If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
September 17, 2020
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 347928
Marquette Circuit Court
DEAN ROBERT KIMMES, LC No. 18-056651-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: REDFORD, P.J., and BECKERING and M. J. KELLY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant, Dean Robert Kimmes, appeals by right his jury-trial conviction of aggravated
stalking, MCL 750.411i. The trial court sentenced him to 180 days in jail, with credit for 38 days
served and 90 days deferred, and to five years’ probation. Defendant contends on appeal that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel, that certain acts and statements by the prosecutor denied
him a fair trial, and that the prosecutor did not present sufficient evidence to support the conviction.
We affirm.
I. RELEVANT FACTS
Defendant and the complainant, FS, were married from 1993 until FS filed for divorce in
2007. The marriage produced three children; at the time of defendant’s trial, they ranged in age
from 15 to 20 years old. FS testified at trial that defendant’s escalating harassment after the divorce
led her to obtain personal protection orders (PPOs) against him in 2009, 2014, 2016, and 2017.
According to FS, between 2008 and 2017, defendant would frequently sit in front of her house or
in her driveway when it was not his scheduled parenting time, call her incessantly, leave her vulgar
messages, show up at her place of work, and scream at her in front of their children. FS testified
that defendant would continue these behaviors after she specifically and repeatedly asked him to
stop, and that she felt terrorized, frightened, and harassed. She said that defendant complied with
the PPOs, but his behavior would escalate as soon as they expired.
Among the numerous examples of defendant’s conduct FS described, she recalled an
incident that occurred in the summer of 2012, when she and the children were at her friend
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Connie’s house for a cookout. FS was grilling and the children were playing when defendant
showed up uninvited and started screaming at her and walking toward her; the children ran inside.
Both she and Connie urged defendant to leave. When he finally got back into his truck to leave,
he then “drove back and forth probably four times or so,” then parked across the street and stared
at them for 20 to 30 minutes, calling FS continuously: every time his call went to voicemail, he
would hang up and dial again. FS also recalled a 2014 incident, when defendant pulled into her
driveway as she was attempting to back out with their daughters in the backseat. Defendant got
out of his vehicle and approached her, screaming at her and calling her vulgar names. The incident
that was the catalyst for the present case occurred in November 2017, after a hearing in front of a
referee on defendant’s motion to hold FS in contempt because their youngest daughter refused to
follow the parenting time schedule and visit defendant. FS testified that at the end of the hearing,
defendant was agitated and yelling at her, and, as per usual, the bailiff held defendant back for a
few minutes so FS could get to her car and leave. She said that as she drove down the highway,
defendant caught up to her in his car and cut in front of her so closely that she had to take measures
to avoid losing control of her car on the slushy road.
The testimony of the former couple’s two daughters largely corroborated that of FS, while
the testimony of their son, TK, was more favorable to defendant. TK did not remember several of
the incidents FS had described, and with regard to those he did remember, he said defendant’s
behavior never made him feel harassed or threatened.
Defendant testified that the PPOs were based on fabrications concocted by FS to take
revenge on him for finding out about her secret debt during the divorce.1 He testified that he
always complied with the PPOs, had an “excellent” relationship with his children, never used
vulgarities, and was physically unable to raise his voice because of an injury. He admitted to
driving slowly through FS’s neighborhood, but said he did so due to a back injury. He admitted
calling FS’s home multiple times, but explained that it was to get in touch with the children. He
testified that he went to Connie’s house during a cookout, but said it was to lecture his son about
skipping soccer practice, and he insisted that he did not approach the girls or FS and was not
hostile. Defendant maintained that he only drove into FS’s driveway to pick up the children, that
there was no other reason for him to be there, and that when he allegedly blocked the driveway,
he was merely waiting outside to pick up the children for parenting time. He denied attempting to
run FS off the road after the November 2017 hearing and testified that he had taken a different
route home after the hearing.
