in Re Skipper Joel Bertrand, M.D., Charles Yieng-Chu Su, M.D., and Beacon Emergency Services Team, P.A.

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-20-00028-CV
___________________________

IN RE SKIPPER JOEL BERTRAND, M.D., CHARLES YIENG-CHU SU, M.D.,
AND BEACON EMERGENCY SERVICES TEAM, P.A., Relators

Original Proceeding
Trial Court No. 048-300202-18

Before Gabriel, Womack, and Wallach, JJ.
Opinion by Justice Wallach
 OPINION

This is a mandamus action arising from the trial court’s denial of the joint

motion for leave to designate responsible third parties filed by Relators Skipper Joel

Bertrand, M.D., Charles Yieng-Chu Su, M.D., and Beacon Emergency Services Team,

P.A. (movants). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(a), (d). Real Parties

in Interest Lori and Michael Rawson (plaintiffs) objected to the motion, contending

that movants had not complied with their obligation to timely disclose the two

doctors named in the motion as responsible third parties under Rule 194.2(l) of the

Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, as required by Section 33.004(d). Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(d); Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2(l). The trial court overruled

plaintiffs’ objection in part, holding that movants had no duty to respond to plaintiffs’

requests for disclosure before plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third

parties expired. However, the trial court also sustained plaintiffs’ objection in part

because movants, after plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third parties

expired, failed to seasonably supplement their discovery responses regarding

responsible third parties. We hold that movants’ conduct, in failing to respond and

seasonably supplement disclosure responses regarding potential responsible third

parties after plaintiffs’ limitations had expired against the potential responsible third

parties, was immaterial to whether movants failed to timely disclose potential

responsible third parties for purposes of Section 33.004(d). See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(d). Therefore, we conclude that the portion of the trial

2
court’s order denying movants’ joint motion for leave to designate responsible third

parties constituted an abuse of discretion. We conditionally grant the writ of

mandamus.

Factual Background

This case involves a health care liability claim. Plaintiffs sued multiple

defendants arising from Mrs. Rawson’s care and treatment over a several-day period.

Plaintiffs claimed that defendants were negligent in failing to timely diagnose and treat

an infection in her spine, resulting in paralysis. Movants are three of the defendants.

Movants allegedly provided care and treatment to Mrs. Rawson on May 16–17, 2016,

in the emergency department at Baylor Medical Center at Grapevine. For purposes of

our discussion on limitations, we will use May 17, 2016, as the operative date.

On April 10, 2018, plaintiffs served a notice of health care liability claim on

movants. On June 11, 2018, plaintiffs filed their original petition with request for

disclosure, which included a request for the identity of potential responsible third

parties. On June 13, 2018, Beacon was served with the petition and request for

disclosure. On June 22, 2018, Dr. Su was served, and Dr. Bertrand was served on

June 27, 2018. On June 28, all three movants filed their original answers. Beacon’s

disclosure responses were due August 2, 2018, Dr. Su’s on August 11, 2018, and Dr.

Bertrand’s on August 16, 2018. However, the statute of limitations on plaintiffs’

claims expired on July 31, 2018, before any of the disclosure responses were due. See

id. §§ 74.051(c), 74.251.

3
 On August 9, 2018, movants served their responses to the disclosure requests.

In those responses, movants did not assert that discovery was stayed or otherwise

object to answering the requests as to responsible third parties. They did not identify

anyone as a potential responsible third party.

Movants served their first supplemental responses to the requests for disclosure

on September 6, 2019, but did not identify the alleged responsible third parties.

Shortly thereafter, on September 30, 2019, movants disclosed Dr. Horowitz as an

expert witness who, by disclosure and in his report, was critical of both Dr. Aryan and

Dr. Boggaram, other doctors who had participated in Mrs. Rawson’s care on May 16–

17. Movants served their second supplemental disclosure responses on November 4,

2019, disclosing Drs. Aryan and Boggaram as potential responsible third parties. That

same day, more than sixty days before trial, movants filed a joint motion for leave to

designate wherein they sought permission from the trial court to designate Drs. Aryan

and Boggaram as responsible third parties. The parties then filed a series of

objections and responses.

The positions of the parties may be summarized as follows: Movants contend

that the date relevant to timeliness of disclosure of responsible third parties is the date

of the expiration of limitations on plaintiffs’ claims against the responsible third

parties, assuming there is a duty to disclose by that date. Any failure to disclose or

supplement such information after the expiration of limitations is not relevant to

Section 33.004(d). See id. § 33.004(d).

