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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CHARLES THOMAS JAMES ANTON :
:
Appellant : No. 498 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 25, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-36-CR-0004327-2018
BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED JANUARY 13, 2020
Appellant, Charles Thomas James Anton, appeals from the judgment of
sentence entered on February 25, 2019. We affirm.
The Commonwealth charged Appellant with driving under the influence
of a controlled substance. During Appellant’s bench trial, Drakelynn Young
testified that, on June 1, 2018, she was “in the parking lot of [the] Wine and
Spirits [Store] . . . [located] at 1036 Lititz Pike in Warwick Township.” N.T.
Trial, 2/25/19, at 5. Ms. Young testified that she parked her vehicle directly
behind Appellant’s car and, when she got out of her car, she saw Appellant
“hanging in and out of his car, like he was messing with his brakes.” Id. at
6. Ms. Young testified: “I made sure he was okay. And when I got out of my
car, his car reversed and hit mine.” Id. at 8.
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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In response, Appellant got out of his car and tried to give Ms. Young
concert tickets. Id. Ms. Young testified that when Appellant approached her:
“I honestly couldn’t understand him; he was mumbling. . . . He was slurring.
He couldn’t stand still. He was all over the place . . . [and h]e had scratches
all on his arms and his legs.” Id. at 9-10. She testified that, based on her
observations and experience, she believed Appellant was under the influence
of a drug. Id. at 11. Therefore, Ms. Young called the police, told the police
that she believed Appellant was under the influence of a controlled substance,
provided Appellant’s location and identification information, and drove her
vehicle to Target – which was in the “same shopping center[, but in a] different
parking area.” Id. at 19-20. Specifically, the trial court noted, “[the Wine
and Spirits Store is in] the same strip, it’s just a totally different part of the
shopping area for parking for Target.” Id. at 20.
Sergeant Rodney King of the Northern Lancaster County Regional Police
Department responded to Ms. Young’s call. Id. at 27-28. Sergeant King
testified:
I . . . dispatch[ed] to 1036 Lititz Pike in Warwick Township. .
. . Well, the location itself is Shops at Kissel Hill. It’s basically
a strip of stores. When I entered, I entered at the Lititz Pike
side of the parking lot and drove towards the buildings.
As I'm driving towards the building, I'm going down a row
between parking rows. And as I'm approaching, off to my
right-hand side, just as I'm getting close to the Wine and
Spirits Store, there's a black Nissan Sentra that was sitting in
a stall. It was in the stall parked with the front end facing
out. So it had either been pulled through or backed into the
stall. I saw nobody behind it, so when I got down there I
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pulled in behind the Nissan, and I did verify at that point that
it was a black Nissan Sentra and saw the license plate was,
as was given to me by Ms. Young.
Id. at 28-29.
Sergeant King testified that, when he approached Appellant’s vehicle,
he saw Appellant “essentially sitting on the pavement outside the car with his
upper part of his body leaning into the floor area in front of the driver’s seat;”
Appellant was using “some kind of object . . . [to] dig[] a hole . . . in the
floorboard” of the vehicle. Id. at 29-31. Sergeant King testified that
Appellant’s actions were “unusual.” Id. at 39.
Sergeant King spoke with Appellant and, during their interaction,
Sergeant King suspected that Appellant was under the influence of a controlled
substance. Id. at 35-36. As a result, Sergeant King had Appellant perform
field sobriety tests, which Appellant failed. See id. at 49-52.
Sergeant King transported Appellant to a police substation, where
Northwest Lancaster County Regional Police Officer Gavin Kline performed a
drug influence evaluation upon Appellant. Id. at 33. Officer Kline, the
department’s drug recognition expert, concluded that Appellant was under the
combined influence of a central nervous system stimulant and a narcotic
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analgesic, which rendered Appellant incapable of safely driving.1, 2 Id. at 71
and 123.
At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found Appellant guilty of
driving under the influence of a drug or a combination of drugs to a degree
which impaired his ability to safely drive, operate, or be in actual physical
control of the movement of a vehicle (hereinafter “DUI”). Id. at 160; 75
Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2). On February 25, 2019, the trial court sentenced
Appellant to serve a term of 72 hours to six months in jail. N.T. Trial, 2/25/19,
at 160.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. He raises one claim to this
Court:
Did the [trial] court err in finding there was sufficient
evidence to convict [Appellant] of [DUI] when the
Commonwealth failed to produce sufficient evidence that the
incident occurred on a highway or trafficway as contemplated
by the Motor Vehicle Code and applicable case law?
Appellant’s Brief at 5.
We review Appellant's sufficiency of the evidence challenge under the
following standard:
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1 Sergeant King also testified that, based upon his training, experience, and
observations, Appellant was “under the influence of a drug or drugs which
rendered him incapable of safely driving.” N.T. Trial, 2/25/19, at 55.
2Appellant refused to consent to a blood draw for purposes of drug testing.
N.T. Trial, 2/25/19, at 55.
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The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is
sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
our judgment for [that of] the fact-finder. In addition, we
note that the facts and circumstances established by the
Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact
may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe
all, part or none of the evidence.
Commonwealth v. Vargas, 108 A.3d 858, 867-868 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en
banc), quoting Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559–560 (Pa.
