State v. James C. Lohr

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under V.R.A.P. 40 as well as formal
revision before publication in the Vermont Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter
of Decisions by email at: JUD.Reporter@vermont.gov or by mail at: Vermont Supreme Court, 109
State Street, Montpelier, Vermont 05609-0801, of any errors in order that corrections may be made
before this opinion goes to press.

2020 VT 41

No. 2020-118

State of Vermont Supreme Court

On Appeal from
v. Superior Court, Windham Unit,
Criminal Division

James C. Lohr April Term, 2020

John R. Treadwell, J.

Dana Nevins, Windham County Deputy State’s Attorney, Brattleboro, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Daniel Stevens, Public Defender, Brattleboro, for Defendant-Appellee.

PRESENT: Reiber, C.J., Robinson, Eaton, Carroll and Cohen, JJ.

¶ 1. COHEN, J. Defendant James Lohr was held without bail prior to trial under 13

V.S.A. § 7553a, entitling him to a trial within sixty days pursuant to Chapter II, § 40 of the

Vermont Constitution and 13 V.S.A. § 7553b. When his trial could not occur within that

timeframe, the superior court released him on conditions under 13 V.S.A. § 7554 without imposing

bail. The State appeals, arguing that the court was required to impose bail under §§ 40 and 7553b,

and, separately, that the court erred in releasing defendant without bail under § 7554. We affirm.

¶ 2. Defendant is charged with aggravated and simple assault under 13 V.S.A.

§§ 1024(a)(1) and 1023(a)(1) for allegedly hitting and strangling the complainant on February 10,

2020 at the complainant’s home in an apartment building in Brattleboro. At arraignment, the

superior court released defendant on conditions, including that he not contact the complainant and
that he remain at least 300 feet from her. Shortly after the court imposed these conditions, the

complainant called the police complaining that defendant had rung her doorbell. Police responded

and located defendant at his friend’s apartment in the same building where the complainant lives,

prompting the State to charge defendant with violating the above conditions of release. Following

a weight-of-the-evidence hearing, the court held defendant without bail under 13 V.S.A. § 7553a

and ordered a trial within sixty days pursuant to Chapter II, § 40 of the Vermont Constitution and

13 V.S.A. § 7553b.1

¶ 3. Section 40 provides, in relevant part:

Except in the case of an offense punishable by death or life
imprisonment, if a person is held without bail prior to trial, the trial
of the person shall be commenced not more than 60 days after bail
is denied. If the trial is not commenced within 60 days and the delay
is not attributable to the defense, the court shall immediately
schedule a bail hearing and shall set bail for the person.

Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40; see also 13 V.S.A. § 7553b (mirroring this language). Defendant filed a

motion under §§ 40 and 7553b, arguing that he should be released because his trial could not be

held within sixty days due to this Court’s Administrative Order 49, which suspended trials in the

state to contain the spread of COVID-19. The court held a hearing, during which the State

conceded that defendant satisfied the requirements of §§ 40 and 7553b, but argued that the phrase

“shall set bail” directed the court to impose bail, which it requested at $50,000. The court disagreed

and engaged in an analysis under 13 V.S.A. § 7554, which allows a court to impose conditions of

release with or without bail to mitigate a risk that a defendant will flee from prosecution and to

protect the public. Applying the § 7554 framework, the court released defendant on conditions

without imposing bail. The State appeals under 13 V.S.A. § 7556(c), arguing that the court was

1
Defendant appealed that decision, and a single Justice affirmed. See State v. Lohr, No.
2020-078, 2019 WL 8323572 (Vt. Mar. 17, 2020) (unpub. mem.), https://www.vermont
judiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/eo20-078_0.pdf [https://perma.cc/WXG6-H8D4].
2
required to impose bail under §§ 40 and 7553b, and that, in any event, the court erred in releasing

defendant without bail under § 7554.

