to stand, would void every single
nursing home ADR or Arbitration Agreement in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, because, in the trial court’s view,
it appears that all such Agreements are one-sided, and can never
be fair to both the facility and the resident. That, however, is not
the law.

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J-A01003-19

The trial court’s Opinion striking down the ADR Agreement
in this case was not an objective assessment of the ADR
Agreement and witness testimony. The court’s expressed view is
in complete contravention of numerous precedents from this
court, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and the Supreme Court
of the United States, which hold that the federal and state
interests in favoring arbitration of disputes are paramount and
play a central factor in determining whether Agreements, such as
the one at issue here, should be enforced.

Kindred’s Brief at 24-25.

Because we previously determined that (1) the court correctly found

Decedent was an incapacitated person at the time she signed the June, 19,

2015, arbitration agreement which prevented her from knowingly entering

into the contract, and (2) Kindred waived any argument concerning any

authority on the part of Davis to sign the March 13, 2015, and July 30, 2015,

Arbitration Agreements and thereby legally bound himself and Decedent, we

need not reach the issue of whether the Arbitration Agreements were

unconscionable.

Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err in entering the March

27, 2018, order overruling their preliminary objections to the complaint filed

by Davis.

Order affirmed.

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J-A01003-19

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/16/19

- 23 -
 Circulated 08/19/2019 11:51 AM

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF DELAWARE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
CIVIL ACTION -LAW

Horace Davis, Administrator of the No. 17-001749
Estate of Grace Kelly Davis, Deceased PA Superior Court Docketing No. 1048 EDA 2018
Plaintiff,

v.

2507 Chestnut Street Operations, LLC
d/b/a The Belvedere Center
Genesis Healthcare, LLC, Delaware County
Memorial Hospital, Crozer Chester Medical
Center, Crozer-Keystone Health System,
Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-Havertown,
Kindred Hospital East, LLC, Kindred
Healthcare, Inc., Mercy Catholic Medical Center:
of Southeastern Pennsylvania d/b/a Mercy
Fitzgerald Hospital, Mercy Health System of
Southeastern Pennsylvania
Defendants.

CHRISTOPHER J. CULLETON, ESQUIRE, Attorney for Plaintiff
WILLIAM J. :MUNDY, ESQUIRE, JOHN M. SKROCKI, ESQUIRE, LAKEISHA R.
ROBINSON, ESQUIRE, Attorneys for Defendants

OPINION

BURR, S.J. FILED: July 2, 2018

Defendants, Kindred Hospital Philadelphia-Havertown, Kindred Hospital East,

LLC and Kindred Healthcare, Inc. (hereinafter "Defendants") have appealed from this Court's

Order of March 27, 2018 overruling their Preliminary Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint in this

medical professional liability action. In their Preliminary Objections, Defendants requested this

Court to direct the parties to arbitration pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1028(a)(6) on Plaintiff's survival

claims in accordance with the Voluntary Arbitration Agreements (hereinafter "Agreements")

executed by the decedent, Grace Kelly Davis, and her husband, Horace Davis (hereinafter

ADDENDUM C
 "Plaintiff'). The Agreements were allegedly executed on or about March 13, 2015 by Plaintiff,

on or about June 19, 2015 by decedent, Mrs. Davis, and on or about July 31, 2015 by Plaintiff at

the time of three separate admissions of Mrs. Davis to Defendants' facility'. The disposition of

Defendants' Preliminary Objections by this Court turned on whether or not the Agreements are

valid and enforceable.

The alleged facts underlying this dispute are set forth in Plaintiffs Complaint

filed on February 17, 2017. Mrs. Davis entered Kindred Hospital Plriladelphia-Havertown,

owned and operated by Defendants, Kindred Hospital East, LLC and Kindred Healthcare, Inc.,

on April 2, 2015 and remained in the facility through April 20, 2015. (,r 34 of Complaint). Upon
admission, she presented with pressure ulcers which persisted and deteriorated during her stay at

Defendants' facility. (,r,r 33; 35 of Complaint). Mrs. Davis was again admitted to Kindred

Hospital Philadelphia-Havertown on June 19, 2015; this admission lasted until July 9, 2015

during which time her same wounds persisted and deteriorated. c,r,r 39, 40 of Complaint). Mrs.

