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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 18-CM-386
NIJAE ODUMN, APPELLANT,
v.
UNITED STATES, APPELLEE.
Appeal from the Superior Court
of the District of Columbia
(CMD-21732-17)
(Hon. Patricia A. Broderick, Trial Judge)
(Argued November 18, 2019 Decided May 27, 2020)
Omar M. Bississo for appellant.
Kristina L. Ament, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Jessie K. Liu,
United States Attorney at the time the brief was filed, and Elizabeth Trosman and
Brian Ganjei, Assistant United States Attorneys, were on the brief, for appellee.
Before BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge, GLICKMAN, Associate Judge, and
STEADMAN, Senior Judge.
BLACKBURNE-RIGSBY, Chief Judge: Appellant, Nijae Odumn, was convicted
of unlawful entry on property, D.C. Code § 22-3302 (2012 Repl.), when he was
arrested at an apartment complex, from which he had previously been banned by the
apartment complex owner. Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
2
underlying that conviction, arguing that he was on the property at the invitation of a
tenant, his aunt, at the time of his arrest. On this issue of first impression, we hold
that a tenant’s guest may not be convicted of unlawful entry when that guest enters
the property at a tenant’s invitation for a lawful purpose and reasonably uses
common space for egress and ingress, regardless of the landlord’s intent to bar that
guest from the property. Because the evidence demonstrated that appellant entered
the apartment complex at the invitation of a tenant, his aunt, and was apprehended
in the common area while leaving the complex, and because the government
introduced no evidence that the path used by appellant was not a reasonable means
of egress from the property, the government failed to prove an essential element of
unlawful entry beyond a reasonable doubt, that he entered property “against the will
of the lawful occupant or of the person lawfully in charge thereof.” D.C. Code § 22-
3302(a)(1). Therefore, we reverse.
I.
The evidence at trial was largely undisputed. Konrad Olszak, an off-duty
Metropolitan Police Department detective working as a part-time security officer at
the Washington View Apartments, testified that on the evening of February 11,
2017, he issued a verbal barring notice to appellant barring him from the Washington
3
View Apartments because he had been at the apartment complex “loitering nonstop,”
hanging around the building and not visiting anyone. On March 2, 2017, Detective
Olszak again encountered appellant on the property, and he reminded appellant that
he was barred. In the exchange, captured in body-worn camera footage that was
viewed by the trial court, appellant told Detective Olszak that he did not know he
was barred, and Detective Olszak responded, pursuant to the February 11 barring
notice, “[Y]ou’re barred.” 1
Wanda Pratt, appellant’s aunt, testified that she moved into the Washington
View Apartments on December 9, 2017, and had several of her family members,
including appellant, assist her with moving; she did not know that appellant had
previously been told that he was barred. Ms. Pratt testified that she was authorized
to have guests at her apartment, and she never made any contrary agreement with
the property management. 2 That evening, appellant went to the Washington View
Apartments’ rental office to get Ms. Pratt’s keys and later helped unload her
belongings from a truck into her apartment. After unloading the truck, appellant
1
During the March 2 encounter, Detective Olszak was accompanied by an
on-duty MPD officer, not employed by the apartment complex, who was wearing a
body-worn camera.
2
Neither party sought to admit Ms. Pratt’s lease into evidence, and it is not a
part of the record on appeal.
4
departed with his brother to walk home. Ms. Pratt testified to her understanding that,
on the “way . . . home[,] they were stopped by police officers.”
Officer Felix Lina – another off-duty MPD officer working as part-time
security – testified that, on the evening of December 9, 2017, he was sitting in his
patrol car when he saw appellant walking in the Washington View Apartments’
parking lot. Officer Lina knew appellant from prior encounters and knew appellant
had been barred from the property. As Officer Lina drove his car out of the parking
lot in appellant’s direction, appellant noticed him, changed directions, and walked
the other way. Officer Lina stopped appellant, at which point appellant told Officer
Lina that his aunt had just moved into the property and that he was “helping her out.”
Officer Lina neither verified appellant’s statement nor ascertained whether his aunt
was indeed a tenant, but rather placed him under arrest for unlawful entry in violation
of the barring notice.
The trial court found appellant guilty of unlawful entry. The parties argued,
and the trial judge agreed, that the only relevant question was whether appellant “had
a reasonable belief that he had reason to be there, permission to be there.” 3 The trial
3
Proof of a defendant’s reasonable, bona fide belief to enter property is an
affirmative defense to unlawful entry. See Ortberg v. United States, 81 A.3d 303,
308-09 (D.C. 2013).