¶ 4. We first determine whether the sixty-day rule in §§ 40 and 7553b mandates the

imposition of bail, or whether it refers the court to a § 7554 analysis. This is an unresolved

question of law that we review without deference. See, e.g., State v. Collins, 2017 VT 85, ¶ 8, 205

Vt. 632, 177 A.3d 528 (mem.) (“We review questions of law . . . de novo.”). The sixty-day rule

has been addressed twice before: first, in State v. Lontine, 2016 VT 26, 201 Vt. 637, 142 A.3d

1058, which addressed the rule’s applicability, and second, in State v. Kelcey, No. 02-398, 2002

WL 34422470 (Vt. Sept. 1, 2002) (unpub. mem.), https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/

files/documents/eo02398.pdf [https://perma.cc/3EFF-ZELV], which remanded a case to the trial

court to “set conditions of release” when a trial was unlikely to be held within sixty days. Lontine,

however, did not consider the question presented in this case, and Kelcey lacks the required

analysis to provide any guidance.

¶ 5. Because we are interpreting identical language in a constitutional amendment and

a statute, “ ‘we look primarily to the intent of the voters in adopting the amendment, but we also

consider the intent of the Legislature in adopting’ the statutory counterpart.” State v. Pellerin,

2010 VT 26, ¶ 5, 187 Vt. 482, 996 A.2d 204 (quoting State v. Madison, 163 Vt. 360, 368, 658

A.2d 536, 541 (1995)); see also 1993, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), §§ 2-3, 6 (adding §§ 7553a and 7553b

and making them effective upon adoption of proposed amendment to § 40). When construing

parallel constitutional and statutory provisions, we begin with the familiar plain-language analysis.

See Pellerin, 2010 VT 26, ¶ 7; Madison, 163 Vt. at 368, 658 A.2d at 541-42. “If the plain language

is clear and unambiguous, we will enforce it according to its terms.” Pellerin, 2010 VT 26, ¶ 7

(quotation omitted); see also Peck v. Douglas, 148 Vt. 128, 133, 530 A.2d 551, 554 (1987) (“If the

constitutional language, in and of itself, unambiguously furnishes answers to the questions for

decision, it prevails over extraneous aids to interpretation.”).

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 ¶ 6. However, we have recognized that certain terms have legal meanings distinct from

common usage, such that it would be speculative to determine the average voter’s understanding

of the language. See Madison, 163 Vt. at 368, 658 A.2d at 542. In such circumstances, we turn

to alternative means of construction to divine the intent of the voters, including judicial decisions

and legal commentaries. Id. As for statutory construction, “if the statute is ambiguous, we

ascertain legislative intent through consideration of the entire statute, including its subject matter,

effects and consequences, as well as the reason and spirit of the law.” Harris v. Sherman, 167 Vt.

613, 614, 708 A.2d 1348, 1349 (1998) (mem.).

¶ 7. Additionally, although constitutional and statutory interpretation are distinct

analyses, rules of statutory construction have a logical force that makes them suitable to

constitutional interpretation, if carefully employed. See Turner v. Shumlin, 2017 VT 2, ¶ 24, 204

Vt. 78, 163 A.3d 1173 (“The standards for interpreting constitutional language and meaning,

though related, are not the same as for ordinary statutes. Canons of construction, if applied, must

be used more cautiously and sometimes differently.” (quoting Peck, 148 Vt. at 132, 530 A.2d at

554)). We apply two longstanding rules of construction in construing § 40 of the Constitution in

this case. First, we do not read sentences or phrases in isolation; instead, we examine “the whole

and every part” of a provision, together with others governing the same subject matter, as parts of

a system. State v. Berard, 2019 VT 65, ¶ 12, __ Vt. __, 220 A.3d 759 (quotation omitted); see also

Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997) (“The plainness or ambiguity of statutory

language is determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that

language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.”). Second, we avoid

interpretations that lead to absurd results. See, e.g., Munson v. City of S. Burlington, 162 Vt. 506,

510, 648 A.2d 867, 870 (1994). These rules are of course right at home in our parallel

consideration of the Legislature’s intent in enacting the statutory counterpart in § 7553b.