After a three-day trial, the jury deliberated for less than an hour and a half before returning
a guilty verdict.
II. ANALYSIS
A. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
1
Defendant testified that he discovered FS had $12,800 in credit card debt, when he did not even
know that she had a credit card.
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Defendant first argues that his trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance
at voir dire and by failing to move for a mistrial after it was discovered that the prosecutor had
committed a discovery violation. Because defendant has failed to establish that trial counsel
performed deficiently and that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced him, we disagree.
Ineffective-assistance claims are mixed questions of law and fact. People v LeBlanc, 465
Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). Generally, we review a trial court’s findings of fact for
clear error and review questions of law de novo. Id. However, because defendant did not move
in the trial court for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing, this issue is unpreserved. People v Sabin,
242 Mich App 656, 658-659; 620 NW2d 19 (2000). Our review of unpreserved claims of
ineffective assistance is limited to errors apparent on the record. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich
App 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004).
To prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must prove the
following:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness. In doing so, the defendant must overcome the strong
presumption that counsel’s assistance constituted sound trial strategy. Second, the
defendant must show that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, a different result
would have been reasonably probable. [People v Armstrong, 490 Mich 281, 289-
290; 806 NW2d 676 (2011), citing Strickland, 466 US 687-688, 694-696; 104 S Ct
2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984); People v Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich App 429, 44;
597 NW2d 846 (1999).]
“We will not substitute our judgment for that of counsel on matters of trial strategy, nor will we
use the benefit of hindsight when assessing counsel’s competence.” People v Unger, 278 Mich
App 210, 242-43; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). That a strategy does not work does not necessarily
amount to ineffective assistance. People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 412; 760 NW2d 882 (2008).
Failing to advance a meritless argument also does not constitute ineffective assistance. People v
Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).
1. VOIR DIRE
Defendant first contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
properly question three potentially biased, prospective jurors and by failing to exercise peremptory
challenges with respect to these jurors. We find no deficient performance.
The purpose of voir dire is to ensure that a criminal defendant receives a fair and impartial
trial by eliciting sufficient information from potential jurors to enable counsel to determine who
should be disqualified from service on the ground that he or she would be unable to render an
impartial decision. See People v Sawyer, 215 Mich App 183, 187; 545 NW2d 6 (1996). We
generally refrain from second-guessing defense counsel’s judgment in selecting jury members and
have been “disinclined to find ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of an attorney’s failure
to challenge a juror” because we know that counsel can assess aspects of prospective jurors that
this Court cannot review, such as their “facial expressions, body language, and manner of
answering questions.” Unger, 278 Mich App at 258.
-3-
Defendant identifies three jurors from whom he claims defense counsel should have
elicited additional information, and whom counsel should have peremptorily struck from the jury.
During her voir dire, the prosecutor asked if any of the potential jurors had experience with stalking
behaviors or PPOs. One juror stated that she had obtained a PPO against her ex-husband and that
it made her feel safe, another stated that she had experienced stalking more than 20 years earlier
when someone gave her unwanted gifts and waited for her at work, and a third juror stated that his
daughter had been through a heated divorce involving custody issues. Two of these jurors
expressly agreed that they could be impartial, and when the prosecutor asked if anyone felt that
they could not serve on the jury, no one responded. Defense counsel asked the first potential juror
if the PPO against her ex-husband was for conduct involving violence, and she responded that it
was not; counsel asked no questions of the other two potential jurors and he used his five
peremptory strikes to remove potential jurors other than these.2 Defendant asserts that failing to
ask follow-up questions of one potential juror and any questions at all of the other two, and to
peremptorily strike all three from the jury, cannot constitute reasonable trial strategy.