5
judge concluded that she did “not find that he does.” The trial court found that
appellant “showed a very guilty mind” when he immediately changed directions
upon observing Officer Lina. The court noted that appellant did not tell his aunt –
whose testimony it found credible – that he was barred, suggesting he was using her
move as an excuse to reenter the property. The trial court highlighted that when
apprehended, appellant was not walking toward his aunt’s house, carrying any
moving items, or near the building in which his aunt’s unit was located. This appeal
followed.
II.
The proper construction of a statute is a legal question that this court reviews
de novo. See Rahman v. United States, 208 A.3d 734, 738 (D.C. 2019). The first
step in statutory interpretation is to determine if the statute’s “language is plain and
admits of no more than one meaning.” Peoples Drug Strs., Inc. v. District of
Columbia, 470 A.2d 751, 753 (D.C. 1983) (en banc) (quoting Davis v. United States,
397 A.2d 951, 956 (D.C. 1979)). Even if the words of a statute have “superficial
clarity,” the court may look beyond plain meaning (1) where “a review of the
legislative history or an in-depth consideration of alternative constructions that could
be ascribed to statutory language . . . reveal[s] ambiguities that the court must
6
resolve;” (2) where “the literal meaning of [the] statute . . . produces absurd results;”
(3) so that, “whenever possible, the words of the statute are . . . construed to avoid
obvious injustice;” or (4) in order “to effectuate the legislative purposes, as
determined by a reading of the legislative history or by an examination of the statute
as a whole.” Id. at 754 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); see also
Dobyns v. United States, 30 A.3d 155, 159 (D.C. 2011) (same). In reading a statute,
we are mindful of the canon that no statute should “be construed as altering the
common law, farther than its words import,” a rule creating a rebuttable presumption
that the legislature has not intended “any innovation upon the common law which it
does not fairly express.” Monroe v. Foreman, 540 A.2d 736, 739 (D.C. 1988).
We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. Nero v. United States, 73
A.3d 154, 157 (D.C. 2013). In a bench trial, we accept the trial court’s factual
findings unless they are “plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.”
Rahman, 208 A.3d at 738. We deem proof of guilt sufficient if, viewing the evidence
in the light most favorable to the government, “any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 738-
39.
7
III.
Because a lawful occupant of the Washington View Apartments – Wanda
Pratt, a tenant – invited appellant onto the premises, appellant argues that the
government failed to prove an essential element of unlawful entry: that he entered
the property against the will of the lawful occupant or of the person lawfully in
charge. This argument requires us to interpret the District’s unlawful entry statute,
which provides, in relevant part:
Any person who, without lawful authority, shall enter, or
attempt to enter, any private dwelling, building, or other
property, or part of such dwelling, building, or other
property, against the will of the lawful occupant or of the
person lawfully in charge thereof, . . . shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .
D.C. Code § 22-3302(a)(1). Thus, the disjunctive language of the statute allows the
government to prove unlawful entry if entry is “against the will of the lawful
occupant or of the person lawfully in charge thereof.” Id. (emphasis added). See
also Ortberg, 81 A.3d at 307 (holding that one element of unlawful entry is that the
government must prove that the defendant’s entry was “against the will of owner or
lawful occupant” of the property (emphasis added)).
8
Statutory Language
While it is “settled law that there can be more than one ‘lawful occupant’ or
‘person lawfully in charge’ of a building or other premises,” Woll v. United States,
570 A.2d 819, 821 (D.C. 1990); id. at 821-22 (analyzing cases), this court has not
yet determined how to resolve a conflict that arises when a person enters property
consistent with the wishes of one owner or lawful occupant, but contrary to the
wishes of another owner or lawful occupant. See id. at 822 n.7 (declining to reach
“issue involving a disagreement over access to [a shared] corridor between two
tenants of the same building”). This case requires us to decide that question,
specifically in the context of a landlord-tenant relationship.
