PHONE RECOVERY SERVICES, LLC VS. VERIZON NEW JERSEY, INC. (L-2257-13, MERCER COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0825-19T2

PHONE RECOVERY SERVICES,
LLC, for itself and the
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

VERIZON NEW JERSEY, INC.,
and all subsidiaries and related
entities, MCI COMMUNICATIONS
SERVICES, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related entities, XO
COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES
LLC, f/k/a XO NEW JERSEY, INC.,
and all subsidiaries and related
entities, COMCAST BUSINESS
COMMUNICATIONS, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related entities,
YMAX COMMUNICATIONS CORP.,
and all subsidiaries and related
entities, CENTURYLINK
COMMUNICATIONS, LLC, and all
subsidiaries and related entities,
QWEST COMMUNICATIONS
COMPANY LLC, and all subsidiaries
and related entities, UNITED
TELEPHONE COMPANY OF NEW
JERSEY, and all subsidiaries and
related entities, LEVEL 3
COMMUNICATIONS, LLC and all
subsidiaries and related entities,
BROADWING COMMUNICATIONS,
LLC, and all subsidiaries and related
entities, TELCOVE INVESTMENT,
LLC, and all subsidiaries and related
entities, GLOBAL CROSSING
LOCAL SERVICES, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related entities,
TW TELECOM HOLDINGS, INC.,
and all subsidiaries and related
entities, CABLEVISION
LIGHTPATH-NJ, LLC, and all
subsidiaries and related
entities, CABLEVISION
LIGHTPATH-NJ, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related
entities, CABLEVISION
LIGHTPATH, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related entities;
PEERLESS NETWORK OF
NEW JERSEY LLC, and all
subsidiaries and related entities;
BROADVOX-CLEC, LLC d/b/a
INTELLIQUENT, INC., and all
subsidiaries and related entities,

Defendants-Respondents,

and

WINDSTREAM COMMUNICATIONS,
LLC, and all subsidiaries and related
entities, US LEC OF PENNSYLVANIA,
LLC, and all subsidiaries and related
entities, CAVALIER TELEPHONE
MID-ATLANTIC, LLC, and all

A-0825-19T2
2
subsidiaries and related entities,
CAVALIER TELEPHONE, LLC,
and all subsidiaries and related entities,
PAETEC COMMUNICATIONS, LLC,
and all subsidiaries and related entities,
BROADVIEW NETWORKS, INC.,
and all subsidiaries and related entities,
and ATX TELECOMMUNICATIONS
SERVICES, INC., and all subsidiaries
and related entities,

Defendants.
_________________________________

Submitted September 22, 2020 – Decided October 15, 2020

Before Judges Fisher and Gummer.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Mercer County, Docket No. L-2257-13.

Dilworth Paxson LLP, attorneys for appellant (Thomas
S. Biemer, John J. Higson, Erik L. Coccia and Jessica
L. Titler-Lingle, on the briefs).

Lowenstein Sandler LLP and Gregory L. Skidmore
(Robinson, Bradshaw & Hinson, PA) of the North
Carolina bar, admitted pro hac vice, attorneys for
respondents Verizon New Jersey, Inc., MCI
Communication Services, Inc. and XO Communication
Services, LLC f/k/a XO New Jersey, Inc. (Gavin J.
Rooney, Naomi D. Barrowclough and Gregory L.
Skidmore, on the joint brief).

Ballard Spahr LLP and Laura Steinberg (Sullivan &
Worcester LLP) of the Massachusetts bar, admitted pro
hac vice, attorneys for respondent Comcast Business

A-0825-19T2
3
 Communications, Inc. (Roberto A. Rivera-Soto and
Laura Steinberg, on the joint brief).

McManimon, Scotland & Baumann, LLC and Misty
Smith Kelley (Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell &
Berkowitz, PC) of the Tennessee bar, admitted pro hac
vic, attorneys for respondents CenturyLink
Communications, LLC, Qwest Communications
Company, LLC, United Telephone Company of New
Jersey, Level 3 Communications, LLC, Broadwing
Communications, LLC, Telcove Investment, LLC,
Global Crossing Local Services, Inc. and TW Telecom
Holdings, Inc. (David L. Isabel, Mel E. Myers and
Misty Smith Kelley, on the joint brief).

Stradley Ronon Stevens & Young, LLP and Allison D.
Rule (Marashlian & Donahue, PLLC) of the District of
Columbia bar, admitted pro hac vice, attorneys for
respondent Peerless Network of New Jersey LLC
(Jeffrey D. Grossman and Allison D. Rule, on the joint
brief).