Davis was again admitted to Kindred Hospital Philadelph.ia-Havertown on July 13, 2015; this

admission lasted until July 20, 2015 during which time her same wounds persisted and

deteriorated. (fl 43, 44, 45 of Complaint). Mrs. Davis was last admitted to Kindred Hospital

Philadelphia-Havertown on July 30, 2015; this admission .lasted until August 25, 2015 during.

which time her same wounds persisted and deteriorated further to a stage of IV. (,r,r 47, 48 of
· Complaint). Throughout Mrs. Davis' stay at the Defendants' facility, she allegedly received

inadequate care and treatment. (,r 103 of Complaint). Mrs. Davis died on November 20, 2015

and Plaintiff alleges that the pressure ulcers, which were caused solely and exclusively by the

conduct of all Defendants (and/or their respective agents, servants, employees) caused and/or

contributed to her demise. (,r,r 49, 50 of Complaint).
1
Each one of the Agreements is identical and contain the same terms.

2
 On March 22, 2017, Defendants filed Preliminary Objections to Plaintiffs

Complaint seeking to compel arbitration of Plaintiffs claims under the Agreements that had

been executed by Plaintiff and Mrs. Davis. (,r,r 5, 8 of Preliminary Objections). On April 11,

2017, Plaintiff responded to Defendants' Preliminary Objections asserting that the Agreements

are unenforceable as Mrs. Davis lacked the mental capacity to enter into the· Agreement she

executed> that Plaintiff lacked the authority to bind Mrs. Davis to the Agreements he executed,

that the Agreements are unconscionable contracts of adhesion, and that enforcing the

Agreements would deny the wrongful death beneficiaries their constitutional right to a jury trial.

(,r IV of Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Kindred Defendants> Preliminary
Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint). Defendants filed a Supplemental Memorandum of Law on

April 25, 2017 in response to Plaintiff's Answer and asserted that Plaintiff failed to meet the

burden of showing that Mrs: Davis was "incompetent» to enter into the Agreement that she

signed, that Plaintiff had apparent authority and/or agency by estoppel was established to execute

the Agreements he signed> that the Agreements are not unconscionable as the Pennsylvania

Superior Court did not find unconscionable an agreement to arbitrate that was similar in all

material respects to the Agreeinents at issue, and that the facts averred in Plaintiffs Complaint

do not support a ·wrongful death claim. (,r I(A-D) of Defendants' Supplemental Memorandum of
Law in Support of Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Enforce Alternative Dispute

Resolution· Agreement). Further, Defendants requested discovery in the form of a deposition of

Plaintiff and request for production of documents .. · (,r D of Defendants' Supplemental

Memorandum of Law in Support of Defendants> Preliminary Objections to Enforce Alternative ·

Dispute Resolution Agreement).

3
 On July 13, 2017, this Court entered an Order granting additional time for the

parties to conduct discovery and supplement the record as deemed necessary on issues relating to

the validity and/or enforceability of the Agreements. On October 25, 2017, upon completion of

the additional discovery permitted by the Court, which included the depositions of the

Defendants' Admissions Coordinator and Plaintiff, Defendants filed a Supplemental

Memorandum of Law in support of their position to enforce the Agreements. On October 26,

2017, Plaintiff filed a Supplemental Memorandum of Law in support of his position. On March

27, 2018, this Court entered an Order overruling Defendants' Preliminary Objections to

Plaintiff's Complaint from which Defendants took their appeal on April 4, 2018.

Defendants' Preliminary Objections were properly overruled as Mrs. Davis did

not have the requisite mental capacity to enter the Agreement, Plaintiff did not have authority to

enter the Agreements and the Agreements are unconscionable. As such, the Agreements

requiring the parties to proceed to arbitration are each unenforceable as a whole and this action

should remain before this Court.