The statute’s plain language could be read to permit a conviction for unlawful
entry in a situation in which one occupant or owner prohibits an individual from
entering property, despite that person being expressly invited onto the property by
another occupant or owner. Considering alternative constructions of the apparent
plain meaning of the statute, however, reveals ambiguities that the court must
resolve. See Peoples Drug Strs., 470 A.2d at 754. What happens when property is
controlled by both a lawful owner and a person lawfully in charge, e.g., a landlord
and tenant, who disagree over whether a third party may enter or remain on
9
property? Or by two lawful owners? Or by two persons lawfully in charge, e.g.,
two tenants? Such a literal interpretation of the words of the statute would also lead
to an obvious injustice, whereby the statute grants a right to one individual with a
shared property interest that supersedes the right of another individual with an equal
(if not greater) interest in the property. Id.; see also Woll, 570 A.2d at 822 (noting
that “reasonableness is a factor in determining” whether “more than one person can
have the authority to order someone to leave either public or private premises”).
Because of this ambiguity, we turn to other interpretive tools to understand the
legislative intent.
Legislative History
A review of the statute’s legislative history provides little clarity to this
disjunctive phrase. Originally enacted in 1901, the District’s unlawful entry statute
only criminalized entry into a “private dwelling against the will of the lawful
occupant.” An Act to Establish a Code of Law for the District of Columbia, ch. 854,
31 Stat. 1189, 1324 (1901). In 1935, Congress amended the statute to distinguish
between occupied and unoccupied dwellings because the law, in its then-current
form, provided no protection “against squatters in vacant houses.” S. Rep. No. 74-
8, at 2 (1935). As a result, the statute criminalized a person who entered a “private
10
dwelling or building against the will of the lawful occupant thereof,” or “an
unoccupied private dwelling or building against the will or consent of the lawful
owner thereof.” Act of Mar. 4, 1935, Pub. L. No. 74-23, ch. 23, 49 Stat. 37 (1935)
(emphasis added). Thus, occupants had the right to bar entry to occupied private
dwellings, while owners only had the right to bar entry to unoccupied private
dwellings.
In 1952, Congress again amended the statute, this time broadening the statute
to include both public property and property other than dwellings and buildings.
See generally H.R. Rep. No. 1758 (1952). In so doing, it altered the relevant
language to its current form:
Any person who, without lawful authority, shall enter, or
attempt to enter, any public or private dwelling, building
or other property, or part of such dwelling, building or
other property, against the will of the lawful occupant or
of the person lawfully in charge thereof, or being therein
or thereon, without lawful authority to remain therein or
thereon shall refuse to quit the same on the demand of the
lawful occupant, or of the person lawfully in charge
thereof, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .
Act of July 17, 1952, Pub. L. No. 82-588, ch. 941, § 1, 66 Stat. 766 (1952) (emphasis
added). In this amendment, Congress added protections for public property,
ensuring protections for property owned by the United States and the District of
11
Columbia. H.R. Rep. No. 1758, at 1. It also broadened the scope of the statute to
property “other than dwellings and buildings,” including “open areas such as yards,
gardens, and automobile parking lots.” Id. at 2. However, the legislative history is
silent as to the reason why Congress changed the structure of the statute’s language
to create the disjunctive association between lawful occupant and person lawfully in
charge. One reason may be that Congress decided to rid the statute of its distinction
between occupied and unoccupied buildings. The other may have been as a result
of efforts to simplify the statute and make stylistic changes: the 1952 version,
despite adding protections, is thirty words shorter in relevant part than the 1935
version. Neither of these possible explanations, however, clarify the rights between
occupants and owners.
While the Council of the District of Columbia has amended the statute
multiple times since then, it has not changed the relevant language. 4 Thus, from this
legislative history, we cannot discern any legislative intent regarding the shared
authority – between a “lawful occupant” and a “person lawfully in charge” of
4
See Omnibus Public Safety Amendment Act of 2006, D.C. Law 16-306,
§ 219, 53 DCR 8610 (Apr 24, 2007) (adding language concerning vacant buildings);
Omnibus Public Safety and Justice Amendment Act of 2009, D.C. Law 18-88, § 215,
56 DCR 7413 (Dec. 10, 2009) (adding stylistic changes, changing penalty, defining
“private dwelling,” and creating subsection (b) concerning public buildings);
Criminal Fine Proportionality Amendment Act of 2012, D.C. Law 19-317, § 201(h),
60 DCR 2064 (June 11, 2013) (changing penalty).
12
property – to invite or prohibit the entry of another individual under § 22-3302(a)(1).
Importantly, we cannot, from this legislative history, discern an express or implied
legislative intent to permit a landlord to bar a tenant’s guest.
Common Law Principles
Mindful that the legislature does not change the common law unless it fairly
expresses such intent to do so, see Monroe, 540 A.2d at 739, we review the common
law and general principles of the landlord-tenant relationship – the circumstances
relevant here – to determine the scope of the statute.
