J-S17014-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CLIFFORD ALLEN CHRISTIAN :
:
Appellant : No. 1034 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 3, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0006032-2017
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, P.J.: FILED: APRIL 20, 2020
Clifford Allen Christian appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed
on January 3, 2019 in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas.1 In
October of 2018, Christian pled guilty to rape, incest, indecent assault,
unlawful contact with a minor, and corruption of minors.2 The court sentenced
Christian to an aggregate term of eight to 20 years’ incarceration. On appeal,
Christian argues the court failed to order a pre-sentence investigation report
____________________________________________
1 Christian purports to appeal from the April 1, 2019 order granting in part
and denying in part his post-sentence motion. We have corrected the caption
to reflect that Christian’s appeal properly lies from the judgment of sentence
entered on January 3, 2019. See Commonwealth v. Dreves, 839 A.2d
1122, 1125 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2003) (en banc).
2 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 4302(b)(1), 3126(a)(7), 6318(a)(1),
6301(a)(1)(ii), respectively.
J-S17014-20
and imposed a manifestly excessive sentence. For the reasons below, we
affirm.
In June of 2017, Christian raped his 11-year-old biological
granddaughter at a Swatara Township hotel where they both were staying
while attending a funeral. See N.T., 10/25/2018, at 3-4. On October 25, 2018,
pursuant to a plea agreement, Christian pled guilty to all the charges as stated
above.3 Counsel for Christian requested a pre-sentence investigation report
(“PSI”). The court denied the request and ordered an evaluation by the Sexual
Offender Assessment Board (“SOAB”).
On January 3, 2019, the court originally sentenced Christian to the
following: (1) a term of eight to 20 years’ incarceration for the rape conviction;
(2) a concurrent term of five to ten years’ imprisonment for the incest
conviction; and (3) a concurrent term of three to six years’ incarceration for
the corruption of minors conviction.4
____________________________________________
3 As provided by the Commonwealth at the sentencing hearing, the negotiated
plea agreement indicated “the minimum sentence [was] to be determined by
the Court between five and ten years and that the maximum sentence would
be twice the minimum sentence.” N.T., 1/3/2019, at 3. See also Plea
Negotiation, 10/23/2018 (“The Court can impose a sentence in which the
minimum guideline range is between 60 months and 120 months. The Court
has the discretion to set all other aspects of the sentence including the total
length of the sentence.”).
4 The remaining convictions merged for sentencing purposes.
-2-
J-S17014-20
Christian filed a motion to modify sentence on January 14, 2019,
challenging only the sentences imposed for the incest and corruption of minors
convictions. See Post-Sentence Motion, 1/14/2019, at 4-5. On April 1, 2019,
the court granted the motion, in part, by amending the incest sentence to a
term of 24 to 48 months and the corruption of minors sentence to a term of
12 to 60 months.5
In June of 2019, Christian filed a petition for post-conviction relief to
reinstate his appellate rights nunc pro tunc because counsel did not receive
the court’s April 1st order. The court granted Christian relief on June 14, 2019.
This appeal followed.6
As will be discussed below, Christian raises several challenges to the
discretionary aspects of his sentence. “Generally, a plea of guilty amounts to
a waiver of all defects and defenses except those concerning the jurisdiction
of the court, the legality of the sentence, and the validity of the guilty plea.”
Commonwealth v. Reichle, 589 A.2d 1140, 1141 (Pa. Super. 1991). “The
determination of whether discretionary aspects of sentencing may be
challenged after a guilty plea is entered depends upon the actual terms of the
____________________________________________
5 All other aspects of the January 3, 2019 sentence remained unchanged.
6On July 1, 2019, the trial court ordered Christian to file a concise statement
of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Christian
complied with the court’s directive, and filed a concise statement on
September 12, 2019. The court issued a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on July 24,
2019.
-3-
J-S17014-20
plea bargain, specifically, to what degree a sentence agreement has been
reached.” Commonwealth v. Dalberto, 648 A.2d 16, 18 (Pa. Super. 1994).
