COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Humphreys and O’Brien
Argued at Lexington, Virginia
PUBLISHED
BERGLUND CHEVROLET, INC.
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1322-19-3 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
APRIL 7, 2020
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES,
RICHARD D. HOLCOMB, COMMISSIONER,
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES,
AND GENERAL MOTORS, LLC
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ROANOKE
William D. Broadhurst, Judge
Joseph M. Rainsbury (Kevin P. Oddo; Miles & Stockbridge P.C.;
Berglund Chevrolet, Inc., on briefs), for appellant.
Christian A. Parrish, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,
Attorney General; Donald D. Anderson, Deputy Attorney General;
Julie M. Whitlock, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on brief), for
appellees Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles and Richard D.
Holcomb, Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles.
James C. McGrath (Edward V. Arnold; Seyfarth Shaw LLP, on
brief), for appellee General Motors, LLC.
Berglund Chevrolet, Inc. (Berglund), appeals the circuit court’s decision to affirm an
administrative ruling approving the decision of General Motors, LLC (GM), to deny Berglund’s
request for an increase in compensation for warranty repair work pursuant to Code § 46.2-1571.
Berglund contends that the circuit court erred by misinterpreting the statute and concluding that
GM had good cause to reject the request. For the reasons that follow, we hold that the circuit
court did not err. Consequently, we affirm the ruling.
I. BACKGROUND1
Berglund is an authorized dealer of certain motor vehicles manufactured by GM. It is
also authorized by GM to perform warranty repairs on qualified GM vehicles. The relationship
between Berglund and GM is governed by both state law, which is administered by the
Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), and GM’s sales and service agreement. See, e.g., Code
§ 46.2-1571 (requiring a written agreement between each manufacturer and dealer setting out
respective rights and obligations regarding warranty service, subject to certain statutory
provisions).
In 2017, Berglund submitted a request to GM pursuant to Code § 46.2-1571 to increase
its hourly labor rate for warranty work from $117.04 to $178.31.2 Berglund supported its request
with written documentation that included work orders for 100 consecutive non-warranty repairs
performed by Berglund. It attempted to extrapolate from each non-warranty repair what it would
have been paid if the repair had been reimbursed at warranty repair rates. The documentation
did not include work orders for warranty repairs.
GM denied Berglund’s request for an increase on two grounds. First, it rejected
Berglund’s methodology of attempting to compare actual non-warranty retail amounts to
“applicable warranty hours that would have been paid for the same type of repairs.” (Emphasis
added). GM asserted that Code § 46.2-1571 requires a comparison of actual charges, not
“theoretical amounts.” (Emphasis omitted). Second, the company noted that the proposed new
labor rate for warranty repairs was almost twice the average charged by the seven other
1
On appeal, this Court views the evidence “in the light most favorable to sustaining the
[agency’s] action.” Lifecare Med. Transps., Inc. v. Va. Dep’t of Med. Assistance Servs., 63
Va. App. 538, 544 (2014) (alteration in original) (quoting Nat’l Coll. of Bus. & Tech., Inc. v.
Davenport, 57 Va. App. 677, 680 (2011)).
2
Berglund originally requested a higher hourly rate. However, it amended its request
during the proceedings based on GM’s detection of errors in its calculations.
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Chevrolet dealers in the area and consequently concluded that it was not reasonable under the
statute.
Berglund sought review of the denial by the DMV, the agency charged with overseeing
the applicable statutory scheme, under the Administrative Process Act. The DMV hearing
officer heard evidence and argument and recommended the denial of Berglund’s requested rate
increase. He found that the hourly warranty labor rate at which Berglund was being paid,
$117.54, was “the highest of any area GM dealer.”