At common law, the “essence of the landlord-tenant relationship was the
delivery by the landlord to the tenant of the possessory rights to the leased property
for the term of the lease,” i.e., a property transaction conveying an interest in land.
Sobelsohn v. Am. Rental Mgmt. Co., 926 A.2d 713, 715 (D.C. 2007); see also
Greenpeace, Inc. v. Dow Chem. Co., 97 A.3d 1053, 1060 n.8 (D.C. 2014) (“[I]t is
well settled that a tenant, while not a property owner, [is] a purchaser of an estate
and entitled to exclusive legal possession of the leased property.” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). Thus, “[p]roperty law regards a lease as equivalent to a sale of the
premises for the term of the lease, making the tenant both owner and occupier
13
during the lease.” 49 Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 390 (2020); see also
Young v. District of Columbia, 752 A.2d 138, 144 (D.C. 2000) (“[A] tenant is a
purchaser of an estate, entitled to exclusive legal possession . . . .” (quoting Beall v.
Everson, 34 A.2d 41, 41 (D.C. 1943)).
Given a tenant’s exclusive right to property during a leasehold, a landlord
“has no right to prevent or prohibit persons from coming on the leased property at
the invitation of the tenant.” 49 Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 393. In the
absence of the parties’ agreement to the contrary, the tenant has the right to invite
people onto the premises for any lawful purpose, and a landlord may not prevent
such individuals from entering and exiting the property through its common area.
Id.; see also 6 A.L.R. 465 (1920) (“[E]ach tenant [in a property controlled by a
landlord] has the right to . . . have third persons who come upon the premises at the
express or implied invitation of a tenant, and the landlord is not justified in
unreasonably restricting the right of such third person to come upon the premises.”).
Moreover, a tenant’s guests have the same right as the tenant to use a building’s
common space during reasonable times and in a reasonable manner. See
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 189 (Am. Law. Inst. 1965).
14
In Greenpeace, Inc. v. Dow Chemical Co., this court recognized a tenant’s
right to use the common space for ingress to and egress from the leased premises,
though it rejected the tenant’s claim for civil trespass as it related to a non-invited
third party’s access to that area. 97 A.3d at 1060-61. In that case, we looked
approvingly to and agreed with Aberdeen Apartments v. Cary Campbell Realty
Alliance, Inc., 820 N.E.2d 158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), in which the Court of Appeals
of Indiana held that a tenant “must have the right to permit visitors to pass through
the common areas in order to enter” the tenant’s unit, even though a landlord retains
the exclusive possessory interest in the common area. Greenpeace, 97 A.3d at 1061
(quoting Aberdeen Apartments, 820 N.E.2d at 165-66).
The landlord’s only obligation to the tenant at common law was under the
“covenant of quiet enjoyment,” which assured that the tenant’s “possessory interest
would not be invaded by the landlord or by anyone with rights superior to those of
the landlord.” Sobelsohn, 926 A.2d at 715; see also Hyde v. Brandler, 118 A.2d
398, 399-400 (D.C. 1955) (noting that the covenant of quiet enjoyment “goes only
to the possession, not to the title” of leased premises). A tenant’s right to quiet
enjoyment means that the tenant “has possession of the property and is free to come
and go from the property without the landlord’s interference.” 49 Am. Jur. 2d
Landlord and Tenant § 469. The covenant also requires that a landlord not
15
“obstruct[], interfere[] with, or take[] away from the tenant in a substantial degree
the beneficial use of the leasehold.” 49 Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 473.
Moreover, a landlord must “not act in other ways that interfere unreasonably with
permissible uses of the leased premises.” Sobelsohn, 926 A.2d at 716; see also
Restatement (Second) of Prop.: Landlord Tenant § 6.1 (Am. Law Inst. 1977)
(“Except to the extent the parties to a lease validly agree otherwise, there is a breach
of the landlord’s obligations if, during [the tenancy], the landlord . . . interferes with
a permissible use of the leased property and the tenant has not consented to the
conduct.”); 49 Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 399 (“In the absence of an
express restriction, . . . the tenant generally has the right to use the premises for any
lawful purpose for which they are adapted.”). 5
5
We also acknowledge that, at least in certain circumstances, “a landlord has
a duty to use reasonable care to keep safe those common areas of the building
retained under his control.” Graham v. M & J Corp., 424 A.2d 103, 105 (D.C. 1980);
see also Kline v. 1500 Mass. Ave. Apartment Corp., 439 F.2d 477, 482 (D.C. Cir.