4
 Plaintiffs contend that through pre-suit notice-of-claim document production

and record releases, movants had adequate opportunity to investigate the facts of the

case, including the roles of Drs. Aryan and Boggaram, such that movants could have

disclosed them and should have been required to disclose them before July 31, 2018,

to preserve their ability to later designate them as responsible third parties. Further,

plaintiffs contend that the timeliness-of-disclosure obligation extends past the

expiration of plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third parties. They argue

that if a failure to timely disclose in response to a request for disclosure occurs after

limitations has expired, then such constitutes a defense to allowing the designation of

responsible third parties under the wording of Section 33.004(d). See id. In this

regard, plaintiffs contend that movants had ample opportunity to disclose Drs. Aryan

and Boggaram as potential responsible third parties long before they sought to

designate them. As a result, they were not timely supplemented and movants are not

entitled to designate them. Plaintiffs also contend that the opinions designated in Dr.

Horowitz’s report regarding Drs. Aryan and Boggaram were exposed as frivolous

when his deposition was taken shortly before the scheduled trial date.

On January 15, 2020, the trial court heard the movants’ joint motion for leave

to designate and related pleadings. At the end of the hearing, the trial court took the

matter under advisement. Later that day, the trial court signed an order denying the

joint motion for leave to designate, stating no reasons for the ruling. On January 21,

2020, the trial court made a supplemental ruling on the record during a pretrial

5
hearing, explaining the rationale for its denial of the joint motion for leave to

designate. The trial court stated that movants had no duty to disclose Drs. Aryan and

Boggaram as of July 31, 2018, when limitations expired. However, the trial court

found that movants did have an obligation to disclose the two potential responsible-

third-party doctors with their original disclosure responses on August 9, 2018, and as

of September 6 and September 30, 2019, when other disclosures were supplemented,

but no disclosure was made of Drs. Aryan and Boggaram. In short, movants failed to

timely supplement their disclosure responses after limitations expired, thereby

depriving them of their right to designate these responsible third parties.

Discussion
I. Standard of Review
Movants must establish that the trial court clearly abused its discretion in

denying their joint motion for leave to designate responsible third parties to prevail on

their petition for writ of mandamus. In re H.E.B. Grocery Co., 492 S.W.3d 300,

304 (Tex. 2016) (orig. proceeding); In re Dakota Directional Drilling, Inc., 549 S.W.3d

288, 290 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, orig. proceeding). A court abuses its

discretion if it fails to analyze or apply the law correctly. In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co.,

226 S.W.3d 400, 403 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,

840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding); Dakota Directional Drilling, 549 S.W.3d at 290. A

trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is or in applying the law to

the facts, even when the law is unsettled. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d

6
124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding); In re Bustamante, 510 S.W.3d 732, 735 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2016, orig. proceeding).

Movants must also establish that they have no adequate remedy at law. See

Dakota Directional Drilling Inc., 549 S.W.3d at 290. However, there is no adequate

remedy at law when a trial court denies a timely filed motion for leave to designate a

responsible third party under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section

33.004(a). In re Mobile Mini, Inc., No. 18-1200, 2020 WL 1224169, at *5 (Tex. Mar. 13,

2020) (orig. proceeding); In re Coppola, 535 S.W.3d 506, 510 (Tex. 2017) (orig.

proceeding).

II. Statutory and Rules Framework for Designating Responsible Third
Parties
Designation of responsible third parties is governed by Section 33.004 of the

Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§ 33.004. Subsection (a) provides:

A defendant may seek to designate a person as a responsible third party
by filing a motion for leave to designate that person as a responsible
third party. The motion must be filed on or before the 60th day before
the trial date unless the court finds good cause to allow the motion to be
filed at a later date.

Id. § 33.004(a); see also Dakota Directional Drilling, Inc., 549 S.W.3d at 290. A motion for

leave to designate a responsible third party shall be granted unless another party files

an objection on or before the 15th day after the motion was filed. Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(f). Two subsections in Section 33.004 address objections

7
to or limitations on the trial court’s duty to initially grant such a timely filed motion.

Id. § 33.004(d), (g). Subsection (d), which is the subsection critical to this mandamus

petition, provides:

A defendant may not designate a person as a responsible third party with
respect to a claimant’s cause of action after the applicable limitations
period on the cause of action has expired with respect to the responsible
third party if the defendant has failed to comply with its obligations, if
any, to timely disclose that the person may be designated as a responsible
third party under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

Id. § 33.004(d).

Rule 194 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure governs disclosure of potential

responsible third parties. Tex. R. Civ. P. 194. Rule 194.2(l) provides that a party may

request disclosure of the name, address, and telephone number of any person who

may be designated as a responsible third party. Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2(l). When

requests for disclosure are served before the defendant’s answer to the petition is due,

such as here, where they were served with the citation and petition, the defendant

“need not respond” until 50 days after the service of the request. Tex. R. Civ. P.

194.3. Nothing in Section 33.004(d) imposes on a defendant an obligation to respond

earlier than required by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. Mobile Mini,

2020 WL 1224169, at *4.

Rule 193.5 addresses the duty to amend or supplement written discovery. Tex.

R. Civ. P. 193.5. As it pertains to this proceeding, subsection (b) provides, in

pertinent part, that an amended or supplemental response must be made “reasonably

8
promptly” after the party discovers the necessity for amendment or supplementation.

Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.5(b).

III. Statutory Construction

A. Rules of Construction

We apply similar rules of construction to statutes and rules of procedure. In re

VanDeWater, 966 S.W.2d 730, 732 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, orig. proceeding);

Burrhus v. M&S Supply, Inc., 933 S.W.2d 635, 640 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ

denied). The meaning of a statute is a legal question which the court reviews de novo.

Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009). The primary

objective in statutory construction is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent. City of

Dallas v. TCI West End, Inc., 463 S.W.3d 53, 55 (Tex. 2015); Boenig v. StarnAir, Inc.,

283 S.W.3d 444, 446 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.). To achieve this, “we

look first and foremost to the words of the statute.” Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn,

209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006); see Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., Inc.,

996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999). We construe the statute’s words according to their

plain and common meaning unless a contrary intention is apparent from the context

or unless such a construction leads to absurd results. Hebner v. Reddy, 498 S.W.3d 37,

41 (Tex. 2016); Presidio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Scott, 309 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. 2010); City of

Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625–26 (Tex. 2008).

However, a statute is ambiguous if the words used are susceptible to two or

more reasonable interpretations and the court cannot discern Legislative intent in the

9
language of the statute itself. City of Richardson v. Oncor Elec. Delivery Co., LLC,

539 S.W.3d 252, 261 (Tex. 2018); Tex. State Bd. of Exam’rs of Marriage and Family

Therapists v. Tex. Med. Ass’n, 511 S.W.3d 28, 41 (Tex. 2017). Where “the language [of a

statute] is susceptible of two constructions, one of which will carry out and the other

defeat (its) manifest object, (the statute) should receive the former construction.”

Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 41 (quoting Citizens Bank of Bryan v. First State Bank, 580 S.W.2d

344, 348 (Tex. 1979) (cited in Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law

63 (2012))). If a statute is ambiguous, i.e., susceptible to more than one reasonable

interpretation, the court will

presume that the entire statute is intended to be effective and that a just
and reasonable result is intended. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.021(2),
(3) . . . . We may consider the object sought to be attained, the
circumstances under which the statute was enacted, former provisions,
and the consequences of a particular construction. Id. § 311.023 . . . .
We may consider the legislative history of a statute regardless of whether
the statute is considered ambiguous on its face. Id. § 311.023(3).

S & P Consulting Eng’rs, PLLC v. Baker, 334 S.W.3d 390, 396 (Tex. App.—Austin

2011, no pet.).

B. History of Responsible-Third-Party Legislation

In The Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, “HB 4,” the

Legislature made several changes to proportionate liability law in Texas. Of

significance were changes made regarding the procedure for handling responsible

third parties. The Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, 78th Leg., R.S.,

ch. 204, §§ 4.04–.05, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 855–57 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. &

10
Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.004(a), (b), (e), (f)–(l), 33.011(6)) (current version at Tex. Civ.

Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.004(a), (b), (d), (f)–(l), 33.011(6)). 1 Prior to HB 4, a

defendant generally could seek to join a responsible third party into a case if the

responsible third party had not been sued by the claimant and the claimant’s statute of

limitations against the defendant had not yet expired. Even if the claimant’s

limitations period against the newly joined responsible third party had expired, then-

effective Section 33.004(e) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code allowed the

claimant to make a claim against the responsible third party within sixty days after the

joinder was allowed. Thus, a claimant’s position vis-à-vis the responsible third party

related to limitations was protected because his otherwise time-barred claim could be

revived. Act of May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971,

972–73 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(a), (d), (e)) (amended

2003) (current version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(a), (d)).

1
The concept of a “responsible third party” was first introduced into Texas law
in 1995. Act of May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971,
972–73 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.003–.004) (current
version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.003–.004). A detailed discussion
of the evolution of the definition of a responsible third party from 1995 to the present is
not necessary for this analysis. Recognizing that the definition of the term has been
amended on occasions over time, it has generally involved a person who may have
responsibility for the claimant’s alleged damages but has not been sued by the
claimant or was sued and later nonsuited by the claimant, among other criteria not
pertinent here, including provisions for designating unknown responsible third
parties.

11
 HB 4, in 2003, modified this scheme to abolish actual joinder of responsible

third parties in favor of a designation of responsible third parties without joinder.