On Berglund’s request for review of the DMV’s initial denial, the Commissioner adopted
most of the hearing officer’s findings of fact. Like the hearing officer, the Commissioner
concluded that Berglund’s request should be denied. The Commissioner’s rationale for the
denial was based on both Berglund’s faulty methodology and shortcomings in its data. He held
in part that Berglund erred by using only non-warranty repair orders and merely estimating what
it would have been paid for similar warranty work. He concluded that this methodology did not
comport with the analysis in Navistar, Inc. v. New Baltimore Garage, Inc., 60 Va. App. 599
(2012). The Commissioner further concluded that GM had established good cause to deny
Berglund’s requested rate increase because, among other things, Berglund failed to provide
actual amounts for its warranty work and admitted that the documentation it submitted contained
errors.
Berglund filed a petition for appeal to the circuit court, which affirmed the
Commissioner’s decision. The court noted that Code § 46.2-1571(A)(3) requires that a request
for an increase in dealer service compensation must be based upon 100 consecutive repair orders,
not 100 consecutive non-warranty repair orders. It also agreed with the Commissioner’s ruling
that Berglund’s request failed to compare actual amounts as instructed by Navistar.
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II. ANALYSIS
Berglund raises four interrelated assignments of error in this appeal. Two of the claims
relate to the methodology by which it sought to prove entitlement to greater compensation for
warranty work. The other two claims involve whether GM had good cause to deny its request
for an increase in warranty compensation.
A. Standard of Review
The Administrative Process Act, Code §§ 2.2-4000 to -4031, governs this appeal. See
Code §§ 2.2-4027, 46.2-1571(F). “[W]ith respect to . . . issues of law” on appeal, the Court’s
duty under the Act is “to review the agency decision de novo.” Code § 2.2-4027. It is also well
established that “[p]ure statutory construction, a matter within the ‘core competency of the
judiciary,’ requires de novo review.” Va. Emp. Comm’n v. Cmty. Alternatives, Inc., 57
Va. App. 700, 708 (2011) (quoting Citland, Ltd. v. Commonwealth ex rel. Kilgore, 45 Va. App.
268, 275 (2005) (citation omitted)). “This axiom stems from basic principles of separation of
powers. . . . Virginia courts do not delegate th[is] task to executive agencies.” Finnerty v.
Thornton Hall, Inc., 42 Va. App. 628, 635 (2004), quoted with approval in Cmty. Alternatives,
57 Va. App. at 708.
Questions of fact, by contrast, are reviewed under a substantial evidence standard. See
Code § 2.2-4027. Substantial evidence is defined as “such relevant evidence as a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” State Health Comm’r v. Sentara
Norfolk Gen. Hosp., 260 Va. 267, 275 (2000) (quoting Va. Real Est. Comm’n v. Bias, 226 Va.
264, 269 (1983)). This Court “defer[s] to the agency” with regard to findings of fact, “just as [it]
would [to] a jury or a trial court.” Citland, 45 Va. App. at 274.
The first set of issues raised by Berglund, pertaining to the methodology required under
the statute, presents a question of statutory interpretation. The second set of issues raised,
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regarding whether GM had good cause to take an action for which the dealer filed a petition for a
hearing, presents a mixed question of law and fact. Cf. Louis Latour, Inc. v. Va. Alcoholic Bev.
Control Bd., 49 Va. App. 758, 774 (2007) (categorizing the issue of whether a winery had good
cause to amend a franchise agreement as a mixed question of law and fact).
B. Methodology Supporting Request for Labor Rate Increase
Berglund challenges the conclusion that Code § 46.2-1571(A)(3) requires a dealer
requesting an increase in compensation for warranty work to include warranty repair orders in
the sample of repair orders evaluated. It also contests the related ruling that a dealer is required
to compare actual warranty-work payments with actual non-warranty-work payments.