We reject defendant’s assertion that his trial counsel’s voir dire performance could not
constitute reasonable trial strategy. Counsel might reasonably have thought that defendant would
benefit from having on the jury a person who felt safe with the PPO she obtained against her ex-
husband, another who experienced unwanted contact that resolved without her obtaining a PPO,
and a third who knew how contentious custody issues could become. It is not unreasonable to
think that these jurors might be sympathetic to defendant’s insistence that he complied with the
PPOs, that the complainant’s allegations of unwanted contact were untrue or overblown, and that
all defendant was trying to do was exercise his parenting time after a rancorous divorce had left
the complainant seeking revenge. Using peremptory strikes to exclude these jurors would not have
advanced defendant’s strategy. That a strategy does not work does not necessarily amount to
ineffective assistance. Petri, 279 Mich App at 412.
Because defendant has not overcome the presumption that trial counsel’s voir dire
performance was reasonable trial strategy, he has failed to meet his burden to establish that
counsel’s performance “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” See Armstrong, 490
Mich at 289. And even if we were inclined to conclude that counsel’s performance was deficient,
defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance would still fail because he makes no effort to explain
how, “but for counsel’s deficient performance, a different result would have been reasonably
probable.” Armstrong, 490 Mich at 289-290. Without establishing both the performance and the
prejudice prong, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim necessarily fails. Id.
2
Counsel used all of his peremptory strikes to remove the following: a person whose friend had
relatively recently obtained a PPO against her boyfriend because of his threatening and harassing
behavior but still felt unsafe; a person who had been in law enforcement and said that not everyone
would abide by a PPO; a person who expressed the same sentiment and also indicated that it was
more likely that someone had violated a PPO if there were multiple allegations of violation; a
person who was acquainted with one of the officers being called as a witness, and; a person who
had done some legal work interpreting medical files.
-4-
2. MISTRIAL
Defendant next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective because he did not request a
mistrial after it became apparent that the prosecutor had not disclosed certain police reports that
she had acquired shortly before trial. We disagree.
The discovery violation at issue came to light during the prosecutor’s redirect examination
of FS. The prosecutor asked FS if she had contacted the police about defendant on June 11, 2009.
FS said she needed something to refresh her memory, and the prosecutor attempted to show her a
document. However, when the prosecutor showed the document to defense counsel, he
immediately requested a sidebar. After a lengthy sidebar, the prosecution pursued a different line
of questioning. During the morning recess, and outside the presence of the jury, the court placed
on the record that the prosecutor had tried to show FS a police report that the prosecution had not
provided to defendant. The court briefly summarized the sidebar and noted that MCR 6.201(B)(1)
requires the prosecutor to produce any police reports concerning the case. After further discussion,
the court ordered the parties to provide to one another all of the police reports in their possession.
After what turned out to be an extended break, the court went back on the record to explain
that the parties had exchanged materials and a conference had been held in chambers.
Summarizing the conference, the court noted that the prosecutor said she had requested a number
of police reports in response to receiving defendant’s witness list, which contained the names of a
number of law enforcement officers. She had received the reports four days before the start of
trial and had not provided them to defendant because prior discussions with defense counsel led
her to believe that he already had them. To give the parties time to review the reports, determine
the extent to which they were directly relevant to the case, and consider what, if any, remedy might
be appropriate, the court indicated that the trial would resume with testimony from witnesses for
whom the discovery issue was not relevant. The jury returned, and the prosecution continued by
calling a new witness.