4
 ¶ 8. Applying these principles, we conclude that the language “shall set bail” in the

sixty-day rule is ambiguous and has a legal meaning beyond what common usage may suggest,

justifying an analysis past its plain language. We first note that the imperative “shall” generally

means that the provision is mandatory. State v. Hemingway, 2014 VT 48, ¶ 11, 196 Vt. 441, 97

A.3d 465. The sixty-day rule provides that if its conditions are met, “the court shall immediately

schedule a bail hearing and shall set bail for the person.” Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40; 13 V.S.A. § 7553b.

Thus, we know that whatever “set bail” means, the court must do it, and it must hold a hearing

before doing so. We also know what “bail” means for the purpose of the statute. The Legislature

defined bail as “any security, including cash, pledged to the court to ensure that a person charged

with a criminal offense will appear at future court proceedings.”2 13 V.S.A. § 7576(2). That much

is clear.

¶ 9. The State argues that “shall set bail” can only mean “must impose bail.” If we read

phrases in isolation and ignored absurd results, this would indeed be the only possible

interpretation. Because we do not, it is not. The ambiguity and meaning of the phrase only emerge

when we apply the rules of construction identified above. The first provision in § 40 is that

“[e]xcessive bail shall not be exacted for bailable offenses.” Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40; see also U.S.

Const. Amend. VIII (“Excessive bail shall not be required . . . .”). It is settled that “the sole

constitutionally legitimate purpose of monetary conditions of release is to provide ‘additional

assurance of the presence of an accused.’ ” State v. Pratt, 2017 VT 9, ¶ 13, 204 Vt. 282, 166 A.3d

600 (quoting State v. Cardinal, 147 Vt. 461, 464, 520 A.2d 984, 986 (1986)); see also Stack v.

2
The Legislature adopted this definition in 2002. See 2001, No. 124 (Adj. Sess.), § 11.
Lontine did not recognize this definition and instead relied on differing dictionary definitions of
bail. 2016 VT 26, ¶ 41. It is settled that “[w]hen a statute internally defines a term, we must use
that definition.” State v. Baron, 2004 VT 20, ¶ 9, 176 Vt. 314, 848 A.2d 275; see also Stenberg v.
Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 942 (2000) (holding that “[w]hen a statute includes an explicit definition,
we must follow that definition”). Accordingly, while we uphold Lontine in all other respects, we
clarify that the meaning of bail is that provided by the Legislature in 13 V.S.A. § 7576(2).
5
Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 5 (1951) (“Bail set at a figure higher than an amount reasonably calculated to

fulfill [the purpose of assuring the presence of an accused] is ‘excessive’ under the Eighth

Amendment.”). It follows that “bail may be used only to assure the defendant’s appearance in

court and cannot be used as a means of punishing the defendant, nor of protecting the public.”

Pratt, 2017 VT 9, ¶ 13 (quotation omitted); see also State v. Rougeau, 2019 VT 18, ¶ 13, __ Vt.

__, 209 A.3d 599 (explaining that Legislature amended § 7554 in 2018, replacing language about

risk of not appearing in court with phrase “risk of flight from prosecution,” defined as “any action

or behavior undertaken by a person charged with a criminal offense to avoid court proceedings”

(quoting 13 V.S.A. §§ 7554(a)(1), 7576(9))). Accordingly, under the Vermont and U.S.

Constitutions, a court cannot impose bail without first determining that the defendant presents a

risk of flight from prosecution. Any bail imposed without this consideration would be excessive

as a matter of law. This rule is reflected in § 7554, which provides that “[t]he defendant shall be

ordered released on personal recognizance or upon the execution of an unsecured appearance bond

. . . unless the judicial officer determines that such a release will not reasonably mitigate the risk

of flight from prosecution as required.” 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1).