Code § 46.2-1571 expressly provides that a manufacturer’s “[c]ompensation of a dealer
for . . . warranty . . . service . . . shall not be less than the amounts charged by the dealer for the
manufacturer’s . . . service . . . work to retail customers for nonwarranty service . . . unless the
amounts are not reasonable.” Code § 46.2-1571(A)(1) (emphases added). The code section also
states that “[i]ncreases” in compensation for dealer warranty service “shall be requested . . . in
writing” and “based on 100 consecutive repair orders or all repair orders over a 90-day period,
whichever occurs first.” Code § 46.2-1571(A)(3). The statute does not further delineate the
types of repair orders to be included or specify whether the 100 consecutive orders should
include both warranty and non-warranty repairs.
Settled principles provide that a court must apply the plain language of a statute unless
the language is ambiguous. See, e.g., Volkswagon of Am., Inc. v. Smit, 266 Va. 444, 452
(2003), cited with approval in Navistar, 60 Va. App. at 609. A court may not “add to the words”
of a statute. Baker v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 656, 660 (2009) (quoting Farrakhan v.
Commonwealth, 273 Va. 177, 181 (2007)).
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The plain language of the statute at issue refers to “100 consecutive repair orders.” Code
§ 46.2-1571(A)(3). This language is unambiguous and does not limit the type of orders to
non-warranty orders. Thus, under the statute, Berglund was required to submit data for 100
consecutive repair orders, without distinction, rather than 100 consecutive non-warranty repair
orders. See also Navistar, 60 Va. App. at 611-12 (interpreting the same statute to require, in a
different but related context, the use of information regarding both warranty and non-warranty
work for comparison purposes). The language “100 consecutive repair orders” means exactly
what it says. This Court will not add words to this already clear phrase in the statute. See Baker,
278 Va. at 660.
With regard to a dealer’s request for an increase in labor compensation for warranty
repairs, the statute does not explain what the dealer must do with the 100 consecutive orders
specified by the statute to determine whether it is being compensated for warranty work in
“amounts” equal to or greater than the “amounts” it is receiving for non-warranty work.
Additionally, neither this Court nor the Supreme Court of Virginia has directly addressed this
issue.
However, this Court considered a related issue in Navistar. In that case, the Court
addressed the provisions of Code § 46.2-1571(A) regarding the manufacturer’s ability, subject to
certain limitations, to “charge[] back” to the dealer any amounts which it determines it has
overpaid for various things, including warranty service compensation. 60 Va. App. at 611-12.
In deciding that case, the Court drew on language in the statute that it held was applicable not
only to chargebacks but also to requests for increases in labor compensation for dealer warranty
work. Id. at 611, 616-17.
Navistar analyzes the controlling statutory subdivision, (A)(1), which instructs that
“[c]ompensation of a dealer for . . . warranty . . . service . . . shall not be less than the amounts
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charged by the dealer . . . to retail customers for nonwarranty service . . . unless the amounts are
not reasonable.” Code § 46.2-1571(A)(1). The decision in Navistar expressly sets out the
“series of concrete steps” “require[d]” by subsection (A) of the statute “to compare warranty
compensation with non-warranty compensation” in order to “ensure that compensation for
warranty work is ‘not less than’ compensation paid by retail customers.” Navistar, 60 Va. App.
at 611. The Court in Navistar also explained that the statute contemplates several different
events that require this same analysis. Id. at 616-17. Those events include not only a
manufacturer’s request for chargebacks, as in Navistar, but also a dealer’s “application[] for [an]
increase[] in service compensation” under subsection (A)(3), the provision under which
Berglund seeks an increase. See id.
Once the relevant data set is obtained, the remaining three additional requirements must
be met to complete the four-step test set out in Navistar.3 Id. at 611-12. The second step
requires separate calculations of “the total billing for the warranty work performed for the
manufacturer . . . for the relevant period” and “the total billing for non-warranty work” for the
same period. Id. at 612. For the third step, the dealer should exclude statutorily specified
charges from the total. Id. Fourth, “compensation amounts” are calculated by dividing the
warranty and non-warranty amounts “by the number of labor hours expended during the
applicable time frame.” Id.