Saiber LLC, attorneys for respondents Cablevision
Lightpath-NJ, LLC, Cablevision Lightpath-NJ, Inc. and
Cablevision Lightpath, Inc. (James H. Forte, on the
joint brief).

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP, attorneys for
respondent YMAX Communications Corp. (Joshua M.
Bobeck, on the joint brief).

Reed Smith, attorneys for respondent Broadvox-CLEC,
LLC d/b/a Inteliquent, Inc., join in the respondents'
joint brief.

PER CURIAM

A-0825-19T2
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 The so-called 911 Act, N.J.S.A. 52:17C-1 to -20, was enacted in 1989 to

create and solidify a statewide emergency telephone system and to establish the

New Jersey 9-1-1 Commission and the Office of Emergency Telecommunication

Services. With the proliferation of personal cellphones, the State found that it

required additional funding to update the emergency telephone system . In

response, it established in 2004, the 9-1-1 System and Emergency Response

Trust Fund Account (911 Account) within the Department of the Treasury,

N.J.S.A. 52:17C-19(a), to provide a stable source of revenue to fund the system.

The 911 Account was funded through the establishment of a $.90 fee,

which was imposed "on each customer charged by a telephone exchange

company for each voice grade access service line provided to that customer that

has a service address in this State." N.J.S.A. 52:17C-18(a)(2). This legislation

directed that the fees "shall be collected by the . . . telephone exchange company

providing the applicable service to its customers upon payment of any periodic

bill for such service." N.J.S.A. 52:17C-18(b).

Plaintiff Phone Recovery Services, LLC commenced this action under the

New Jersey False Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-1 to -17, to recover millions of

dollars in statutory penalties and unpaid 911 fees it believes the defendant

telecommunication service providers failed to collect and remit to the 911

A-0825-19T2
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Account. Defendants promptly moved to dismiss the third amended complaint,

asserting that: (1) the 911 fees constitute taxes and so plaintiff's claims violate

the tax bar of the False Claims Act; (2) the claims violate the public disclosure

bar of the False Claims Act; and (3) the third amended complaint's fraud

allegations failed to contain the specificity required by Rule 4:5-8. Plaintiff

addressed all three of these arguments in opposing the motion. On the motion's

return date, the judge raised on his own whether the State Uniform Tax

Procedure Law, N.J.S.A. 54:48-1 to 54-6, precluded this action. The judge

ultimately dismissed the action for this additional reason; he also determined

that dismissal was appropriate because plaintiff failed to allege that it had

disclosed the subject matter of its complaint to the State before filing it, and that

plaintiff failed to plead fraud with particularity.

Plaintiff appeals, arguing: (1) the motion judge erred in denying plaintiff

an opportunity to brief the issue the judge sua sponte raised on the motion's

return date; (2) the judge misapplied the Tax Procedure Law; and (3) the third

amended complaint met all pleadings requirements, including Rule 4:5-8's

specificity requirement.

After careful consideration, we reject the argument that the motion judge

misapplied the Tax Procedure Law in dismissing the third amended complaint .

A-0825-19T2
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Indeed, plaintiff does not seem to argue that the judge's specific holding about

the limitations on its claim by the Tax Procedure Law was in error, only that

plaintiff could reconstitute or amend its pleaded cause of action to assert a claim

that would not avoid the limitations imposed by the Tax Procedure Law. That

is, plaintiff argues to us that the Tax Procedure Law may preclude its False

Claims Act suit for uncollected or unremitted taxes or fees, but it would not

preclude a cause of action based on defendants' alleged false certification that

they had complied with the 911 Act in the collection and remission of taxes and

fees. This argument was not raised or considered in the trial court, perhaps

because the trial judge did not permit supplementation of the briefing once he

raised the Tax Procedure Law's impact on the third amended complaint. In light

of the posture this case has taken, we deem the most efficient way of moving

forward is to acknowledge that the trial judge's decision to dismiss the third

amended complaint was correct but that plaintiff ought to have the opportunity

to pursue the issues now raised in this appeal that have not yet been addressed.

To repeat, the judge sua sponte raised the question whether the Tax

Procedure Law required dismissal of plaintiff's third amended complaint and

then rejected plaintiff's request to brief this new issue. While the judge's refusal

to allow further briefing was undoubtedly a matter of discretion, it clearly would

A-0825-19T2
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have been better had he exercised his discretion differently. That decision has

led to a debate here about whether a modification of plaintiff's claims would

escape the reach of the Tax Procedure Law when that should have first been

explored in the trial court. To be sure, our standard of review of a decision on

a motion to dismiss is de novo, but "our function as an appellate court is to

review the decision of the trial court, not to decide the motion tabula rasa."