Under the amendments, a defendant was required to file a motion to seek leave to

designate a person as a responsible third party, and a procedure was established for

deciding the motion. If the motion was granted, the claimant had sixty days from the

designation date under then-effective Section 33.004(e) to assert any claim directly

against the responsible third party, even if his limitations period had expired against

the responsible third party. Again, the Legislature preserved a means for the claimant

to assert otherwise time-barred claims against a responsible third party through a

claim revival provision. Additionally, the Legislature directed the Supreme Court of

Texas to amend Rule 194.2 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure to include

disclosure of the name, address, and telephone number of any person who may be

designated as a responsible third party. The Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act

of 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, §§ 4.04–.05, 4.10, 4.12, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847,

855–57 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.004(a), (b), (e), (f)–(l),

33.011(6)) (amended 2011) (current version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

§§ 33.004(a), (b), (d), (f)–(l), 33.011(6)).2

HB 4 contained a provision which established that the statute of limitations
2

for health care liability claims governs those claims notwithstanding any other law.
The Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204,
§ 10.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 872 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 74.251(a)). On January 21, 2011, in Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407 (Tex. 2011),

12
 Statutes are presumed to have been enacted by the Legislature with complete

knowledge of existing law and with reference to it. Acker v. Tex. Water Comm’n,

790 S.W.2d 299, 301 (Tex. 1990); Williams v. Williams, 19 S.W.3d 544, 547 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). Rule 194 was adopted by the Supreme Court

effective January 1, 1999. Order of Final Approval of Revisions to the Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure, Misc. Docket No. 98–9196 (Tex. Nov. 9, 1998), reprinted in 61 Tex. B.J. 1140,

1140 (1998). Pursuant to the Legislature’s directive, the Supreme Court added

Subsection (l), regarding disclosure of potential responsible third parties, to Rule

194.2 on March 3, 2004. Tex. R. Civ. P. 194.2 historical notes. Subsection (l) was

made effective to all cases filed on or after July 1, 2003, in which a request for

disclosure would be served after May 1, 2004. Id.

After the Molinet opinion, responsible-third-party practice was revisited by the

Legislature in 2011. Act of May 24, 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 203, §§ 5.01–.02, 2011 Tex.

Gen. Laws 757, 759 (codified at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(d)).

Prior Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section 33.004(e) was repealed. See Act of

May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, sec. 33.004(e), 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971,

the Supreme Court held that Chapter 74’s “notwithstanding any other law” provision
trumped the sixty-day claim revival provision established under HB 4 for a claimant’s
time-barred claims against a responsible third party in a health care liability claim.
This left a clear dichotomy between health care liability claims where plaintiffs had no
claim revival protection on late third-party designations and other cases where
plaintiffs would have such protection.

13
973, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 4.04, sec. 33.004(e),

2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 856, repealed by Act of May 24, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S.,

ch. 203, § 5.02, sec. 33.004(e), 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 757, 759. That provision had

allowed a claimant to file a claim against a person designated as a responsible third

party within sixty days of the designation of responsible-third-party status, even if the

claim was time-barred. The repeal left the responsible-third-party provisions without

the claim revival protection for claimants that had previously existed from 1995 until

2011. Presumably to fill this void, the Legislature also amended Section 33.004(d) to

read as follows:

A defendant may not designate a person as a responsible third party with
respect to a claimant’s cause of action after the applicable limitations
period on the cause of action has expired with respect to the responsible
third party if the defendant has failed to comply with its obligations, if
any, to timely disclose that the person may be designated as a responsible
third party under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(d). Thus, although the Legislature

removed the previous claim revival provision, it amended the statute to protect

claimants regarding attempts to designate responsible third parties after a claimant’s

limitations had expired. The Legislature chose to do this through service of and

responses to requests for disclosure regarding the identity of potential responsible

third parties, disclosure of which it had directed the Supreme Court in 2003 to include

in Rule 194.2, which was effectuated by the Court in 2004. As observed by the Court

in Mobile Mini:

14
 Section 33.004(d) [as amended] flipped the script. Instead of allowing a
plaintiff to join a time-barred responsible third party within sixty days of
the defendant’s responsible-third-party designation, section 33.004(d)
now places the burden on the defendant to timely disclose potentially
responsible third parties or risk forfeiting the ability to designate such
persons as responsible third parties after limitations has expired.

2020 WL 1224169, at *4.

Rule 194 was obviously known to the Legislature when it amended Section

33.004(d) in 2011. Thus, Rule 194.2(l) and Section 33.004(d) should be construed

together as being in pari materia. See VanDeWater, 966 S.W.2d at 732 (stating that a

rule of procedure and statute which address the same subject matter, have the same

general purpose, and relate to the same conduct are considered in pari materia and

should be harmonized); see also Click v. Tyra, 867 S.W.2d 406, 407–08 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, orig. proceeding) (op. on reh’g).

IV. Analysis

A. Movants’ Failure to Designate Responsible Third Parties Before
Expiration of Limitations

In its supplemental ruling in this case, the trial court held that movants had no

duty to disclose the alleged responsible third parties as of July 31, 2018, the day that

plaintiffs’ statute of limitations expired. We agree. Section 33.004(d) requires a failure

of a duty to disclose, if any, before such nondisclosure precludes the right to designate

a responsible third party. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(d). The

question of whether defendants have a duty to respond to requests for disclosure

before their due date under Rule 194 was answered in Mobile Mini:

15
 We agree with Mobile Mini that placing the onus on a defendant to
respond before the Rules of Civil Procedure obligate it to do so not only
contravenes section 33.004(d)’s express language but would also be
unfairly prejudicial to defendants.