3
Berglund contends that Navistar does not apply here because it was a “chargeback” case
and any reference to rate increase requests was dicta. We reject Berglund’s assertion. In
deciding Navistar, the Court was required to consider the meaning of the “amounts” language in
subsection (A)(1), which applies in both types of cases. 60 Va. App. at 616-17. Regardless of
whether a manufacturer seeks to recoup a claimed overpayment, as in Navistar, or a dealer
requests a prospective increase, like Berglund’s request here, the formula requires the inclusion
of both warranty and non-warranty work. Id. at 611, 616-17. The only difference between
manufacturer chargebacks and dealer increase requests concerns the data set from which the
statutory “amounts” are calculated. See Code § 46.2-1571(A), (A)(3); Navistar, 60 Va. App. at
606 n.1, 612.
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As instructed by Navistar, therefore, the proper method for documenting Berglund’s
request was to compile 100 consecutive orders, including both non-warranty and warranty
orders, from which to calculate the respective total amounts paid for each category of work. See
Code § 46.2-1571(A)(3); Navistar, 60 Va. App. at 612. The calculations of these amounts must
include the additions listed in Navistar’s step two and the exclusions listed in Navistar’s step
three. See Navistar, 60 Va. App. at 612. Finally, in step four, each amount must be “divided by
the number of labor hours expended during the applicable time frame” in order to “allow . . . a
meaningful comparison of the hourly compensation amounts of warranty and non-warranty
work.” Id. at 612-13; see also id. at 612 (recognizing that this method applies even if warranty
and non-warranty work are “billed in different ways,” which in Navistar involved a warranty
work “cap that d[id] not apply to non-warranty work”).
A thorough review of the applicable statutory framework and case law leads to the
conclusion that the circuit court did not err in affirming the Commissioner’s ruling regarding
Code § 46.2-1571(A)(3). That ruling requires a dealer requesting an increase in compensation
for warranty work to compile “100 consecutive repair orders,” with whatever distribution of
warranty and non-warranty repair orders that grouping happens to contain. It further requires the
dealer to separately total the actual warranty-work and actual non-warranty-work payments
within that sample, in order to obtain rates for each in compliance with Navistar.4 Here, instead,
the data that Berglund used in its calculations comprised only non-warranty repairs. Berglund
did not present the necessary 100 consecutive repair orders required by the statute. The warranty
repair data against which Berglund made its comparison was hypothetical data extrapolated from
non-warranty repairs rather than actual warranty repair data obtained from consecutive work
4
Based on this conclusion, we do not reach GM’s contention that Berglund’s
interpretation of Code § 46.2-1571 would render the statute unconstitutionally vague.
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orders. Cf. Navistar, 60 Va. App. at 614 (in calculating compensation paid in a chargeback case,
rejecting a method that involved multiplying actual figures for a one-month period by twelve to
merely “approximat[e]” the compensation paid for one year). Consequently, the circuit court did
not err in affirming the Commissioner’s ruling that Berglund’s calculations did not meet the
requirements of the statute.
C. Good Cause for Denial of Increase
Berglund further asserts that the circuit court erred in upholding the Commissioner’s
conclusion that GM had good cause to deny its request for an increase in warranty compensation.
It also suggests that the circuit court’s “good cause” error was compounded to the extent that it
relied upon the Commissioner’s “f[inding] that Berglund’s request sought an unauthorized
‘markup’ for warranty work.”
Code § 46.2-1573(A) specifically provides that when a motor vehicle dealer requests a
hearing before the Commissioner, “the manufacturer . . . shall have the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the manufacturer . . . has good cause to take the action or
actions for which the dealer has filed the petition for a hearing or that such actions are reasonable
if required under the relevant provision.” Applying this standard, the circuit court affirmed the
Commissioner’s conclusion that GM had good cause to deny Berglund’s request for an increase
in the labor rate for warranty work.