During the noon recess, the attorneys reviewed the materials exchanged earlier and met for
another conference in chambers. After reconvening, the court placed a summary of the conference
on the record. The court noted that there were approximately 10 police reports that the prosecutor
had received the Friday before Tuesday’s start of trial but had failed to provide to defendant, and
one report that defendant had obtained but had failed to provide to the prosecution, and that half
of the reports pertained to the allegations in the present case. The court recalled that, earlier in the
proceedings, the prosecution had represented that the case would revolve around the allegations in
the PPOs. The court then stated that it had reviewed the PPO files and had concluded that the case
presented on FS’s direct testimony was in fact based on the PPOs. In response to the trial court’s
invitation to address the issue of remedy, the prosecution asked to use the police reports for
impeachment purposes, and defense counsel indicated that he would ask the court to limit the
prosecution’s case to the allegations in the PPOs and allow him to recall witnesses should further
review of the exchanged materials make it necessary. The court then ruled in relevant part:
The Court is satisfied that when the People received the report [sic] they were
required to turn them over, so it is the fault of the prosecutor that [sic, but?] the
Court would also find that it was not deliberate. The number of days at issue in
-5-
terms of non- -- not providing the report is approximately five days, does not
appear, at least at this stage, that there’s anything particularly prejudicial provided
that, again, the People’s case is based on what was originally outlined as contained
within the PPO petitions and then the police report of November [2017]. The Court
would find at this point that it essentially had been, and so there’s not really an issue
in that regard. The Court would certainly, given the fact that we’re mid-trial and
this has been provided within the last couple of hours, provide any opportunity for
recalling witnesses to the extent necessary to address anything in the reports that,
you know, could not have been covered during the testimony previously, and if
there is any such request we can certainly address that as the case continues.
Neither attorney added anything else to the record with regard to the issue. The jury returned and
the trial continued. Defense counsel did not recall any witnesses and there is no indication that the
prosecutor used the police reports at issue for impeachment.
We conclude that defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to move for a mistrial
based on the prosecution’s discovery violation. “A mistrial should be granted only for an
irregularity that is prejudicial to the rights of the defendant and impairs his ability to get a fair
trial.” People v Haywood, 209 Mich App 217, 228; 530 NW2d 497 (1995) (citation omitted). As
indicated above, the trial court found that the prosecution committed a discovery violation by
failing to turn over certain police reports. However, the court concluded that defendant was not
prejudiced by the violation because the prosecution had based the presentation of its case on the
allegations in the PPOs and the police report from November 2017. Defendant does not challenge
this ruling on appeal by pointing to any material information in the reports that would have assisted
his defense, nor does he offer any other argumentation regarding how trial counsel’s failure to
request a mistrial on the basis of the discovery violation prejudiced him. In the absence of
prejudice, a motion for a mistrial would have been meritless, and failing to advance a meritless
argument does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201.
Defendant having again failed to meet his burden to establish both prongs of the test for
ineffective assistance of counsel, his claim must fail. See Armstrong, 490 Mich 289-290.
B. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT3
Defendant next alleges prosecutorial misconduct arising from the prosecutor’s discovery
violation and statements she made during her closing argument. After reviewing the record, we
find no prosecutorial misconduct.
3
Defendant uses the term “prosecutorial error.” This Court has distinguished “prosecutorial
misconduct” from “prosecutorial error” by defining the latter to occur “when a when a prosecutor
makes a technical or inadvertent error at trial[,]” and reserving the former for those extreme
instances “where a prosecutor’s conduct violates the rules of professional conduct or constitutes
illegal conduct.” People v Cooper, 309 Mich App 74 87-88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015). However, as
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To preserve a claim of error involving prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must
contemporaneously object and request a curative instruction. People v Cooper, 309 Mich App 74,
88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015). This Court reviews a claim of prosecutorial misconduct de novo to
determine whether the identified conduct deprived the defendant of a fair trial. See People v
Dunigan, 299 Mich App 579, 588; 831 NW2d 243 (2013); see also People v Bahoda, 448 Mich
261, 266-267; 531 NW2d 659 (1995) (stating that the test is whether the improper remarks
deprived the defendant of a fair trial). Defendant objected to the prosecution’s discovery violation
and to statements the prosecutor made about TK during her closing argument. Therefore, these
issues are preserved for appellate review. Defendant’s remaining allegations of prosecutorial
misconduct are not preserved.4 For unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court
examines whether the claimed error amounted to plain error that affected the defendant’s
substantial rights. See People v Gibbs, 299 Mich App 473, 482; 830 NW2d 821 (2013).