¶ 10. Section 40 also provides that:

A person accused of a felony, an element of which involves an act
of violence against another person, may be held without bail when
the evidence of guilt is great and the court finds, based upon clear
and convincing evidence, that the person’s release poses a
substantial threat of physical violence to any person and that no
condition or combination of conditions of release will reasonably
prevent the physical violence.

Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40. Almost identical language is employed in 13 V.S.A. § 7553a. The superior

court can hold a defendant without bail under these provisions if the defendant presents a

substantial risk of physical violence against the public. Conspicuously absent from this part of

§ 40 and from § 7553a is any mention of risk of flight. Thus, when the court applies these

provisions, it may hold a defendant without bail without considering whether the defendant

6
presents a risk of flight from prosecution. If the court so holds a defendant, the defendant is entitled

to a trial within sixty days. See Vt. Const. ch. II, § 40; 13 V.S.A. § 7553b. If the trial cannot take

place in that timeframe through no fault of the defense, the State’s interpretation of §§ 40 and

7553b would result in the court automatically imposing bail without considering whether the

defendant presents a risk of flight. This would contravene the constitutional rule that bail can only

be imposed to mitigate a risk of flight, and it would render any bail so imposed excessive as a

matter of law. This interpretation would make the Vermont Constitution inconsistent with itself

and with its federal counterpart. It would also render § 7553b unconstitutional under both charters.

The voters and the Legislature could not have intended this result.

¶ 11. The State seeks to avoid this result by arguing that once a court holds a defendant

without bail under § 7553a, a presumption attaches that the defendant presents a risk of flight. It

observes that we have recognized a similar presumption under 13 V.S.A. § 7553 and its

constitutional counterpart in § 40, which allow a court to hold a defendant without bail if the

defendant is charged with an offense punishable by life imprisonment and the evidence of guilt is

great. See State v. Blackmer, 160 Vt. 451, 460, 631 A.2d 1134, 1140 (1993). In Blackmer, we

indeed noted that “[t]he separate treatment of life imprisonment cases in Vermont’s [C]onstitution

indicates that such crimes are treated as a surrogate for a high risk of flight” and that “a defendant

who has a recent record of violating important conditions of release is an increased risk of flight

when facing possible life imprisonment.” Id. (quotation omitted). These propositions are true—

when a defendant faces life imprisonment. Unlike the life imprisonment cases of § 7553, countless

defendants that do not face life imprisonment can be held without bail under § 7553a. See 13

V.S.A. § 7553a (requiring only felony that involves act of violence); id. § 1 (classifying felonies,

inter alia, as “any offense whose maximum term of imprisonment is more than two years”). There

is also no basis to assume that all defendants held without bail under § 7553a will have a record of

violating conditions of release. Thus, Blackmer does not support the State’s contention that all

7
defendants held without bail under § 7553a necessarily present a risk of flight from prosecution.

Our reasoning regarding § 7553 in Blackmer does not extend to § 7553a.3

¶ 12. The State also argues that its risk-of-flight presumption arises from the necessary

findings under § 7553a that the defendant’s release poses a substantial threat of physical violence

to the public and that no conditions of release will prevent the violence. It maintains that such

findings are an implicit conclusion that the defendant will not follow court orders, and therefore

will not follow an order to return to court. This argument is unpersuasive. That a defendant poses

a substantial threat of violence to the public which no conditions of release can prevent does not

necessarily mean that the defendant poses a risk of flight from prosecution. A defendant may have

the means and intent to inflict harm on a member of the public but not the means or intent to flee

a jurisdiction. Although the same set of facts may support both, risk of violence and risk of flight

are two distinct analyses. Indeed, at the § 7553b hearing in this case, the State conceded that risk

of flight is not relevant to a § 7553a hearing and explained to the court that its witness would

specifically testify regarding risk of flight. The factual variations in pretrial release and detention

cases are so numerous that the State’s presumption would risk countless bail orders without a

proven risk of flight. The constitutional imperative to find a risk of flight before imposing bail

cannot rest on the State’s unsupported presumption.