Super. 2011) (en banc).
On appeal, Appellant does not claim that the Commonwealth failed to
prove that he was operating the motor vehicle or that he was under the
influence of a controlled substance to the extent that it impaired his ability to
safely operate the motor vehicle. Instead, Appellant’s sole claim on appeal is
that the evidence was insufficient to support his DUI conviction, as the
Commonwealth failed to prove that his vehicle was located on a “highway” or
“trafficway.” Appellant’s Brief at 10-13. This claim fails.
Appellant was convicted of DUI under 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2). This
section states:
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(d) Controlled substances.--An individual may not drive,
operate or be in actual physical control of the movement of a
vehicle under any of the following circumstances:
...
(2) The individual is under the influence of a drug or
combination of drugs to a degree which impairs the
individual's ability to safely drive, operate or be in actual
physical control of the movement of the vehicle.
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2).
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101(b) modifies Section 3802(d)(2). In relevant part,
Section 3101 provides:
(a) General rule.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the
provisions of this part relating to the operation of vehicles
refer exclusively to the operation of vehicles upon highways
except where a different place is specifically referred to in a
particular provision.
(b) Serious traffic offenses.--The provisions of . . .
Chapter 38 (relating to driving after imbibing alcohol or
utilizing drugs) shall apply upon highways and trafficways
throughout this Commonwealth.
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101.
The Vehicle Code defines the terms “highways” and “trafficways” in the
following manner:
“Highway.” The entire width between the boundary lines of
every way publicly maintained when any part thereof is open
to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel. The
term includes a roadway open to the use of the public for
vehicular travel on grounds of a college or university or public
or private school or public or historical park.
...
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“Trafficway.” The entire width between property lines or
other boundary lines of every way or place of which any part
is open to the public for purposes of vehicular travel as a
matter of right or custom.
75 Pa.C.S.A. § 102.
Consistent with the above, we have held that “[a]n essential element of
[DUI] is that a vehicle be operated on a highway or trafficway.”
Commonwealth v. Cozzone, 593 A.2d 860, 861 (Pa. Super. 1991). Here,
Appellant was operating his vehicle in the parking lot of a strip mall. There is
no evidence that the parking lot was “publicly maintained.” See 75 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 102. As such, there is no evidence that the parking lot was a “highway,” as
that term is defined in 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 102. We must therefore determine
whether there was sufficient evidence to prove that the parking lot was a
“trafficway.” This determination centers upon whether the parking lot was
“open to the public for purposes of vehicular travel as a matter of right or
custom.” Id.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
it is clear that the parking lot in question was “open to the public for purposes
of vehicular travel as a matter of right or custom.” See id. To be sure, the
evidence established that: the parking lot was part of a strip mall, named the
Shops at Kissel Hill; the parking lot was used, at least, by customers of the
Wine and Spirits Store; and, the parking lot was in the same strip mall that
housed a Target store. N.T. Trial, 2/25/19, at 5, 19-20, and 28-29. As this
Court has expressly held: “[where] the evidence establishe[s] that [the
defendant] drove in a parking lot of a mall that is open to the public for
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shopping[,] . . . there [is] sufficient evidence for the [factfinder] to conclude
that the parking area [is] a trafficway.” Commonwealth v. Proctor, 625
A.2d 1221, 1224 (Pa. Super. 1993); see also Commonwealth v. Wilson,
553 A.2d 452, 454 (Pa. Super. 1989) (holding that an Elks Club parking lot
was a “trafficway” and was “open to the public by custom even though the lot
was marked private by a sign;” the Court reasoned: “[e]ven if restricted by
signs, if a parking lot is used by members of the public, it is a trafficway for
purposes of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3101”); Commonwealth v. Cameron, 668 A.2d
1163 (Pa. Super. 1995) (holding: the evidence was sufficient to prove that
the parking lot of an 11-story apartment building was “open to the public” and
a “trafficway” – even though the lot was “posted as restricted for tenants only,
each [tenant] had an assigned parking place, and there was only one
entrance” – because the parking lot was “located adjacent to an [11-]story
apartment building and, thus, accommodated a “sufficient number of users”);
Commonwealth v. Ansell, 143 A.3d 944, 949 (Pa. Super. 2016) (“[o]ur case
law holds that the public use component of section 102 of the Motor Vehicle
Code can be met despite certain restrictions on access to the regulated area
so long as the record establishes that a sufficient number of drivers use the
roadway for vehicular traffic”); but see Commonwealth v. Owen, 580 A.2d
412 (Pa. Super. 1990) (holding that the Commonwealth failed to make a prima
facie showing that a parking lot, in which the defendant was caught driving
under the influence, was “open to the public” and a trafficway because, during
the habeas proceeding, the Commonwealth relied on legal argument and,
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thus, produced “no competent evidence concerning the nature of the parking
lot”).
In this case, the Commonwealth produced evidence that Appellant was
operating his vehicle “in a parking lot of a mall that [was] open to the public
for shopping.” See Proctor, 625 A.2d at 1224. Thus, “there was sufficient
evidence for the [factfinder] to conclude that the parking area was a
trafficway,” as that term is defined in the Vehicle Code. Appellant’s claim to
the contrary fails.
Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/13/2020
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