Claims that a prosecutor’s remarks prejudiced a defendant’s trial are decided on a case-by-
case basis, and the reviewing court must examine the record and evaluate a prosecutor’s conduct
in context. People v Mann, 288 Mich App 114, 119; 792 NW2d 53 (2010). “The propriety of a
prosecutor’s remarks depends on all the facts of the case.” People v Rodriguez, 251 Mich App 10,
30; 650 NW2d 96 (2002). “Prosecutorial comments must be read as a whole and evaluated in the
light of defense arguments and the relationship they bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” People
v Brown, 279 Mich App 116, 135-136; 755 NW2d 664 (2008).
Turning first to the claim of prosecutorial misconduct based on the previously discussed
discovery violation, we agree with the trial court that the prosecutor committed a discovery
violation by failing to disclose the police reports during discovery. See People v Dickinson, 321
Mich App 1, 19; 909 NW2d 24 (2017) (noting that even where a prosecutor lacks knowledge of a
police report, the failure to discover and disclose it likely constitutes a discovery violation).
However, as already indicated, defendant has not challenged the trial court’s conclusion that the
violation was accidental, or pointed to anything in the records that prejudiced his defense or in any
other way denied him a fair trial. Absent any record evidence that the prosecutor’s discovery
the Court pointed out, “prosecutorial misconduct” has become a term of art in criminal appeals,
id., at 87, and “[n]o matter what operative phrase is used, we must look to see whether the
prosecutor committed errors during the course of trial that deprived defendant of a fair and
impartial trial, id., at 88. Without meaning to imply that the present prosecutor is suspected of
acting unethically or illegally, we will use the term “prosecutorial misconduct.”
4
Defendant proposes that where trial counsel objected to one instance of prosecutorial misconduct,
this Court should review de novo all instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct. We decline to
do so, as this approach would undermine the preservation requirement’s purpose to induce litigants
to do what they can in the trial court to prevent error, eliminate prejudice, and to create a record.
See Local Emergency Fin Assistance Loan Bd v Blackwell, 299 Mich App 727, 737; 832 NW2d
401 (2013), citing People v Mayfield, 221 Mich App 656, 660; 562 NW2d 272 (1997).
-7-
violation at issue denied defendant a fair trial, we conclude that defendant is not entitled to relief.
See Dunigan, 299 Mich App at 588.
We also conclude that defendant is not entitled to relief based on his allegations that the
prosecution made inflammatory or otherwise improper statements during closing argument. “The
purpose of closing argument is to allow attorneys to comment on the evidence and to argue their
theories of the law to the jury.” People v Finley, 161 Mich App 1, 9; 410 NW2d 282 (1987). A
prosecutor may not argue facts that were unsupported by the evidence, but the prosecutor may
argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from it as they relate to his or her theory
of the case. Haywood, 209 Mich App at 236. Moreover, a prosecutor need not use the least
prejudicial evidence available to establish a fact at issue, nor must he or she state the inferences in
the blandest possible terms. See People v Fisher, 449 Mich 441, 452; 537 NW2d 577 (1995), cert
den 522 US 872 (1997); People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 66; 732 NW2d 546 (2007).
Defendant first contends that the prosecutor improperly commented on JK’s credibility by
saying in his closing argument that she “came across as a very articulate and mature 15-year-old
to me.” We conclude that the prosecutor’s comment was not improper.
A prosecutor may not vouch for the credibility of her witnesses “to the effect that [s]he has
some special knowledge concerning a witness’ truthfulness.” Bahoda, 448 Mich at 276. However,
she may “comment on [her] own witnesses’ credibility during closing argument, especially when
there is conflicting evidence and the question of the defendant’s guilt depends on which witnesses
the jury believes.” People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 455; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). Defendant
expressly called JK’s credibility into question when he testified that she was “coached” by FS and
that she was taking medication, a side-effect of which was “delusions of the facts.” Given that
defendant’s comments constituted conflicting evidence about JK’s credibility, and the importance
of credibility in this case,5 it was not improper for the prosecutor to comment on JK’s credibility.
