NUMBER 13-18-00493-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
ROBERT ELLIS BATES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 25th District Court
of Gonzales County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Perkes, and Tijerina
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides
By two issues, appellant Robert Ellis Bates challenges his conviction for
aggravated sexual assault of a child, M.M.1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B).
Bates first challenges the admissibility of the child’s outcry statement to her mother, and
1To protect the identity of the minor child, we refer to her and her mother by their initials. See
TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8.
next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Bates moved back to Gonzales in 2015 and regularly visited his former wife Laurie
Lee, especially during the day. Lee regularly babysat M.M. from the time she was six or
eight months old until October 2016 when M.M. was three years old. Lee had an adopted
son, J.L. who was aged seven in 2016. Lee also baby-sat other children, but not as
regularly as M.M.
Lee testified at trial that Bates knew M.M. When he was there, he played with her
like he did with Lee’s granddaughter who was the same age, and with J.L. One of their
games was the pull-up-shirt game where he would pull his shirt up over his belly and then
the child would pull it back down. He would give the children horsey rides on his knee,
watch TV with the children, and sometimes take them to the park across the street from
Lee’s apartment. M.M. liked Bates according to Lee; M.M. called him Robert.
In late September 2016, M.M. was in the bathroom by herself when she began
screaming. Lee ran into the bathroom to see what was wrong and M.M. yelled, “Ms.
Laurie, get it out, get it out.” M.M. was urinating and it hurt. Lee told A.L., M.M.’s mother.
Later that night, M.M. did not have pain while urinating according to her mother. A.L.
testified that she thinks that Lee told her about M.M.’s painful urination on about October
first.
On October 4, 2016, A.L. testified that M.M. made an outcry to her. M.M. was on
the toilet, A.L. was in the bathroom with her and M.M. told her that “Robert was in my
panties.” M.M. opened her “privates” and told her mother that Robert had given her an
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“owie.”
A.L. testified that she called her father, and then called M.M.’s primary care
physician and took her to the doctor’s office. M.M. had been seeing the physician’s
assistant (PA) there since she was an infant. M.M. explained to the PA what happened
to her. A.L. then called the local police on the PA’s recommendation. At the time of trial,
the PA was deceased, but M.M.’s medical records were admitted.
Looking back, A.L. testified that in late September 2016, M.M. did not like to be
dropped off at Lee’s, she screamed when A.L. dropped her off, and M.M. did not like to
be around men. At the time, A.L. thought it was just separation anxiety because she was
working more hours. Since October 2016, M.M.’s separation anxiety has worsened. She
is particularly fearful of men she does not know but loves her step-father Travis.
During August through early October 2016, A.L. testified that the only person who
kept M.M. was Lee. Travis, A.L.’s then-boyfriend and now husband, was working and
living in Victoria with his parents. When A.L. and M.M. were in Victoria, Travis’s mother
kept M.M. if necessary. A.L. was living with her father who never kept M.M. when she
was working.
M.M. was five years old at time of trial. She testified very briefly but she did not
want to be there and did not want to talk about the events. She testified she knew she
was there to talk about Robert who is a “bad guy.” When she was asked, “And what did
he do to M.M. that makes him a bad guy?” She responded, “Nothing.” When the
prosecutor asked M.M., “Did somebody touch you somewhere they weren’t supposed to
touch you at Laurie Lee’s house?” M.M answered, “Nope.” The prosecutor asked M.M. to
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identify body parts on a drawing, eyes, hair, legs, and a part that M.M. referred to as her
“kitty.”
Q. . . . Has something ever happened to your kitty?
A. (No audible response.)
Q. Is that the truth or is it something you just don’t want to talk about right
now?
A. I don’t want to talk about it right now.
Q. Okay. You don’t want to talk about it right now? How come you don’t
want to talk about it right now?
A. Because I don’t like it.
Q. Because you don’t like it? Okay. And why don’t you like it?
After further questions, M.M. testified she was scared and nervous and she did not want
to talk about it at all.
Investigator Jason Montoya with the City of Gonzales investigated M.M.’s outcry.