3
We anticipated this in Blackmer itself, where we observed:

We recognize . . . that th[e] relationship [between life imprison-
ment and risk of flight] may not hold true if the Legislature adopts a
theoretical life imprisonment punishment for crimes where there is
no serious risk any defendant will ever be sentenced to life
imprisonment. Further, as is currently proposed, the constitutional
right may be narrowed further to allow denial of bail in other
circumstances or to implement other purposes. Neither of these
circumstances is present here.

160 Vt. at 460 n.3, 631 A.2d at 1140 n.3. The public-safety provision of §§ 40 and 7553a is such
a circumstance we anticipated in 1993. See 1993, No. 143 (Adj. Sess.), §§ 2, 6 (adding § 7553a
and making it effective upon adoption of proposed amendment to § 40).
8
 ¶ 13. The State next analogizes to another aspect of our law regarding § 7553 to argue

that the § 7554 risk-of-flight analysis is integral to the § 7553a analysis, so that someone held

pursuant to § 7553a is presumptively a flight risk. We have held that if the requirements of § 7553

are met, a presumption in favor of incarceration arises, but the court may rely on § 7554 and

exercise discretion to release a defendant on bail. See, e.g., State v. Auclair, 2020 VT 26, ¶ 3, __

Vt. __, __ A.3d __. Relying on this § 7553 case law, the State argues that the court may similarly

find the elements of § 7553a satisfied but nevertheless exercise discretion to release a defendant

on bail under § 7554. Accordingly, the argument continues, if the court holds the defendant

without bail under § 7553a, by the time the court turns to the § 7553b sixty-day-rule analysis, it

would already have conducted a § 7554 risk-of-flight analysis and concluded that defendant posed

a risk of flight.

¶ 14. Once again, our law regarding § 7553 does not translate to § 7553a. It would be

incongruous to find under § 7553a that release poses a substantial threat of physical violence to

the public that no combination of conditions of release will reasonably prevent, and then

nevertheless release the defendant on bail or conditions under § 7554. Once the court finds (1) that

the defendant is charged with a felony; (2) “an element of which involves an act of violence against

another person”; (3) that the evidence of guilt is great; and that, “based upon clear and convincing

evidence,” (4) the defendant’s release “poses a substantial threat of physical violence to any

person,” (5) that “no condition or combination of conditions of release will reasonably prevent,”

13 V.S.A. § 7553a (emphasis added), there is a manifest need for incarceration and no reason to

turn to § 7554. In other words, once the elements of § 7553a are satisfied, there is no safe basis to

release the defendant and therefore no basis to engage in a risk-of-flight analysis under § 7554.4

4
Both the superior court and the reviewing Justice in this case considered this discretion
to release under §§ 7553a and 7554. As noted, this was unnecessary, but the decisions to do so
have no effect on this case because neither ultimately exercised this discretion. See Lohr, 2019
WL 8323572, at *5.
9
In exchange for this need for incarceration, the sixty-day rule in §§ 40 and 7553b requires a trial

within sixty days. If the trial cannot occur within that timeframe, the defendant is then made

bailable under § 7554, notwithstanding the risk to the public. This is the balance the voters and

the Legislature struck between security and liberty.

¶ 15. In short, the State’s arguments that we can constitutionally dispense with the

analysis under § 7554, and can presume that bail is required in § 7553b cases when the trial is not

commenced within sixty days, are unpersuasive. To square that requirement with the prohibitions

against excessive bail in § 40 of the Vermont Constitution and the Eighth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution, we must recognize that in some cases the only proper bail to set is no bail—or $0

bail.