Where the plea agreement provides specific penalties, an appeal from a
discretionary sentence will not stand; however, where the plea agreement
provides for no sentencing restrictions, the entry of a guilty plea will not
preclude a challenge to the discretionary aspects of sentencing. See id., at
20. When the plea agreement falls somewhere between a negotiated plea and
an open plea, we must determine the effect of the hybrid plea agreement on
the right to challenge the discretionary aspects of his sentence. See id., at
21. Therefore, Christian may only challenge the discretionary aspects of the
sentence that were not the subject, implicitly or explicitly, of his agreement
with the Commonwealth. See id.
In his first argument, Christian claims the trial court abused its
discretion by failing to order a PSI pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal
Procedure 702. See Appellant’s Brief, at 14. Christian argues:
The trial court had limited contact with [him] and did not have the
appropriate information pertaining to [him] at the time of
sentencing which would address the risk of recidivism. The trial
court improperly determined that an assessment by the [SOAB]
was an adequate replacement for a PSI. The trial court ran afoul
of Pa.R.Crim.P. 702 and did not have the requisite information to
impose an appropriate sentence.
Id., at 15 (citations and emphasis removed).
“[A] claim that the court erred in failing to order a PSI report raises a
discretionary aspect of sentencing of which a defendant’s right to appellate
-4-
J-S17014-20
review is exceptionally limited.” Commonwealth v. Flowers, 950 A.2d 330,
331 (Pa. Super. 2008).7
Such a claim is not appealable as of right, but “must be considered a
petition for permission to appeal.” Commonwealth v. Best, 120 A.3d 329,
348 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quotation omitted). To reach the merits of a
discretionary argument, this Court must determine:
(1) whether the appeal is timely filed; (2) whether Appellant
preserved [the] issue; (3) whether Appellant’s brief includes a
concise statement of the reasons relied upon for allowance of
appeal with respect to the discretionary aspects of sentence; and
(4) whether the concise statement raises a substantial question
that the sentence is appropriate under the sentencing code.
Commonwealth v. Edwards, 71 A.3d 323, 329-330 (Pa. Super. 2013)
(citation omitted). “Objections to the discretionary aspects of a sentence are
generally waived if they are not raised at the sentencing hearing or in a motion
to modify the sentence imposed.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932,
935 (Pa. Super. 2013).
Here, Christian requested a modification of his sentence as to the incest
and corruption of minors crimes but did not object to or complain about any
discretionary aspect beyond the purported unreasonableness and
excessiveness of those two sentences. See Post-Sentence Motion, 1/14/2019,
at 4-5. Consequently, he did not preserve the “failure to order a PSI” issue in
____________________________________________
7 See also Commonwealth v. Finnecy, 135 A.3d 1028, 1030-1031 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (finding trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to order
a PSI in the context of revocation of probation proceeding).
-5-
J-S17014-20
a post-sentence motion. Moreover, he did not raise the argument at his
sentencing hearing. Accordingly, Christian has waived this discretionary
challenge for appellate purposes. See Griffin, 65 A.3d at 935.
Even if Christian had properly preserved this claim, it would warrant no
relief. Rule 702 provides that a “sentencing judge may, in the judge’s
discretion, order a pre-sentence investigation report in any case.”
Pa.R.Crim.P. 702(A)(1) (emphasis added). Moreover, Rule 702 states the
judge “shall place on the record the reasons for dispensing with the pre-
sentence investigation report if the judge fails to order a pre-sentence report
… when incarceration for one year or more is a possible disposition under the
applicable sentencing statutes[.]” Pa.R.Crim.P. 702(A)(2). This Court has
previously explained that “[t]he essential inquiry is … whether the sentencing
court was apprised of comprehensive information to make the punishment fit
not only the crime but also the person who committed it.” Finnecy, 135 A.3d
at 1032 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
At Christian’s guilty plea hearing, the court complied with Rule
702(A)(2) by explaining its rationale for denying the request for a PSI as
follows:
I am going to order the [SOAB] evaluation by the board. And quite
frankly, I think that takes the place of the presentence quite
frankly as far as background. I don’t think you need the
presentence. Matter of fact, I think the report by the board is a
little more thorough as far as background.