See id. Furthermore, almost immediately after the challenged statement, the prosecutor reminded
the jury that “judging her credibility is up to you,” arguably dispelling any notion that she had
special knowledge of the witness’s truthfulness that was unavailable to the jury. See Bahoda, 448
Mich at 276. Thus, we find no plain error.
Defendant next implies that the prosecutor impermissibly denigrated defendant by calling
into question his motive for asking the court to send JK out of the courtroom while he testified.
We again disagree.
At one point during his testimony, defendant requested that JK be allowed to leave the
courtroom, stating: “One—one thing I re—request since I love my children I’d—I would like to
protect ’em, if [JK] can go home now?” The court instructed defendant to answer the questions as
best he could. Soon thereafter, defendant testified that JK was lying and delusional, and had been
coached. During closing argument, the prosecutor called into question defendant’s stated motive,
i.e., to protect his children out of love, by noting that he had not asked the court to allow his son,
5
In his opening statement, defense counsel stressed the absence of physical evidence corroborating
the complainant’s allegations against defendant.
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TK, to leave the courtroom. After reminding the jury that defendant had implied that JK and her
sister were lying when their testimony corroborated FS’s, the prosecutor then said, “This is why
he wanted her to leave the courtroom. Because he needed to call her a liar.” Defendant alleges
that the prosecution’s speculation about the motive for his request constituted prosecutorial
misconduct and “certainly had an effect on the jury.”
A prosecutor “must refrain from denigrating a defendant with intemperate and prejudicial
remarks.” Bahoda, 448 Mich at 282-283. However, “a prosecutor is free to argue the evidence
and all reasonable inferences from the evidence as they relate to their theory of the case.” People
v Seals, 285 Mich App 1, 22; 776 NW2d 314 (2009). In this instance, the prosecutor’s speculation
that defendant wanted JK, but not TK, to leave the courtroom because he wanted to attack JK’s
credibility was a reasonable inference from the course defendant’s testimony took and it was
related to the prosecution’s theory of the case, which was that defendant had long been
“manipulating the system,” that is, camouflaging unacceptable behavior with acceptable
justifications. Because the prosecutor’s comment about defendant’s motive for asking the court
to allow JK to leave the courtroom was grounded in the evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom, we detect no plain error.
Defendant next argues that the prosecutor erred by stating that TK was there to testify
against his will and by suggesting that defendant maliciously subpoenaed him. As indicated, this
issue is preserved, so our review is de novo to determine whether the identified conduct deprived
defendant of a fair trial. Bahoda, 448 Mich at 266-267. It did not.
The prosecutor’s observation that TK was testifying against his will was a simple repetition
of the evidence. TK testified at trial that he did not have any reason to testify against his parents,
that he thought “this [was] something they need to figure out on their own,” and that he was
testifying “against [his] will.” Asked what he meant by “against [his] will, TK replied, “I wouldn’t
be here if I—I wasn’t asked to be here, or subpoenaed to be here.” Accurately relaying a witness’s
testimony does not constitute prosecutorial misconduct. See Seals, 285 Mich App at 22; Unger,
278 Mich App at 236.
Regarding whether the prosecutor suggested that defendant maliciously subpoenaed TK,
we think defendant misconstrues the prosecutor’s argument. The prosecution was not calling into
question defendant’s exercise of his constitutional right to present a defense and call witnesses.