Berglund asserts that the circuit court and Commissioner based their conclusions on three
things: (1) Berglund’s “improper omission of warranty orders [from] the 100-repair-order
sample”; (2) Berglund’s flawed “methodology for computing an adjusted warranty labor rate”;
and (3) “errors and omissions in the data contained in Berglund’s . . . request.”
Berglund suggests that these things are not relevant to GM’s decision to deny the increase
because GM did not rely upon them in rejecting Berglund’s request. This argument is flawed
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because, as discussed in more detail below, the first two rationales relied upon by the
Commissioner and the circuit court clearly focus on the first factor upon which GM’s rejection
letter relied. Additionally, these rationales, taken together, provide a proper legal justification
for the denial of Berglund’s request.
Berglund first alleges that GM denied the claim because “Berglund did not base its
calculation on actual amounts charged to customers.”
This claim about GM’s basis for its denial is refuted by the record. GM’s letter expressly
recognized Berglund’s use of actual amounts charged to customers—non-warranty (“retail”)
amounts—for some of its calculations. GM objected only to Berglund’s failure to use actual
amounts charged for warranty work. GM criticized Berglund’s use of “theoretical amounts that
‘would have been paid’” to represent the statutorily required warranty repair amounts charged to
GM. In fact, it is undisputed that Berglund’s figures for warranty work were estimated figures
only. Consequently, the record makes clear that GM denied the claim based on Berglund’s
failure to provide actual work orders for warranty repairs—not, as Berglund claims on appeal,
based on a failure to provide any “actual amounts charged to customers.”
Furthermore, GM’s basis for denial that Berglund failed to include warranty repair orders
was likewise the primary reason that the Commissioner and the circuit court concluded that
Berglund’s methodology for computing an adjusted warranty labor rate was flawed.
Consequently, GM’s first stated reason for denying the request for a warranty labor rate increase
was in fact one of the same bases upon which the Commissioner relied to conclude that GM had
good cause for the denial. This conclusion was not error.5
5
Berglund also alleges as part of this claim that GM erroneously denied the increase
because the proposed rate for warranty work was “unreasonable.” Berglund argues that the
statute permits rejection of such a request only if the amounts charged for non-warranty work are
unreasonable. We do not examine this claim because, as discussed above, the circuit court
affirmed the Commissioner’s conclusion that GM’s first basis for denial was justified under the
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Berglund’s second assignment of error relating to the good cause analysis challenges the
ruling of the circuit court and the Commissioner “to the extent that they found that Berglund’s
request sought an unauthorized ‘markup’ for warranty work.” However, Berglund concedes that
the record does “not [make] clear” that the circuit court or the Commissioner “relied on this
‘markup’ argument when finding that GM had good cause to reject Berglund’s request.”
An appellant bears the burden of providing an adequate record from which the appellate
court can review its claimed assignments of error. See Clarke v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App.
190, 199 (2012) (refusing to entertain the defendant’s claim that the trial court erred by
considering particular evidence in part because the record “provide[d] no basis for concluding”
that it had done so). Absent citation by Berglund to any portion of the record indicating that the
circuit court or Commissioner relied on this argument, we do not evaluate whether any
hypothetical reliance might have been error.
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the circuit court did not err in affirming the Commissioner’s ruling. Code
§ 46.2-1571, as previously interpreted by this Court, required Berglund to compare amounts of
actual non-warranty claims to amounts of actual warranty claims, not to hypothetical figures
designed merely to estimate amounts for warranty claims similar to the actual non-warranty
claims. Further, the circuit court did not err in upholding the Commissioner’s conclusion that
GM had good cause to deny Berglund’s request for an increase in its warranty labor rate.
Consequently, we affirm the challenged rulings.
Affirmed.
statute and we have concluded that the rationale applied was valid. See generally
Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196-97 (2015) (applying best and narrowest ground
principles).
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