2020 WL 1224169, at *4. Therefore, in this regard, the trial court’s ruling was a

correct application of the law.

B. Movants’ Failure to Respond and Seasonably Supplement
Requests for Disclosure After Limitations Expired

The trial court, in its supplemental ruling, held that movants had obligations to

respond and supplement their disclosure responses regarding the alleged responsible

third parties on August 9, 2018, and on several dates thereafter but failed to do so,

resulting in a failure to “timely” disclose. Based on this failure to “timely” disclose,

the trial court denied the joint motion for leave to designate. In so doing, the trial

court impliedly held that it could look to discovery conduct solely occurring after the

plaintiffs’ limitations expired against the responsible third party to determine if the

movants failed to “timely” disclose that the alleged responsible third parties could be

designated as responsible third parties under Rule 194.2(l), thereby entitling the court

to deny the motion for leave to designate. Because the application of “timely” is not

defined in the statute, and the Supreme Court has not addressed this issue in the

context of a situation involving solely post-limitations failure to disclose potential

responsible third parties, we must attempt to ascertain the Legislature’s intent in the

use of this word in this context. See Greater Houston P’ship v. Paxton, 468 S.W.3d 51,

16
58–59 (Tex. 2015); TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex.

2011). 3

As noted above, the first place to look for the Legislature’s intent is the plain

meaning of the words used by the Legislature. Lexington Ins. Co., 209 S.W.3d at 85;

Fitzgerald, 966 S.W.2d at 866. While there is no disagreement between the parties on

the English meaning of the word “timely,” there is disagreement as to its application

in the context of the statute. Does “timely” refer to the application of the statute of

limitations, or does it refer to the duty to respond to requests for disclosure and to

seasonably supplement those responses? In the context of the statute, one could

reasonably interpret “timely” to mean that a defendant must disclose potential

responsible third parties before the plaintiffs’ limitations expire against the responsible

third parties, consistent with the purpose of the statute, to enable the plaintiffs an

opportunity to sue them in a timely fashion. Likewise, one could reasonably interpret

“timely” to mean that a defendant must disclose potential responsible third parties in

compliance with the duties of disclosure and seasonable supplementation under the

rules of civil procedure for the defendant to designate them as responsible third

parties after limitations has expired. We are thus faced with a situation where a statute

is reasonably susceptible to two different meanings.

Mobile Mini involved a post-limitations designation of a responsible third party
3

who was properly disclosed after limitations expired. 2020 WL 1224169, at *4.

17
 The first rule of statutory construction we apply is that when a statute’s

language could be construed to have two different meanings, one which furthers the

statute’s purpose and the other which thwarts it, we construe the statute to further its

purpose. See Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 41. In Hebner, the statute at issue was former

Section 74.351(a) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which required a claimant

to serve an expert report on the opposing party or counsel on or before 120 days after

the date the original petition was filed. Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 635,

§ 1, sec. 74.351(a), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1590, 1590, amended by Act of May 26, 2013,

83d Leg., R.S., ch. 870, § 2, sec. 74.351(a), 2013 Tex. Gen. Laws 2217, 2217 (current

version at Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)); Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 40.

Failure to serve a timely report resulted in dismissal with prejudice under the statute

upon the motion of the affected physician or health care provider. Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(b). The statute did not address the service of expert

reports prior to filing suit. See id. § 74.351(a); Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 42. Before suit

was filed, the claimant served a qualifying expert report on the defendant after serving

a pre-suit notice of claim. With the filing of the original petition, the claimant

inadvertently served the defendant with a report intended for a different case but did

not realize it until after the 120-day deadline had passed. The defendant moved to

dismiss the case for failure to serve an expert report applicable to that case within

120 days after the filing of the original petition. The trial court denied the motion to

dismiss, and the defendant took an interlocutory appeal. The defendant’s contention

18
was that the report served prior to suit being filed did not comply with the statutory

requirement that a report be served by the 120th day after the filing of the original

petition, and the report served with the petition was no report at all for that case.

Hebner, 498 S.W.3d at 41. Thus, the defendant argued that the case should have been

dismissed with prejudice, which the court of appeals had ordered in reversing the trial

court. Id. at 39–40. The question presented was “[w]hether an expert report served

concurrently with a pre-suit notice letter is timely under section 74.351(a)?” Id. at 41.

The Court held that the Legislature’s intent in passing Section 74.351(a) was to

“identify and eliminate frivolous healthcare liability claims expeditiously, while

preserving those of potential merit.” Id. at 40 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). The Court held that the statute was capable of two interpretations,

“one . . . which [would] carry out [the statute’s] object”—“[p]re-suit service of an

expert report” expeditiously establishes a meritorious claim—and one which would

defeat the object—an otherwise qualifying expert report which establishes a

meritorious claim is ignored in favor of literal wording. Id. at 41, 42. The Court

adopted the first construction. Id.