See US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20; People v Steele, 283 Mich App 472, 488; 769
NW2d 256 (2009). Rather, read in context, Mann, 288 Mich App at 119, we believe that the
prosecutor was attempting to point out the incongruity between defendant’s request to allow JK to
leave the courtroom because he loved and wanted to protect his children, and the fact that he had
not asked that TK be allowed to leave the courtroom and had compelled him to testify. 6 Viewing
the prosecutor’s comments in their totality makes clear that the point of the comparison was not to
denigrate defendant’s exercise of his constitutional rights, but to illustrate the prosecution’s theory
that defendant consistently and intentionally sought to shield reprehensible conduct with creditable
explanations. To the extent that the prosecutor’s comments arose from TK’s testimony and
6
TK had already testified when defendant asked that JK be allowed to leave the courtroom.
-9-
reasonable inferences therefrom and related to the prosecution’s theory of the case, we find no
prosecutorial misconduct.
Next defendant contends that the prosecutor erred by referring to conduct alleged to have
occurred over a 10-year period, when the statute of limitations for the charged crime is six years.
Defendant argues that this improperly encouraged the jury to consider uncharged acts as evidence
of defendant’s guilt.
Prior to closing arguments, the parties agreed that the statute of limitations for the charged
crime was 6 years. Accordingly, when determining whether defendant committed the charged
crime, the jury could consider only that conduct that occurred from 2011 onward. In their closing
arguments, both attorneys addressed the 10-year timeframe in support of their respective theories.
In her closing argument, the prosecutor referred generally to the 10-year period during which FS
had suffered defendant’s threats and intimidation to support her argument that this was not a case
about parenting time, it was a case about defendant’s hostility toward FS. In his closing argument,
defense counsel referred to the 10-year period to argue that, after 10 years of allegations, one might
expect some corroborating physical evidence, such as e-mails, text messages, video, photographs,
but FS had presented none. This supported the defense theory that she had fabricated allegations
against defendant out of revenge. A “[d]efendant may not assign error on appeal to something that
his own counsel deemed proper at trial.” People v Barclay, 208 Mich App 670, 673; 528 NW2d
842 (1995). Further, defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by the prosecutor’s references
to events that may have occurred outside the statute of limitations period. The trial court instructed
the jurors not to consider events that occurred before 2011, and “[j]urors are presumed to follow
their instructions, and instructions are presumed to cure most errors.” People v Abraham, 256
Mich App 265, 279; 662 NW2d 836 (2003). Again, we find no plain error.
Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor erred by improperly commenting on the
weight of the PPOs FS obtained. We review this unpreserved issue for plain error affecting
defendant’s substantial rights. See Gibbs, 299 Mich App at 482.
As previously discussed, prosecutors are generally “free to argue the evidence and all
reasonable inferences from the evidence as they relate to their theory of the case.” Seals, 285 Mich
App at 22. In this case, PPOs were admitted as evidence and the prosecutor outlined that they
were granted after hearings. This was a recitation of facts, not the prosecutor’s attempt to vouch
for the credibility of the underlying allegations. Further, the trial court specifically instructed the
jury that the fact that the PPOs were granted was not evidence that defendant had committed
stalking, and that it was their role to determine the weight of the evidence presented. “Jurors are
presumed to follow their instructions.” Arguing that the PPOs would not have been granted over
mere custody disputes was also directly responsive to defendant’s theory of the case that FS had
fabricated the allegations against him and that his actions were attempts to exercise his parenting
time. The prosecutor’s argument may have challenged his defense, but it did not undermine his
ability to present it. When a defendant advances a theory, it is proper for the prosecutor to respond
to the argument, argue the inferences flowing from that theory, and address the weaknesses of the
defendant’s theory of defense. People v Fyda, 288 Mich App 446, 462; 793 NW2d 712, 722
(2010). This is exactly what the prosecutor did. Accordingly, we find no plain error affecting
defendant’s substantive rights.
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C. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Lastly, defendant argues that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence at trial to support
his conviction of aggravated stalking. We review de novo challenges to the sufficiency of the
evidence. People v Cox, 268 Mich App 440, 443; 709 NW2d 152 (2005).