N.T., 10/25/2018, at 5.
-6-
J-S17014-20
In addition to the SOAB assessment, the court presided over Christian’s
guilty plea and sentencing hearings,8 which also afforded the court with
information about his age, educational background, health issues, lack of
criminal background, victim impact, and familial collateral consequences.
In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the court opined:
In the instant matter, this Court delayed sentencing for the
completion of a report through the [SOAB] to determine
[Christian]’s classification as a sexual offender. On December 28,
2018 such a report was completed by Dr. Robert M. Stein and
provided to the Commonwealth. Dr. Stein’s report included
information regarding [Christian]’s family, an account of [his]
prior sexual misconduct by one of his daughters, and the factors
required to be assessed by the SOAB. Based on his assessment,
Dr. Stein concluded that [Christian] did not meet the requirements
for classification as a [s]exually [v]iolent [p]redator. The
information contained in Dr. Stein’s report was sufficient to
apprise the court of comprehensive information to make
punishment fit both the crime and individual. Therefore, this Court
satisfied its obligation to conduct a presentence inquiry.
Trial Court Opinion, 7/24/2019, at 5-6.
Our review of the record confirms the trial court had sufficient
information “to make the punishment fit not only the crime but also the person
who committed it.’” Finnecy, 135 A.3d at 1032 (citation omitted).
Accordingly, if Christian had not waived this argument, we would conclude
there was no abuse of discretion on the court’s part for declining to order a
PSI.
____________________________________________
8The court was also aware of Christian’s October 25, 2018 written guilty plea
colloquy.
-7-
J-S17014-20
Next, Christian contends the court abused its discretion by imposing an
eight to 20 year sentence because it was manifestly excessive and it failed to
consider the issues of protection of the public, the gravity of the offense as it
relates to the community, and Christian’s rehabilitative needs as required by
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(b). See Appellant’s Brief, at 15. He asserts:
When examining the need to protect the public, the trial court
failed to recognize[] that this offense did not affect the public at
large. This was an isolated incident to an individual with a familial
relationship. [Christian] does not have a criminal history and his
sentencing guidelines show a prior record score of “0”. There is no
indication that [he] has any criminal history or that an excessive
period of incarceration would prevent future criminal conduct
since nothing in this case nor [his] history indicates he will re-
offend.
Id., at 16-17.
Additionally, Christian states that because the court did not have the
PSI, the court failed to consider “the extensive medical conditions from which
[he] suffers and the specific treatment and medication [he] is prescribed.”
Id., at 17. As for the impact on community, Christian acknowledges the effect
on the victim, but states “that through a proper rehabilitative sentence [he]
would under the impact this incident had on the minor child, which is one of
the policies underlying the sentencing code and one in which the trial court
overlooked.” Id. Lastly, Christian alleges the court failed to consider his
rehabilitative needs as he “has no family in the area, no housing prospects,
no employment, no drug and alcohol treatment, and no mental health
counselor[.]” Id.
-8-
J-S17014-20
Christian does not distinguish if his argument concerns the rape
sentence or the aggregate sentence.9 Regardless, we find the issue is waived
for Christian’s failure to properly preserve it. As noted above, in his post-
sentence motion, Christian only objected to the alleged unreasonableness and
excessiveness of the incest and corruption of minors sentences. Additionally,
he did not raise the argument at issue during his sentencing hearing.
Therefore, Christian has waived this discretionary challenge for appellate
purposes. See Griffin, 65 A.3d at 935. Accordingly, his second argument also
fails.10
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 04/20/2020
____________________________________________
9 Because the term of the rape sentence was eight to 20 years, and the
remaining sentences were imposed concurrently, the aggregate sentence was
identical in length of term.
10Assuming arguendo that Christian had preserved his second argument, we
would discern no abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court and would
conclude the court properly addressed this claim in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.
See Trial Court Opinion, 7/24/2019, at 3-5.
-9-