"A written agreement to subject any existing controversy to arbitration or a

provision in a written agreement to submit to arbitration any controversy thereafter arising

between the parties is valid, enforceable and irrevocable, save upon such grounds as exist at law

or in equity relating to the validity, enforceability or revocation of any contract." 42 Pa.C.S. §

7303.

In Weir v. Estate of Ciao, 556 A.2d 819, 824 (Pa. 1989), the Supreme Court noted

the applicable analysis when there exists a challenge to the mental capacity of a person who

signs a contract:

4
 «written instruments are not to be set aside except upon convincing testimony that their
execution was tainted with fraud, either actual or constructive, or that the person so executing
them did not have what the law considers sufficient mental capacity to do so. (citation omitted).
Contracts made with an incompetent before his adjudication as weak minded are voidable and
can be avoided only on proper showing that he was incompetent at the time. (citation omitted).
When mental competency is at issue the real. question is the condition of the person at the very
time he made the gift or executed the instrument. (citation omitted). Competence is best
determined by a person1s words and acts. The testimony of persons who observed the alleged
incompetent on the date in question is generally superior to testimony as to observations made
prior to and subsequent to that date. Ordinarily, competence is presumed and the burden of proof
is upon the person who alleges the incompetence." (citation omitted).

To rebut the presumption of competence, "the challenger must present evidence of

mental incompetency which is 'clear, precise and convincing?', Estate of McGovern v. Com.

State Employees' Ret. Bd., 517 A.2d 523, 526 (Pa. 1986). Moreover, "[i]t is well settled that

mere weakness of intellect resulting from sickness or old age is not legal grounds to set aside an

executed contract if sufficient intelligence remains to comprehend the nature and character of the

transaction, and no evidence of fraud, mutual mistake or undue influence is present." Taylor v.

Avi, 415 A.2d 894, 897 (Pa. Super. 1979) (citations omitted).

Documents prepared by Defendants' own medical professional around the date the

Agreement was signed by Mrs. Davis (June 19, 20152), compel the conclusion that Mrs. Davis'

thoughts were impaired at the time that she executed the Agreement and therefore she lacked the

mental capacity to enter the Agreement. Mrs. Davis' admission records to Defendants' facility

prepared by Kamran Tareen, M.D. dated June 20, 2015 reflect that Mrs. Davis was a 79 year

woman with multiple complex medical issues including a large cerebellar infarction (stroke),

Chronic Kidney Disease, IV, atrial fibrillation with pacemaker status, multiple myeloma ( cancer

2
The agreement is not dated by Mrs. Davis next to her signature; however, the agreement on page I is dated June
19, 2015. Just above Mrs. Davis' signature, the Agreement states, "IN WJTNESS WHEREOF, the parties,
intending to be legally bound, have signed this Agreement as of the date first written above". This date was June 19,
2015, the date of Mrs. Davis' admission to Defendants' facility. (Exhibit B of Plaintiff's Answer in Opposition to
Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff's Complaint). Defendants suggest that the Agreement was signed
on July I, 2015 by Mrs. Davis, when their representative executed the agreement, but the record does not support
this. Additionally, Defendants' admissions coordinator's deposition testimony does not confirm the date on which
Mrs. Davis signed the agreement.

5
of the plasma cells) in remission, stage II decubitis ulcer, sepsis due to a urinary tract infection,

history of C difficile colitis, sever hypoproteinemia, and anemia. (Admission Report dated June

20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiff's Answer in Opposition to Defendants' Preliminary Objections

to Plaintiffs Complaint). It is further noted that on June 12, 2015, approximately a week prior to

her execution of the Agreement, she was found to have an acute change in mental status.

(Admission Report dated June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in Opposition to

Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint). The change in mental status was

diagnosed as the result of a new left cerebellar infarction (stroke). (Admission Report dated

June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiff's Answer in Opposition to Defendants' Preliminary

Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint). Mrs. Davis also had a subarachnoid area of hemorrhage

and, although Dr. Tareen notes that Mrs. Davis is "oriented [to person, place and time]", he

recommended that she follow-up with a neurologist for evaluation. (Admission Report dated

June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in Opposition to Defendants' Preliminary

Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint). It is further noted in the June 20, 2015 report that Mrs.