When a statute is reasonably susceptible of two meanings, a second applicable

rule is that we presume that the Legislature intended the whole statute to be effective

and intended its application to be just and reasonable. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.

§ 311.021(2), (3); Baker, 334 S.W.3d at 396. In determining the statute’s meaning, we

may consider its purpose, the context of its enactment, former laws, and the potential

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effects of construing the statute in a certain way. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023;

Baker, 334 S.W.3d at 396. We may keep a statute’s Legislative history in mind

regardless of “whether . . . the statute is considered ambiguous on its face.” Tex.

Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023(3); Baker, 334 S.W.3d at 396.

With these rules of construction in mind, we begin our analysis of the meaning

of “timely” by reviewing the purpose of Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code

Section 33.004(d). The purpose of this provision was addressed by our sister court in

In re CVR Energy, Inc.:

There are limitations to a defendant’s ability to designate responsible
third parties under Subsection 33.004. These limitations add
“procedural safeguard[s]” that prevent a defendant from undercutting
“the plaintiff’s case by belatedly pointing its finger at a time-barred
responsible third-party against whom the plaintiff has no possibility of
recovery.” Withers . . . , 13 F. Supp. 3d [at] 689 . . . . The first statutory
limitation is that a defendant may not designate a responsible third party
within 60 days of trial unless the court finds good cause. Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 33.004(a). The second is that a defendant may be
precluded from designating a responsible third party if it had an
obligation to disclose the person earlier but did not do so and the statute
of limitations has run on the plaintiff’s claim against the late-disclosed
party . . . .

These timing limitations are part of a “statutory balance” created by the
Legislature that seeks to address a defendant’s interest in identifying nonparties who
may have some culpability while recognizing that a plaintiff has time limitations on
pursuing its claims against parties not already included in its suit. See Withers,
13 F. Supp. 3d at 689.

500 S.W.3d 67, 73 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, orig. proceeding [mand.

denied]) (op. on reh’g) (emphasis added). These “principles and provisions” were

utilized by the Supreme Court in In re Dawson, 550 S.W.3d 625, 629 (Tex. 2018). See

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also Dakota Directional Drilling, Inc., 549 S.W.3d at 291–92; Bustamante, 510 S.W.3d at

736. Thus, these courts agree that the objective of Section 33.004(d) is to prevent

defendants from surreptitiously delaying disclosure of responsible third parties until

after limitations has expired and then disclosing to deprive plaintiffs of an opportunity

to make a timely claim against them.

This objective is consistent with the history of responsible-third-party

legislation in Texas laid out above. Since 1995, with the advent of responsible-third-

party practice, the Legislature has been concerned with the effect of late joinder or

designation of responsible third parties. The 1995 Act provided plaintiffs with a right

to make a claim against a newly joined responsible third party, even if that claim was

time-barred, if done so within the time provided in the statute, i.e., a claim revival

period.

In 2003, HB 4 modified the practice to no longer require joinder of responsible

third parties, instead merely requiring them to be designated. However, the

Legislature still allowed plaintiffs to make claims against newly designated responsible

third parties, even though time-barred, if done within the statutorily allowed period,

i.e., a claim revival period. The Legislature also directed the Supreme Court to amend

Rule 194 to require disclosure of potential responsible third parties, which it did.

Thus, the Legislature again dealt with preventing designation of responsible third

parties after the plaintiffs’ limitations expired, not only by allowing the sixty-day claim

revival period but also by directing the Supreme Court to provide for disclosure of the

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identity of potential responsible third parties, a practice designed to alert plaintiffs to

the need to consider amending their pleadings within the limitations period.

After the Molinet decision in January 2011, it became apparent that responsible-

third-party practice had divergent limitations applications between health care liability

claims and non-health care liability claims. In the former, there was no claim revival

period for time-barred claims against responsible third parties designated after the

plaintiffs’ limitations period had expired; in non-health care liability claims, there was

a revival period. In the May 24, 2011 Act amending Section 33.004, the Legislature

repealed Section 33.004(e) (which had provided the sixty-day claim revival period) and

amended Section 33.004(d) to its current language. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. § 33.004(d). The May 24, 2011 amendment restored equal treatment to both

health care liability claims and non-health care liability claims. Both classes benefitted

from the obligation of the defendant to “timely” disclose potential responsible third

parties under Rule 194.2(l) while neither class had a revival period for time-barred

claims against newly designated responsible third parties.

This history makes clear the object which the Legislature was attempting to

address over time and its intent in doing so. Its intent has been to allow the allocation

of responsibility to parties not sued by the plaintiffs by allowing defendants to bring

that responsibility before the trier of fact for its consideration while at the same time

protecting plaintiffs’ claims against late designated responsible third parties.