¶ 16. If the requirements of § 7553b are satisfied, the court must hold a hearing and

engage in an analysis under 13 V.S.A. § 7554. Under § 7554, the court must first determine

whether the defendant presents a risk of flight from prosecution. See 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1). If

the defendant presents a risk of flight, the court must impose the least restrictive condition or

combination of conditions that will reasonably mitigate the risk of flight, including potentially

imposing bail under §§ 7554(D) and (E) (providing for secured appearance bond and surety bond).

Id. The court can then proceed under § 7554(a)(2) and impose conditions of release aimed at

ensuring the protection of the public. Alternatively, if the defendant does not present a risk of

flight from prosecution, the court must release the defendant “on personal recognizance or upon

the execution of an unsecured appearance bond.” 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1). The court can then also

turn to § 7554(a)(2) and impose conditions of release to ensure the protection of the public. Under

this framework, if a defendant who has been held without bail pursuant to § 7553a does not present

a risk of flight, or if bail is not among the least restrictive conditions required to reasonably mitigate

the risk of flight, the court may essentially set bail at $0—or no bail at all.

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 ¶ 17. We recognize that our view that “setting bail” may in some cases mean setting no

bail at all, or effectively $0 bail, is in some tension with the statutory definition of bail, which on

its face requires some amount of security pledged to the court to ensure a person’s appearance at

future proceedings. See 13 V.S.A. § 7576(2). But this is the only interpretation that gives effect

to both the prohibition against excessive bail in § 40, and the requirement that the court “set bail”

for a defendant held more than sixty days. See State v. Yorkey, 163 Vt. 355, 358, 657 A.2d 1079,

1081 (1995) (noting that this Court strives to give effect to every part of legislative enactment);

State v. Severance, 120 Vt. 268, 274, 138 A.2d 425, 429 (1958) (same). Our interpretation is

consonant with state and federal constitutional principles, preserves the internal consistency of the

Vermont Constitution and the latter’s consistency with the federal charter, and ensures the

coherence and constitutionality of the bail statutory scheme. Moreover, our interpretation provides

the court an analytical framework with which to impose bail, the conditions of release that should

accompany a release on bail, and the method of reviewing and amending the conditions as

circumstances change. See 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1)(D)-(E) (directing court to consider defendant’s

financial means in setting bail); id. § 7554(b)(1)-(2) (providing court with considerations in

determining which conditions of release to impose); id. § 7554(d)-(e) (regulating review and

amendment of conditions of release); id. § 7554(g) (governing admissibility of evidence in bail

hearings). Finally, our interpretation advances the purposes of the sixty-day rule, which is a

speedy-trial rule. Lontine, 2016 VT 26, ¶ 11. A right to a speedy trial serves at least three

purposes: “(1) to prevent undue and oppressive incarceration prior to trial, (2) to minimize anxiety

and concern accompanying public accusation and (3) to limit the possibilities that long delay will

impair the ability of an accused to defend himself.” Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 378 (1969)

(quotation omitted). It little serves these purposes to require automatic imposition of bail without

guidance or a determination of need, which would result in many more defendants in pretrial

incarceration without a reasonable basis. “ ‘[I]n our society liberty is the norm, and detention prior

11
to trial or without trial is the carefully limited exception.’ ” State v. Duff, 151 Vt. 433, 440, 563

A.2d 258, 263 (1989) (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 755 (1987)). The superior

court correctly chose to follow a § 7554 analysis under the sixty-day rule of §§ 40 and 7553b.

¶ 18. We now turn to the State’s argument that the court’s decision to release defendant

without bail under § 7554 was not supported by the proceedings below. An order releasing a

defendant pursuant to § 7554 will be affirmed “if it is supported by the proceedings below,” 13

V.S.A. § 7556(c), and we review the court’s decision for an abuse of discretion. Rougeau, 2019

VT 18, ¶ 14. “[T]he trial court’s discretion is broad, but the bail decision cannot be arbitrary.”

Auclair, 2020 VT 26, ¶ 6.