[W]hen determining whether sufficient evidence has been presented to sustain a
conviction, a court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found that
the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
[People v Wolfe, 440 Mich 508, 515; 489 NW2d 748 (1992), amended 441 Mich
1201 (1992).]
Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
aggravated stalking, given the instructions provided by the trial court to the jury. On pages 17 to
18 of his brief to this Court, defendant asserts that the trial court delivered the following instruction
to the jury regarding the elements of aggravated assault:
“To establish this charge, the prosecutor must prove each of the following elements
beyond a reasonable doubt:
First, that the defendant committed two or more willful, separate, and
noncontinuous acts of unconsented contact with [FS].
Second, that the contact would cause a reasonable individual to suffer emotional
distress.
Third, that the contact caused [FS] to suffer emotional distress.
Fourth, that the contact would cause a reasonable individual to feel terrorized,
frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested.
Fifth, that the contact caused [FS] to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated,
threatened, harassed or molested.
Sixth, the stalking was committed in violation of a restraining order of which the
defendant had actual notice.”
Defendant argues that use of the phrase “a restraining order” in the sixth element means
that, in order to convict him, the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed two
separate acts of unconsented contact, and that those two separate acts were in violation of the same
PPO. According to defendant, there was no evidence to support such a finding. Defendant
observes that the most recent PPO was issued in June 2017, and asserts that the only testimony
about conduct that might have violated that PPO was FS’s testimony about the incident in
November 2017, when defendant allegedly pulled in front of her on the highway, causing her to
take defensive measures to avoid losing control of her car. According to defendant, there was no
additional testimony about any other violation of the June 2017 PPO and, therefore, there was no
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second incident of unconsented contact in violation of a single PPO, i.e., the June 2017 PPO. With
regard to the prior PPOs, defendant argues that the prosecutor “muddied the waters” for the jury
by eliciting testimony from FS about events alleged to have happened over the course of 10 years,
without explaining to the jury that it could only consider the events of the previous six years.
Defendant asserts that, for these reasons, the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
for aggravated stalking.
Defendant bases his argument on an incomplete quotation of the trial court’s jury
instructions. Defendant’s quotation of the court’s instructions regarding the elements of
aggravated stalking is correct as far as it goes. However, defendant failed to quote the sixth
element in its entirety. Regarding this element, the trial transcript reveals that the court instructed
the jury as follows:
Sixth, the stalking was committed in violation of a restraining order of which the
defendant had actual notice. Let me repeat this, the sixth, at least one of the acts
constituting stalking was committed in violation of a restraining order of which the
defendant had actual knowledge. [Emphasis added.]
The italicized portion of the above-quoted instruction comports with the MCL 750.411i(2)(a),
which provides:
(2) An individual who engages in stalking is guilty of aggravated stalking if the
violation involves any of the following circumstances:
(a) At least 1 of the actions constituting the offense is in violation of a restraining
order and the individual has received actual notice of that restraining order or at
least 1 of the actions is in violation of an injunction or preliminary injunction.
Thus, based on the court’s instructions to the jury, to convict defendant of the charged
crime required the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed two acts as
described in the instructions, one of which was in violation of a valid PPO. Defendant
acknowledges that the November 2017 driving incident, if believed, could constitute a violation
of the June 2017 PPO. And as described above, FS testified to numerous instances of stalking7
allegedly committed by defendant after 2011 that, if believed, would constitute “two or more
willful, separate, and noncontinuous acts of unconsented contact with [FS].” Thus, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecutor, Wolfe, 440 Mich at 515, we conclude that
7
MCL 750.411i(1)(e) defines stalking as:
[A] willful course of conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment of
another individual that would cause a reasonable person to feel terrorized,
frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested and that actually causes
the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or
molested.
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the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant was guilty of aggravated stalking.
Affirmed.
/s/ James Robert Redford
/s/ Jane M. Beckering
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
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