He conducted interviews with Lee, Bates, and coordinated M.M.’s examination with the
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE). Montoya testified that he first interviewed Lee
on October 5, 2016, and that he did not tell her the purpose of the interview. He noticed
that Lee was protective of Bates. Lee told him that Bates was never alone with M.M., that
he was never in the bathroom with her, and that he came over daily usually in the middle
of the day and did not spend the night. Lee also told Montoya that she saw her son J.L.
in the bathroom with M.M. After telling Montoya that M.M. was constantly at her side when
Bates was at her house, Lee acknowledged that Bates and M.M. played while she was
cooking. She described her activities with M.M. as painting, watching TV, going to town,
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and going to the park. The last time M.M. was with Lee, it was late in the evening when
Travis picked her up and everything was fine. Montoya asked Lee not to mention the
interview to Bates.
Montoya next attempted to interview Bates at work. His car was there, but he was
not. Another driver called to say he was bringing Bates into work, but instead Bates had
the driver drop him off at home. Montoya concluded that Bates was avoiding him. Bates
came into the police station later and spoke to Montoya. Bates admitted he had spoken
to Lee but refused to discuss the content of their conversation. Bates began the interview
by flatly stating he was never alone with M.M. He admitted that he had known M.M. since
she was very young, he used her nickname, and described the things they did at Lee’s:
ate ice cream, she sat on his lap, and they watched TV. Once Montoya told him the details
of the allegation, Bates began to refer to M.M. as “that child.” At one point Bates stated
he never changed her diaper, never took M.M. to the bathroom, and that he would never
put himself in a position to be accused. Montoya thought the statement was very odd.
Lee contacted Montoya two days later and came into the station where he did a
second interview with her. During that interview, Lee told Montoya that M.M. acted scared
of Travis when he picked her up that last time and she never had before. Lee was
concerned and intended to mention it to A.L.
Montoya had a second interview with Bates in which he admitted he took M.M. to
the park and had been alone with her several times. Montoya also interviewed Travis,
A.L.’s boyfriend, who denied ever having touched M.M. inappropriately. Nothing about his
interview seemed “off” to Montoya. He did not further investigate Travis.
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Allyson Cordoni, the SANE, testified regarding her examination and M.M.’s history.
She saw M.M. twice; the first time on October 5, 2016. A.L. provided the initial history, but
after the examination, Cordoni asked M.M. again if she had any “owies,” M.M. responded:
“yes and shook her head.” M.M. told Cordoni:
She had told me—I said—she had owies. I asked her where, and she
pointed to her vaginal area, and I said “What happened?” And she said,
“Robert hurt me.” And . . . then I asked her . . .what he hurt her with, and
she held up her hand, and then I held up my hand and said, “With this?” I
held up both hands, I think. And she said, “Yes, just with this hand.” And so
then I started wiggling my fingers to see, “With these?” And she said, “Yes,
with that one.” And then she pointed to the index finger and said he hurt her
with that finger.
M.M. explained that the event happened at Miss Laurie’s. During her physical
examination of M.M. Cordoni found a red and white scar at the posterior fourchette and
extending into her perineum at the six o’clock position that could have caused the pain
on urination a few days before. That kind of injury heals quickly according to Cordoni and
is also consistent with digital penetration. When M.M. returned six weeks later, she was
more relaxed and seemed happier.
Martina Scott, a child-care licensing inspector with the Health and Human Services
Commission investigated Lee for operating an unlicensed day care facility and in doing
so also investigated the allegations against Bates. She interviewed M.M., Lee, and Bates.
She noted numerous inconsistencies in Bates’s and Lee’s statements regarding the
nature and frequency of his interaction with M.M. M.M. was initially wary of Scott, but
slowly warmed up to her. But “once Robert was brought up, the best way I can describe
it is she went ghost face, was way more reserved, hiding in her mom’s, you know, shirt,
did not want to talk about—about Robert.”"