Davis had a history of multiple episodes of having acute change of mental status with recovery.

(Admission Report dated June 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in Opposition to

Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint).

In Dr. Tareen's progress note dated June 21, 2015, two (2) days after Mrs. Davis

signed the Agreement, a CT scan was still pending of Mrs. Davis and he was still waiting on

Neurology consults and Dr. Tareen notes that Mrs. Davis is "oriented [to person]" only.

(Progress Note dated June 21, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in Opposition to

Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff's Complaint). Further, as reflected in the June

21, 2015 note, when Mrs. Davis was asked if she ate breakfast that morning, she said she could

6
not remember if she ate or not and therefore the doctor recommended that she be assisted with

eating. (Progress Note dated June 21, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in Opposition to

Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiffs Complaint).

Although the medical records submitted by Defendants reflect that Mrs. Davis'

"MS was at baseline", there is no evidence of what her baseline was. (Progress Note dated July

1, 2015, Exhibit D of Defendants' Supplemental Memorandum of Law in Support of

Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Enforce Alternative Dispute Resolution Agreement).

Further, certain of the medical records submitted by Defendants are dated July 1, 2015, the day

their representative signed the Agreement, not the date that the Agreement reflects that it was

signed by Mrs. Davis. In addition, although it is stated in Dr. Tareen's discharge summary dated

July 20; 2015 that Mrs. Davis did not have any neurological defects, this was as of July 20, 2015,

almost a month after Mrs. Davis executed the Agreement and more than a month after she

suffered her stroke. (Discharge Summary dated July 20, 2015, Exhibit C of Plaintiffs Answer in

Opposition to Defendants' Preliminary Objections to Plaintiff's Complaint). Lastly, Defendants

assertion that Plaintiff testified that he believed that Mrs. Davis understood she was being

admitted into the hospital and that signing the documents was a part of the admissions process

does not speak conclusively to whether Mrs. Davis was competent to enter the Agreement. To

the contrary, and more specific to the issue, Plaintiff, who was present when Mrs. Davis signed

the Agreement, testified that Mrs. Davis did not understand what the [admission] documents

entailed and her conditions prevented her from signing the remaining admissions documents.

(8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 31, 32, 46).

The record of this action establishes that, at the time that the Agreement was

signed, Mrs. Davis was an elderly resident, with multiple health conditions, and was noted by the

7
Defendants' own doctor as having an acute change in mental status a week before the execution

of the Agreement, and this doctor believed as of June 20, 2015, the day after Mrs. Davis signed

the Agreement, that a neurological evaluation was necessary. Her cognitive impairments,

coupled with her age and medical conditions, undoubtedly affected her ability to understand the

terms of a sophisticated legal agreement. Therefore, this Court finds that Mrs. Davis was

incompetent at the time she entered the Agreement and therefore the Agreement that she signed

dated June 19, 2015 is void.

Furthermore, in order for the Agreements executed on March 13, 2015 and July·

31, 2015 by Plaintiff to be binding upon Mrs. Davis, there must have existed at the time of
3.
execution an agency relationship between Mrs. Davis and Plaintiff Such a relationship

" ... cannot be inferred from mere relationship or family ties unattended by conditions, acts or

conduct clearly implying an agency." Walton v. Johnson, 66 A.3d 782, 787 (Pa. Super.

2013 )( citations omitted). Rather, " .. ; an agency relationship may be created by any of the

following: (1) express authority, (2) implied authority, (3) apparent authority, and/or (4)

authority by estoppel." Id. at 786.

"Express authority exists where the principal deliberately and specifically grants

authority to the .agent as to certain matters. Implied authority exists in situations where the

agent's actions are "proper, usual and necessary" to carry out express agency. Apparent agency

exists where the principal, by word or conduct, causes people with whom the alleged agent deals

to believe that the principal has granted the agent authority to act. Authority by estoppel occurs

when the principal fails to take reasonable steps to disavow the third party of their belief that the

purported agent was authorized to act on behalf of the principal." Id. (citations omitted).