Originally, this purpose was accomplished by joinder of responsible third-party

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defendants, but now it is accomplished by designation of responsible third parties. To

protect plaintiffs from gamesmanship by defendants in post-limitations designation of

responsible third parties, the Legislature initially allowed a revival period for time-

barred claims by plaintiffs. Over time, this was adjusted to solely requiring “timely”

disclosure of potential responsible third parties for defendants attempting to designate

responsible third parties when plaintiffs’ claims were time-barred.

As noted by our sister courts in CVR Energy, Inc., 500 S.W.3d at 67, and

Bustamante, 510 S.W.3d at 732, this was how the Legislature balanced these competing

interests of defendants identifying nonparties who may have responsibility for a loss

and plaintiffs needing to assert claims against them before limitations expires.

On the other side, the plaintiffs rely on Dawson, 550 S.W.3d at 625, and In re

VB Harlingen Holdings, No. 13-19-00131-CV, 2019 WL 2707978, at *6–8 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi June 27, 2019, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.), to support their

contention that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. However, these two cases

are distinguishable. Both cases dealt with situations where the plaintiffs served

disclosure requests on the defendant prior to the expiration of the plaintiffs’

limitations period against the responsible third party, and the defendant failed to

disclose the responsible third party despite having an obligation to do so before

limitations expired. Contrast this case where the plaintiffs filed suit shortly before

limitations expired and sent disclosure requests at such a time that the responses were

not due before limitations expired.

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 To consider discovery conduct of the defendant after the limitations period has

expired in determining whether the defendant timely disclosed would do nothing to

further the object of the statute, i.e., plaintiffs’ limitations would have expired and

nothing the defendant subsequently disclosed would change that result. In fact, the

plaintiffs’ conduct in deciding when to file suit can have just as great of an impact on

their ability to preserve the right to sue responsible third parties as the conduct of the

defendants. As noted by the Court in Mobile Mini:

Mobile Mini’s failure to disclose Nolana’s identity before limitations
expired was the natural consequence of Covarubbias’s decision to wait
to file suit until limitations were nearing terminus. See Dawson,
550 S.W.3d at 629; . . . CVR Energy, Inc., 500 S.W.3d [at] 73 . . .
(construing section 33.004(d) as providing “‘procedural safeguard[s]’ that
prevent a defendant from undercutting ‘the plaintiff’s case by belatedly
pointing its finger at a time-barred responsible third party against whom
the plaintiff has no possibility of recovery’” (alteration in original)
(quoting Withers . . . , 13 F. Supp. 3d [at] 688 . . . )); see also Spencer v. BMW
of N. Am., LLC, No. 5:14-CV-869-DAE, 2015 WL 1529773, at
*2 n.4 (W.D. Tex. Apr. 2, 2015) (“If the purpose of the timeliness
requirement is to afford the plaintiff an opportunity to name the
responsible third party as a defendant in the suit, Plaintiff eliminated
such a possibility by filing her case so close to the expiration of the
statute of limitations.”). Plaintiffs who wait until days before limitations expire
to file suit do so at their peril. See . . . Bustamante, 510 S.W.3d [at] 736–
37 . . . (reversing denial of motion to designate when suit was filed one
day before the statute of limitations expired); . . . Dakota Directional
Drilling, Inc., 549 S.W.3d [at] 291-92 . . . (three days before limitations
expired); Spencer, 2015 WL 1529773, at *2 n.4 (eight days before
limitations expired).

2020 WL 1224169, at *3 (emphasis added).

This case is an application of the principle discussed in Mobile Mini. Plaintiffs

did not file suit until shortly before limitations ran against the potential responsible

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third parties. Their requests for disclosure to the defendants were served with the

original petitions, and responses were not required to be served under the Rules of

Civil Procedure until after plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third parties

had expired. As in Mobile Mini, defendants were not required to respond until after

limitations expired. Id. at *2. Therefore, it was the plaintiffs’ conduct in the timing of

their suit filing and service of discovery which failed to create a duty to disclose

potential responsible third parties by the defendants before limitations expired.

Under our circumstance, the objective of the statute, i.e., disclosure before the

expiration of plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third parties, was not

required, and prohibiting designation of responsible third parties due to delay in

disclosure after the expirations of limitations would produce an absurd result by

imposing a mandatory sanction on movants when plaintiffs delayed filing and service

of requests for disclosure in such a manner as to defeat the objective of the statute.

The application of law advocated by plaintiffs converts Section 33.004(d) into an

automatic discovery sanction, i.e., solely post-limitations failure to disclose and

seasonably supplement a Rule 194.2(l) potential responsible third party would result in

the mandatory statutory sanction of denial of designation, for which there is no relief

under the statute. This, of course, could have serious due process implications

because such a sanction could constitute a “death penalty sanction.” TransAm.

Natural Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 918, 920 (Tex. 1991); see In re Estate of

Perez-Muzza, 446 S.W.3d 415, 424–25 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. denied).