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The jury was charged on aggravated sexual assault of a child, and indecency with
a child. The jury convicted him of aggravated sexual assault of a child. After a separate
punishment hearing, the trial court sentenced Bates to thirty years’ imprisonment in the
Texas Department of Corrections–Institutional Division.
II. DISCUSSION
By two issues, Bates challenges his conviction. Bates first challenges the
admissibility of the outcry statement. He argues that the proper outcry witness was the
SANE nurse not the child’s mother and that the mother’s hearsay testimony should have
been excluded. Bates next argues that the evidence of penetration is insufficient to
support his conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child.
A. Admissibility of Outcry Statement
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
A child’s out-of-court statements regarding sexual abuse allegations is commonly
referred to as an “outcry,” and an adult who testifies about the outcry is commonly referred
to as an “outcry witness.” Sanchez v. State, 354 S.W.3d 476, 484–85 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011); see also Morin v. State, No. 13-18-00149-CR, 2020 WL 582157, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg Feb. 6, 2020, no pet. h.). Admissibility of an outcry statement is
governed by statute. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072. Under article 38.072,
for a trial court to admit outcry witness testimony, it must hold a hearing “outside the
presence of the jury” and make the determination that “the [child’s outcry] statement is
reliable based on the time, content, and circumstances of the statement.” Id. Article
38.072 only applies to statements that (1) “describe the alleged offense,” (2) “were made
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by the child . . . against whom the charged offense was allegedly committed,” and (3)
“were made to the first person, 18 years of age or older, other than the defendant, to
whom the child . . . made a statement about the offense or extraneous crime, wrong, or
act.” Id.
According to the court of criminal appeals, the outcry witness under this statute is
the first adult to whom the child makes a statement that “in some discernible manner
describes the alleged offense.” Reed v. State, 974 S.W.2d 838, 841 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d) (citing Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 91 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990)). The statement must be more than a general allegation of sexual abuse. Garcia,
792 S.W.2d at 91. We review the trial court’s decision on admissibility for an abuse of
discretion. Id. We will uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable
disagreement. Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Robinett
v. State, 383 S.W.3d 758, 761 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.).
2. Discussion
A.L. testified during the outcry hearing as follows:
I took her to the bathroom, like normal, and she sat on the toilet, and she—
she told me, she goes—she goes, “Robert was in my panties,” and I was
like, huh? And she said, “yeah”—she said it real fast, but she said he—he
was in my panties, and then he was—[J.L.] was outside, and he said, “Shhh,
shhh, don’t say anything, don’t say anything,” and I was like okay.
Q. And when she said he was in her panties, did she make any indication
or show you on her body what she was talking about?
A. Yeah, she reached down and opened and she pointed.
Q. When you say “opened”—
A. She opened her privates. And pointed right there and said I have an owie.
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Q. . . . .[D]id she tell you who had given her the owie?
A. Yeah, she said Robert did.
Q. And you say that earlier that J.L. was outside. Do you know who she’s
referring to when she says J.L.?
‘
A. Yes, that was Laurie’s adopted son, the babysitter’s adopted son.
Q. And was there anybody else in M.M.’s life that she referred to as Robert?
A. No, we don’t know any other Roberts.
Q. And is that how she did, in fact, refer to the defendant was as Robert?
A. Uh-huh.
....
A. Yeah, she said it hurt, she said it was like a bee sting, yeah.
The trial court ruled that A.L. was qualified to testify as an outcry witness over the defense
objection.2
Bates argues that the outcry witness must have knowledge of more than a “general
allusion to something in the area of child abuse was going on.” The State argues that
Bates failed to preserve any objection. Assuming the issue is preserved, we note that the
case law requires that the outcry witness be told the who, what, and where of the abuse,
considering the communication abilities of the child. In Reed, the San Antonio court held
that the father was the proper outcry witness where children reported to him what, where,
and when the abuse took place, even though a later interviewer obtained more detail.
See 974 S.W.2d at 841. Here, the three-year-old M.M. told her mother that Robert caused
2 Defense counsel objected as follows:
Some of the factors used in the outcry statement, Your Honor, are is the child being able
to testify at trial and as to making the statement, that the child has an understanding about
the truth and being able to tell the truth. Both of those things are lacking here, Judge, this
may be a little premature to allow this hearsay statement in until we do hear from the child.