3
Although this Court addresses whether Plaintiff had the authority to execute the March 13, 2015 and July 30, 2015
Agreements, Defendants' have waived their ability to challenge this issue by not including it in their Concise
Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal.

8
 As there is no written document granting Plaintiff express authority or to establish

implied authority, Defendants maintain there was apparent agency and/or agency by estoppel.

Apparent agency and agency by estoppel focus on the words and conduct of the principal, Mrs.

Davis. "An agent cannot simply by his own words, invest himself with apparent authority. Such

authority emanates from the action of the principal and not the agent." Id. at 787 (citations

omitted). To prevail on a claim of agency by estoppel on the issue of authority to sign the

Agreements, Defendants must prove that Mrs. Davis intentionally or carelessly caused

Defendants' admissions coordinator to believe an agency relationship existed, or knowing that

the admissions coordinator held such a belief, Mrs. Davis did not take reasonable steps to clarify

the facts. Id. at 788.

Defendants have failed to offer any evidence of Mrs. Davis' conduct at the time

the Agreements were executed or her conduct with the admissions coordinator at any time before

execution of the Agreements. There is no evidence that Mrs. Davis knew Plaintiff was executing

· the Agreements specifically. Neither Plaintiff nor Defendants' admissions coordinator could

recall whether Mrs. Davis was present in the room when the Agreements were executed by

Plaintiff. (8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 22-23 and 8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition

N.T. 27-28). Plaintiff also testified that he did not tell Mrs. Davis about the Agreements or the

fact that he signed them, and Mrs. Davis did not instruct him to sign the Agreements. (8/31/17

Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 23, 40, 47). It is irrelevant whether Mrs. Davis had given Plaintiff

express verbal authority to sign the admissions paperwork in general, as Defendant argues,

unless this verbal authority was given while Defendants' representative was present such that

Mrs. Davis' words caused the admissions coordinator to believe that Mrs. Davis had granted Mr.

Davis the authority to act. There is no evidence of such. Further, there is no evidence that Mrs.

9
Davis verbally gave Plaintiff the authority to sign the Agreements specifically. Lastly, there

cannot be agency by estoppel because Defendants have offered no evidence of Mrs. Davis'

negligence.

The Agreements are also unconscionable contracts of adhesion. The case of

Mannion v. Manor Care. Inc., 4 Pa. D. & C. 5th 321 (Pa. Ct. Com. PL 2006) considered

arbitration provisions similar to those sub judice. The Mannion Court found the agreement to

arbitrate to be a contract of adhesion. "A contract of adhesion is defined as a standard form

contract prepared by one party, to be signed by the party in a weaker position, usually a

consumer, who has little choice about the ternis." Mannion at 329-330 (citing Hugel v. Mifflin

Construction Company, Inc., 796 A.2d 350, 357 (Pa. Super. 2002)). In finding the agreement to

be a contract of adhesion, the Court stated as follows:

The Agreement at issue falls within this definition [definition for contract of
adhesion]. It was a standard form document prepared by ManorCare for signature by new
residents . . . Given the circumstances, Ms. Mannion was in a weaker position without any
meaningful choice when she signed the agreement .... When Ms. Mannion received the faxed
paperwork, consisting of 21 pages, she did not have time to read the material carefully before
signing and returning the documents. She was very upset at that time and recalls the experience
only as a blur ... Ms. Defranco never explained the arbitration agreement to her. Nor was Ms.
Mannion informed that she could make changes in the preprinted documents .

. . . Considering the pressure she was under during this period of time, it is
understandable that she felt she had little choice but to sign the documents as presented ... Thus,
we find that the agreement was a contract of adhesion." Id. at 330-3.31.