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 Additionally, use of this mandatory statutory sanction could result in conflict

with the discovery rules, which allow the trial court discretion in administering

sanctions for disclosure issues. This issue was addressed by the Bustamante court:

The [plaintiffs] are essentially[] taking the position that a defendant loses
the statutory right to designate responsible third parties if the defendant
fails to respond to a request for disclosure of potential responsible third
parties within the deadline contained in Rule 194.3. This is inconsistent
with Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.6(a), which allows a party who
fails to respond to discovery to introduce the undisclosed material or
information into evidence if the party shows either (1) good cause
existed for the failure to respond to the discovery or (2) the other party
will not be unfairly surprised or unfairly prejudiced by the failure to
timely respond. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6(a). To hold as the [plaintiffs]
suggest would convert Rule 194.2(l) into a technical trap. A party who
fails to timely respond to a request for disclosure of information
regarding a person who may be designated as a responsible third party
would lose the statutory right to designate responsible third parties,
while a party that fails to respond to a request for disclosure of the
information required by rules 194.2 (a)–(k) would not face such a
penalty. We do not read Section 33.004(d) so narrowly. Instead, we read
section 33.004(d) to require a defendant to disclose a potential responsible third party
before the expiration of the statute of limitations, if that is possible.

510 S.W.3d at 736–37 (emphasis added). We agree with the Bustamante court’s

reasoning. No authority supports the conclusion that Section 33.004(d) was intended

to serve as a statutory discovery sanction for conduct solely occurring after limitations

had expired. If the issue is whether sanctions should be imposed because of

discovery abuse, the trial court has great latitude under the Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure to deal with such issues. The same is true regarding docket management

issues such as continuances. There is no logical reason to impose such a mandatory

sanction on conduct which is unrelated to the mandatory remedy.

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 It is our duty to harmonize rules and statutes that are in pari materia so that

they do not conflict and to do so in a manner which makes both effectual. Click,

867 S.W.2d at 407. As noted by the court in Ex Parte Wilkinson:

[T]o arrive at a proper construction of a statute, and determine the exact
legislative intent, all acts and parts of acts in pari materia will, therefore,
be taken, read, and construed together, each enactment in reference to
the other, as though they were parts of one and the same law. Any
conflict between their provisions will be harmonized, if possible, and
effect will be given to all the provisions of each act if they can be made
to stand together and have concurrent efficacy.

641 S.W.2d 927, 931 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) (citing 53 Tex. Jur. 2d Statutes

§ 186 (1964)). We therefore conclude that the proper construction of the interplay

between Section 33.004(d) and Rule 194.2(l) is:

(1) where a defendant seeks to designate a responsible third party after the
plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third party has expired,

(2) if the defendant had a duty to disclose under Rule 194.2(l) prior to the
expiration of plaintiffs’ limitations against the responsible third party and failed
to do so at least in part before limitations ran, then

(3) the defendant may be precluded from designating that person as a
responsible third party; but

(4) a defendant’s discovery conduct occurring solely after the expiration of the
plaintiffs’ limitations period against the responsible third party is immaterial to
the issue of timely disclosure for purposes of Section 33.004(d).

Our construction promotes the objective of Section 33.004(d), i.e., allowing the

defendant to designate responsible third parties in a manner designed to minimize the

risk of gamesmanship in delaying disclosure to deprive the plaintiffs of their

opportunity to make a claim against the responsible third party within limitations.

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This construction does not unreasonably conflict with the Rules of Civil Procedure,

particularly those involving discovery abuse and docket management. While it does

allow an overlap regarding merits defense and pre-limitations discovery conduct

governance, such is necessary to implement the legislative objective. However, our

construction avoids conflict on solely post-limitations discovery conduct, which is not

necessary to accomplish the legislative objective of Section 33.004(d), leaving solely

post-limitations discovery conduct subject to the authority of the trial court under the

Rules of Civil Procedure and the trial court’s inherent powers. Thus, we believe that

our construction is analogous to the Supreme Court’s Hebner holding: “[T]he best

course is to adopt a construction that ‘does the least damage to the statutory

language[] and best comports with the statute’s purpose.’” 498 S.W.3d at 42–

43 (citing Zanchi v. Lane, 408 S.W.3d 373, 379–80 (Tex. 2013)).

We hold that the trial court’s denial of movants’ joint motion for leave to

designate responsible third parties was an improper application of the law, hence an

abuse of discretion. The Supreme Court has already established that there is no

adequate remedy at law when a trial court denies a timely filed motion for leave to

designate a responsible third party. Mobile Mini, 2020 WL 1224169, at *5; Coppola,

535 S.W.3d at 510. We express no opinions on other issues which may be related to

discovery abuse governed by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, pre-trial discovery

orders, or otherwise.

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 Accordingly, we conditionally grant Relators’ petition for writ of mandamus

and direct the trial court to vacate its order denying their motion for leave to designate

responsible third parties. The writ will issue only if the trial court fails to do so. See

Tex. R. App. P. 52.8(c).

/s/ Mike Wallach
Mike Wallach
Justice

Delivered: April 16, 2020

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