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an injury inside her private by showing her, explained that it hurt like a bee sting, and that
the injury happened at Ms. Laurie’s. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
A.L.’s testimony. See id,
We overrule Bates’s first issue.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
1. Standard of Review
“The Constitution prohibits the criminal conviction of any person except upon proof
of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361 (1970)). We apply the sufficiency standard from Jackson,
which requires the reviewing court to “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution,” to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). When a reviewing
court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, it “is required to defer
to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations because the jury is the sole judge of the
witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at
899; Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S.
at 318–19). “Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing
the guilt of an actor, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.”
Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13. If the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that
the fact finder resolved the conflict in favor of the prosecution and defer to that resolution.
Garcia v. State, 367 S.W.3d 684, 686–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at
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899.
“Constitutional review of the sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the
elements of the criminal offense as defined by state law.” Fuller v. State, 73 S.W.3d 250,
253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 324 n.16). However, review of
the “sufficiency of the evidence should be measured by the elements of the offense as
defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case.” Garcia, 367 S.W.3d at 687
(quoting Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
2. Discussion
Bates argues that the element of penetration was not proven. But he concedes
that the evidence is sufficient to prove aggravated sexual assault by contact which does
not carry the twenty-five year minimum sentence applicable to penetration. He relies on
the SANE Nurse Cardoni’s answer to a single question that the scar could be consistent
with touching for his argument that the evidence is insufficient to prove penetration.
The jury was instructed that to find Bates guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a
child they must agree that he penetrated M.M.’s sexual organ with his finger and that
M.M. was a child under six years of age. The evidence in support of the jury’s finding of
penetration consisted of A.L.’s outcry testimony, the SANE nurse’s testimony, and
documented location of the healing or healed scar. The State may also prove penetration
by circumstantial evidence. Villalon v. State, 791 S.W.2d 130, 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
The victim need not testify as to penetration. Id. Evidence of the slightest penetration is
sufficient to uphold a conviction, so long as it has been shown beyond a reasonable doubt.
Luna v. State, 515 S.W.2d 271, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974); Rodriguez v. State, 762
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S.W.2d 727, 732 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988), pet. dism’d as improvidently granted,
815 S.W.2d 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). In Vernon v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals
determined what constitutes a “penetration” for purposes of aggravated sexual assault:
[M]ere contact with the outside of an object does not amount to penetration
of it. But pushing aside and reaching beneath a natural fold of skin into an
area of the body not usually exposed to view, even in nakedness, is a
significant intrusion beyond mere external contact. Consequently, it is not
ungrammatical to describe Appellant’s touching of complainant in this case
as a penetration.
841 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Outcry testimony alone can be sufficient to
sustain a conviction for aggravated sexual assault. See Rodriguez v. State, 819 S.W.2d
871, 873–74 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Kimberlin v. State, 877 S.W.2d 828, 831–32 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1994, pet. ref’d). Even if the victim recants or denies her outcry
statements when testifying at trial, the jury is free to disbelieve the victim’s recantation
and credit her previous statements. Saldana v. State, 287 S.W.3d 43, 60 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2008, pet. ref’d) (citing Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991)); see also Flores v. State, No. 13-12-00362-CR, 2013 WL
3326982, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christ–Edinburg June 27, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication).
The anatomy lesson that accompanied Cardoni’s testimony included her
description of the outer vulvar wall, the inner vulvar walls, the posterior fourchette, and
the fossa navicularis. The posterior fourchette and fossa navicularis, both of which had
trauma, are generally not exposed to view, even in nakedness.
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Based upon the evidence here, the jury was free to credit the evidence before
them. The evidence is legally sufficient to support the judgment. See Vernon, 841 S.W.2d
at 409.
Bates’s second issue is overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
GINA M. BENAVIDES,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).
Delivered and filed the
30th day of April, 2020.
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