¶ 19. The court’s first task under § 7554 is to determine whether the defendant presents

a risk of flight from prosecution. See 13 V.S.A. § 7554(a)(1). In that determination, the court

considers, “in addition to any other factors, the seriousness of the offense charged and the number

of offenses with which the person is charged.” Id. If the defendant presents a risk of flight, the

court can impose conditions of release that will mitigate the risk of flight, including bail under

§ 7554(a)(1)(D) and (E). Id. In determining the conditions to impose, the court must “take into

account” the following factors “on the basis of available information”:

the nature and circumstances of the offense charged; the weight of
the evidence against the accused; the accused’s employment;
financial resources, including the accused’s ability to post bail; the
accused’s character and mental condition; the accused’s length of
residence in the community; and the accused’s record of appearance
at court proceedings or of flight to avoid prosecution or failure to
appear at court proceedings.

Id. § 7554(b)(1).

¶ 20. At the § 7553b hearing in this case, defendant denied ringing complainant’s

doorbell and maintained that when the court imposed the conditions that he not contact the

complainant and that he remain at least 300 feet from her, he was living with his friend and thus

had to be in the same building as complainant. Defendant introduced new evidence at this hearing,

12
in the testimony of the director of operations for Groundworks Collaborative, a local nonprofit that

provides support services to the homeless. The director testified that Groundworks could provide

defendant with a room at a motel across town from complainant’s building, where he would obtain

meals and be under staff supervision. Defendant also introduced evidence that he needs cancer

treatment at Brattleboro Memorial Hospital. The new housing proposal with staff supervision and

the need for cancer treatment, defendant argued, militated against a finding of risk of flight.

¶ 21. The State too marshalled new evidence, in the testimony of a probation officer who

had supervised defendant in 2012 and reviewed defendant’s criminal history. The probation

officer testified that in his opinion defendant presented a “moderate to high risk of flight.” The

officer testified that defendant has criminal records in Iowa, Massachusetts, and Vermont,

including violations of probation, failures to appear, and violations of conditions of release. The

officer further testified that the absence of stable residence and employment are risk factors bearing

on risk of flight, while defendant’s age and reported health issues were mitigating factors.

¶ 22. The court found that defendant has a criminal history in several states, including

noncompliance with court orders and failures to appear, but observed that the failures to appear

were in 2012 and 2015. It noted that defendant could reside at the proposed motel under staff

supervision, and that he would not have to leave the motel. The court thus found that conditions

of release without the imposition of bail would be sufficient to mitigate the risk of flight. It

imposed the original conditions but made explicit that defendant had to remain away from

complainant’s apartment building and imposed a twenty-four-hour curfew at the motel.

¶ 23. The court’s decision was supported by the proceedings and we find no abuse of

discretion. The court found that defendant indeed posed a risk of flight but that this could be

mitigated with nonmonetary conditions of release. Defendant’s criminal history indicating a

propensity for flight was tempered by the court’s observation that the failures to appear were from

2012 and 2015. The probation officer’s concern regarding the absence of a stable residence was

13
addressed by defendant’s new housing proposal in the motel. Moreover, the officer himself

testified that defendant’s age and reported health issues were factors mitigating defendant’s risk

of flight, and defendant introduced evidence that he needs cancer treatment at Brattleboro

Memorial Hospital, tying him to the community to an extent. The court’s decision is further

supported by its imposition of a twenty-four-hour curfew at the motel and the staff’s ability to

supervise defendant. We find no merit in the State’s argument that the court erred in not explaining

why it reached a different conclusion from the § 7553a hearing and from this Court’s affirmance

because, as noted, the analyses under §§ 7553a and 7554 are different and, in any event, both

parties introduced new evidence in the latter hearing. In sum, the superior court engaged in a

reasoned analysis based on the evidence both parties presented at the hearing and did not abuse its

discretion in releasing defendant on conditions without imposing bail.

Affirmed.

FOR THE COURT:

Associate Justice

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