1970) (“[W]e place the duty of taking protective measures guarding the entire
premises and the areas peculiarly under the landlord’s control against the
perpetration of criminal acts upon the landlord, the party to the lease contract who
has the effective capacity to perform those necessary acts.”). Thus, a landlord may
have the right to exclude certain persons who may foreseeably engage in criminal
acts or cause injury to tenants and their guests. See Graham, 424 A.2d at 105
(recognizing foreseeability as the “key element in establishing the landlord’s duty”);
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 189 cmt. c (“The privilege [of a tenant’s guest to
use common space] is . . . subject to the right of the landlord to make reasonable
regulations concerning entry upon or use of the portions of the premises retained
within his control, for the protection of the premises themselves or of other
tenants.”). We leave the precise scope of this duty for another day. Cf. Winston v.
16
Courts have adhered to these common law principles, finding that a tenant’s
guest may not be criminally prosecuted for unlawful entry when invited onto
property by a tenant, despite being barred from that property by a landlord. See
State v. Schneider, 265 P.3d 36, 38 (Or. Ct. App. 2011) (“Under the common law,
landlords cannot prevent a tenant’s guest from entering an apartment complex’s
common areas.”); Commonwealth v. Nelson, 909 N.E.2d 42, 45 (Mass. App. Ct.
2009) (“If a person passes through the halls of a residential apartment building at
the legitimate invitation of a tenant, he cannot be convicted of criminal trespass.”);
City of Bremerton v. Widell, 51 P.3d 733, 738 (Wash. 2002) (en banc) (recognizing
the common-law rule that a landlord may not prevent tenant’s guest from entering
the tenant’s premises by passing through the common areas, but that a guest may
exceed the invitation by wandering to areas distant from the tenant’s apartment);
State v. Dixon, 725 A.2d 920, 922 (Vt. 1999) (“The common law is clear that the
landlord may not prevent invitees or licensees of the tenant from entering the
tenant’s premises by passing through the common area. Moreover, the law is clear
United States, 106 A.3d 1087, 1090-91 (D.C. 2015) (citing 14 DCMR § 9600.5
(2020) and noting that regulations applicable to the District’s public housing require
the District of Columbia Housing Authority (DCHA) to permit entry to a resident’s
guest and only authorize DCHA to bar such guest if he or she “engages in any
activity that threatens the health, safety or right to peaceful enjoyment of the
premises by other residents or DCHA employees or violates DCHA policy”). Our
holding here recognizes only a tenant’s right to invite guests to enter premises for a
lawful purpose and to allow that guest to use the common areas necessary for ingress
and egress from the tenant’s unit.
17
that an invitee or licensee who does so, even after a specific prohibition by the
landlord, is not a trespasser and does not violate a criminal trespass statute.”); Arbee
v. Collins, 463 S.E.2d 922, 925 (Ga. Ct. App. 1995) (“The tenant’s invitation to a
third party . . . carries with it the same rights enjoyed by the tenant to common areas
in a multi-dwelling apartment complex to the extent the use of such common areas
is connected to the purpose of the invitation.”); L.D.L. v. State, 569 So.2d 1310,
1312 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1990) (“A landlord generally does not have the right to
deny entry to persons a tenant has invited to come onto his property.”).
We acknowledge that the landlord-tenant relationship has evolved from these
traditional, common law principles to leases. See Sobelsohn, 926 A.2d at 715
(discussing Javins v. First Nat’l Realty Corp., 1428 F.2d 1071 (D.C. Cir. 1970)).
However, we are not tasked here with interpreting the respective parties’ agreement
concerning the invitation of third parties, and therefore stop short of recognizing
any contractual limitation therefrom.
From the common law, we can distill the following general principles. First,
tenancy grants a tenant exclusive possessory rights to the leased property for the
term of a lease. Second, a landlord may not prohibit a tenant from inviting a third
party onto the tenant’s property for any lawful purpose. Third, a landlord may not
18
prohibit a tenant, and his or her guests, from reasonably using the common space
for entry or exit. Fourth, a landlord must not unreasonably interfere with the
tenant’s permissible uses of the leased premises.
We therefore conclude that, for purposes of the unlawful entry statute, a
person does not enter or remain on property “against the will of the lawful occupant
or of the personal lawfully in charge thereof” when the person is invited onto the
property by a tenant for a lawful purpose and reasonably uses the property’s
common space for entry and exit. D.C. Code § 22-3302(a)(1). Stated another way,
a landlord may not prohibit a tenant from inviting a third party onto leased premises
for a lawful purpose, nor may the landlord prohibit such third party from entering
or exiting the property through the property’s common space.