The circumstances attendant to Mrs. Davis' and Plaintiffs execution of the

Agreements were similar to the circumstances in Mannion. With respect to Mrs. Davis'

execution of the Agreement, she had been in and out of medical facilities for various months

upon her admission in June 2015 to Defendants' facility. She was riddled with various medical

conditions and disabilities attendant to same. Plaintiff testified that, although Mrs. Davis signed

the Agreement in June 2015, her conditions prevented her from signing the remaining

10
admissions documents. (8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T. 31, 32). Plaintiff was the

elderly husband of a very ill spouse and was responsible for her care on a full time basis. With

respect the March 13, 2015 Agreement, Plaintiff testified that he was presented the Agreement

with a many other documents, that he did not read them because his main concern was getting

his wife the. care she needed, and that he felt like he had to sign the documents. (8/31/17 Horace

Davis Deposition N. T. 19, 20, 21 ). With respect to the July 31, 2015 Agreement, Plaintiff stated

that time was essential to get Mrs. Davis admitted to the facility so he did not take the time to

read the Agreement and get some understanding of it. (8/31/17 Horace Davis Deposition N.T.

38, 41).

Lilia Margolies was Admissions Coordinator for Defendants' facility at the time of

execution of the Agreements. In her capacity as Admissions Coordinator, she would present the

form Agreement to. all residents or their representative. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition

N.T. 13?. She testified that the patients would review approximately twenty seven pages of

documents for the admissions process within five to ten minutes, four pages of which consisted

of the Agreement. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 14, 21). She further testified in her

deposition that approximately 20% of the time she would just leave the admissions packet in the

patient's room and would not be physically present to explain the documents when the patient or

their representative signed the Agreement and would simply come back to retrieve the signed

documents, including the Agreement. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 14-15). When

she was present, she would explain the terms of the arbitration agreement to the patient or their

representative. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 17-19). In her two (2) years on the job,

she never once revised or altered the terms of the Agreement. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies

Deposition N.T. 30). These facts clearly show that Mrs. Davis and Plaintiff were in a

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significantly weaker bargaining position than Defendants and had no choice about the terms of

the Agreement. For these reasons, this Court found the Agreements to be contracts of adhesion.

However, "[a] contract of adhesion is not ipso facto unenforceable. It is

unenforceable only to the extent that it is found to be unconscionable." Mannion, 4 Pa. D. & C.

5th at 331. "A contract term is unconscionable if ( 1) the party challenging it has no reasonable

choice in accepting it, as in the case of a contract of adhesion, and (2) the provision unreasonably

favors the other party." Id. (citing Lytle v. CitiFinancial Services. Inc., 810 A.2d 643 (Pa. Super.

2002)). In Pennsylvania, unconscionability requires a showing that the contract was both

procedurally and substantively unconscionable when made. Witmer v. Exxon Corp., 434 A.2d

1222, 122 8 (Pa. 1981 ). Procedural unconscionability refers to the process in which an agreement

is reached and may be found where parties to the contract have unequal bargaining power. See

Germantown Mfg. Co. v. Rawlinson, 491 A.2d 138, 145-46 (Pa. 1985); Moscatiello v. Pittsburgh

Contractors Equip. Co., 595 A.2d 1190, 1196-97 (Pa. 1991 ). An agreement is substantively

unconscionable when it unreasonably favors the drafter. Huegel v. Mifflin Const. Co .. Inc., 796

A.2d 350, 357 (Pa. Super. 2002). Substantively, unconscionability may also be based on a

violation of public policy. Hall v. Amica Mut. Inc. Co., 648 A.2d 755 (Pa. 1994).

The Agreements are procedurally unconscionable as they are contracts of

adhesion for the reasons set forth herein. At the time that the Agreements were executed, Mrs.

Davis and Plaintiff were in a highly emotional state after Mrs. Davis had spent months in and out

of health care facilities battling a myriad of serious health concerns, including cancer.

Defendants' admission coordinators had presented this Agreement approximately 40 times a

month to new patients. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 29). There was a gross

disparity in bargaining power between the parties for these reasons.

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 The Agreements are also procedurally unconscionable as they violate public

policy. Although the arbitration process was possibly explained, it was never properly explained

what rights Mrs. Davis was giving up. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 18�19). A

waiver of the right to a trial by jury must be knowing and voluntary. In determining whether

there was a knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver, the courts look to whether "(1) there was

no gross disparity in bargaining power between the parties; (2) the parties are sophisticated

business entities; (3) the parties had an opportunity to negotiate the contract terms; and (4) the

waiver provision was conspicuous." First Union National Bank v. U.S., 164 F. Supp. 2d 660, 663

(E.D. Pa. 2001). Mrs. Davis and Plaintiff, both elderly adults - one very ill and the other placed

into a position as a full time care giver for his ill wife, entered a contract with a highly

sophisticated corporate entity with no emotional attachment to the situation. It was never

explained to Mrs. Davis or Plaintiff that they could negotiate the terms of the Agreement.