Our holding here does not encompass all situations involving shared property
rights. We also recognize that, in certain circumstances, “a person may be lawfully
in charge even though there are other persons who could, if they chose to do so,
countermand or override his authority.” Whittlesey v. United States, 221 A.2d 86,
91 (D.C. 1966). Additionally, we express no opinion about the rights of one tenant
to prohibit another tenant’s guest from accessing certain common space. See, e.g.,
Greenpeace, 97 A.3d at 1060-61; Penny v. United States, 694 A.2d 872, 875 (D.C.
19
1997) (noting that the court’s holding in Woll, that a tenant can prohibit others from
accessing the corridor immediately outsider her door, “does not necessarily mean
that any tenant of an apartment in a multi-unit building has authority to exclude
other persons from a common area in another part of the building”). Each of these
scenarios pose distinct challenges that are not present in these facts and therefore
do not require us to opine further.
IV.
Applying our holding to the facts of this case, we find that the government
failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant entered the premises against
the wishes of a lawful occupant or owner of the Washington View Apartments. Ms.
Pratt – whose testimony the trial court credited – testified that she moved into the
apartment complex on December 9, 2017, and made no agreement with the landlord
that limited her right to invite guests onto the property. That evening, she invited
appellant onto the property to assist with her move; once completed, she testified
that appellant and his brother “walked from [her] building to the[ir] house,” and, on
the “way to the[ir] home,” “were stopped by police officers.” Officer Lina, who
confirmed this account from appellant, did not verify appellant’s statement and had
no knowledge of whether appellant’s aunt was a tenant. See Bean v. United States,
20
709 A.2d 85, 86-87 (D.C. 1998) (finding insufficient evidence to prove unlawful
entry when the record did not demonstrate that officer asked appellant his purpose
for being at the property, when the government had burden to prove that he was “not
on the premises for a legitimate reason, e.g., to visit a resident”). None of the
evidence credited by the trial court – that when appellant was apprehended, he was
not walking toward his aunt’s house, carrying any moving items, or near the building
in which his aunt’s unit was located – undermine the scope of Ms. Pratt’s invitation
to appellant or undermine her credited testimony that appellant finished assisting her
and was on his way home when stopped by police officers. 6
Specifically, the government introduced no evidence to prove that appellant
was either not exiting the property or using a reasonable means of egress when
Officer Lina apprehended him. As we stated earlier, a tenant’s guest has the right to
reasonably use common areas for entry and exit. Although the trial court found that
the testimony “about where [appellant] was actually seen” when apprehended did
not show “that he was coming from her house at that time,” it also credited evidence
concerning appellant’s route and destination, i.e., Ms. Pratt’s testimony that
6
The trial court decided appellant’s conviction on appellant’s reasonable,
bona fide belief, a defense to unlawful entry. See supra note 3. That analysis did
not consider the element on which this case turns, whether appellant entered the
property against the will of the lawful occupant or person lawfully in charge.
21
appellant was apprehended on his way home. Regardless, the government has not
proven that the location where Officer Lina apprehended appellant was not along a
route that was a reasonable means of egress from the Washington View Apartments.
The government offered no proof to rebut the aunt's testimony that appellant
was reasonably exiting the property when apprehended, and thus failed to prove an
element of unlawful entry.
In short, the evidence demonstrates that appellant entered the Washington
View Apartments at the invitation of his aunt, and that he was apprehended after
visiting his aunt to help her move into her apartment and while walking home from
her apartment unit. Further, no evidence refuted Ms. Pratt’s testimony that she had
not agreed to limit her ability to invite guests onto the property for lawful purposes.
Thus, the government failed to prove the appellant entered the property against the
will of a lawful occupant or owner. Because the government failed to prove an
element of the offense of unlawful entry, there was insufficient evidence to convict
appellant. See Schneider, 265 P.3d at 38-39 (reversing conviction for criminal
trespass when “state did not introduce evidence that the lease agreement limited [the
tenant’s] authority to invite guests” and the state failed to establish that the
defendant-guest, who was on the premises conducting “an activity within the scope
of his invitation” by the tenant, was “was not lawfully on the premises”).
22
V.
For the abovementioned reasons, appellant’s conviction is reversed.
So ordered.