(8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N. T. 18-19). It must be noted that Ms. Margolies testified

in her deposition that the Agreement had never been revised during her two (2) years acting as

Admissions Coordinator. (8/31/17 Lilia Margolies Deposition N.T. 30).

Defendants cite MacPherson v. Magee Memorial Hosp. for Convalescence, 128

A.3d 1209 (Pa. Super. 2015) and Cardinal v. Kindred Healthcare. Inc., 155 A.3d 46 (Pa. Super.

2017) where the Superior Court examined arbitration agreements and concluded that the

agreements were not procedurally or substantively unconscionable. In making its decision, the

McPherson Court noted (on which the Cardinal Court relied also) that the agreement at issue had

"a conspicuous, large, balded notification that the parties, by signing, are waiving the right to a

trial before a judge or jury ... [and] a notification at the top of the agreement, in bold typeface

and underlined, that it is voluntary, and if the patient refuses to sign it, 'the Patient will still be

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allowed to live in, and receive services' at the facility." Cardinal v. Kindred Healthcare, Inc.,

155 A.3d at 53 (citing MacPherson v. Magee Memorial Hosp. for Convalescence, 128 A.3d at

1221-22). The Agreements in the instant matter can be distinguished from the McPherson and

Cardinal agreements. In McPherson, the heading of the arbitration agreement at issue read:

"VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT: If you do not accept this Agreement, the Patient will still

be allowed to live in, and receive services in, this Center." The very first sentence of the

agreement read in bold: "BY ACCEPTING THIS AGREEMENT, THE PARTIES ARE

WAIVING THEIR RIGHT TO A TRIAL BEFORE A JUDGE AND/OR A JURY OF ANY

DISPUTE BETWEEN THEM. PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY AND

IN ITS ENTIRETY BEFORE ACCEPTING ITS TERMS." MacPherson v. Magee Memorial

Hosp. for Convalescence, 128 A.3d 1209, 1213-14 (Pa. Super. 2015). The Cardinal agreement

stated at the very top: "THIS AGREEMENT IS NOT A CONDITION OF ADMISSION TO OR

CONTINUED RESIDENCE IN THE FACILITY." Also, highlighted in boldface, underlined,

capital letters on the first page of the agreement is a statement that: THE PARTIES

UNDERSTAND, ACKNOWLEDGE, AND AGREE THAT BY ENTERING INTO THIS

AGREEMENT THEY ARE GIVING UP THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO HAVE

THEIR DISPUTES DECIDED BY A COURT OF LAW OR TO APPEAL ANY

DECISION OR AWARD OF DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE ADR PROCESS

EXCEPT AS PROVIDED HEREIN." 155 A. 3d at 53-54.

In the instant matter, the Agreements are titled "VOLUNTARY ALTERNATIVE

DISPUTE RESOLUTION AGREEMENT BETWEEN PATIENT AND HOSPITAL", but it is

buried in the middle of the first page that the Agreements are optional and the hospital will

provide services even if not signed, which is not in upper case letters, balded or underlined.

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Further, it only references the waiver of trial by judge or jury in the middle of the first page

(again not in upper case letters, bolded or underlined) and then again on the third page of the four

(4) page Agreement, which is in capital letters but not bolded or underlined to make it

conspicuous.

This Court does not believe that Mrs. Davis or Plaintiff knowingly and

intelligently waived the right to a trial by jury. This is a violation of public policy and therefore

the Agreements are not only substantively unconscionable, but also unreasonably favor the

Defendants.

For all of the foregoing reasons, Defendants' Preliminary Objections were

properly overruled and should not be disturbed on appeal.

BY THE COURT:

CHARLES B. BURR, II S.J.

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