Estate of Doerfler v. Fed. Ins. Co., 454 N.J. Super. 298, 302 (App. Div. 2018).

We are presented with an appeal that would have us determine whether a cause

of action could be pleaded and maintained when that cause of action has never

been presented to the trial court. And so, we will consider only the chief issue

decided by the trial court – as to which we agree – while remanding the matter

to allow plaintiff to file an amended complaint; we neither consider nor offer

any view as to whether that amended complaint may withstand a motion to

dismiss.

In turning to what was decided by the motion judge, we agree that the 911

Act is influenced and limited by the Tax Procedure Law. The former, in fact,

clearly expresses that the "administration, collection and enforcement of the fee

imposed by this act shall be subject to the provisions of the [Tax Procedure Law]

to the extent that the provisions of such law are not inconsistent with any

A-0825-19T2
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provision of this act." N.J.S.A. 52:17C-18(c)(1). This can only mean, and we

do not understand plaintiff as arguing otherwise, that the Tax Procedure Law

governs the administration and enforcement of the fees required by the 911 Act.

Plaintiff also does not argue with the trial judge's determination that the

Tax Procedure Law's authorization of a deficiency action for unpaid taxes and

fees via the following language – "[t]he taxes, fees, interest and penalties

imposed by any such State tax law . . . from the time the same shall be due, shall

be a personal debt of the taxpayer to the State, recoverable in any court of

competent jurisdiction in an action in debt in the name of the State," N.J.S.A.

54:49-1 – precludes plaintiff's action under the False Claims Act on the same

obligations. See also N.J.S.A. 54:49-6.

But, as we have noted, to circumvent this roadblock plaintiff argues that

these statutory provisions do not preclude a Consumer Fraud Act1 claim "arising

out of the false certification of compliance." That is, plaintiff has turned the

focus of its suit from defendants' alleged failure to collect from their customers

and remit to the State fees imposed by the 911 Act, to the damage caused by

defendants' alleged false certifications or affirmations that the "fee information

provided . . . is correct" and that they were subjected to punishment "if any of

1
N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 to -20.
A-0825-19T2
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the information provided . . . is knowingly false." As all acknowledge, this was

never raised nor considered in the trial court. So, we choose not to consider the

maintainability of such an action tabula rasa and will instead remand the matter

to the trial court, which is directed to allow plaintiff to file an amended

complaint.

We lastly turn to two procedural points that have not drawn much of the

parties' attention. The first is plaintiff's obligation to plead its fraud claim with

the degree of specificity required by Rule 4:5-8(a). The judge determined that

the third amended complaint was wanting in this regard. Since we affirm the

dismissal of the third amended complaint on the ground that it is barred by the

Tax Procedure Law, we need not determine whether the claim was or wasn't

pleaded with the specificity required by rule.

The second concerns the judge's holding that "[i]n this [third-amended]

complaint, plaintiff failed to demonstrate that it disclosed the subject matter of

the complaint to the State before filing this action." This holding relates to a

statutory mandate that plaintiffs in False Claims Act matters must "serve . . . the

Attorney General with a copy of the complaint and written disclosure of

substantially all material evidence and information the person possesses."

N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-5(d). This provision requires that this service occur

A-0825-19T2
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"[i]mmediately upon filing of the complaint." Ibid. The phrasing of the judge's

holding suggests that this alternative ground for dismissal was based on

plaintiff's failure to plead that it had complied with N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-5(d). We

see nothing in the statute that obliges a plaintiff to plead compliance; plaintiff

need only comply with the statute. In fact, because compliance need only occur

"upon filing of the complaint," the obligation does not require compliance with

the service and disclosure obligations before the complaint is filed.

In addition, the record does not suggest that plaintiff failed to advise the

Attorney General of the suit or failed to disclose those things referred to in

N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-5(d). Like the motion judge, defendants assert only that

plaintiff failed to plead that it complied. On the other hand, plaintiff asserts –

without reference to anything in the record on appeal – that it had "sufficiently

demonstrated that it disclosed the subject matter of the [t]hird [a]mended

[c]omplaint to the State before filing it." Our response to the judge's decision is

simply this: N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-5(d) does not require plaintiff to assert within

their complaints their compliance with that statute's obligations. To the extent

there was a dispute about whether plaintiff complied with that statute, the judge

did not address it. We, therefore, leave any such dispute for the trial court's

consideration following today's remand.

A-0825-19T2
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 ***

To summarize, we affirm the dismissal solely on the ground that the Tax

Procedure Law precluded plaintiff's pursuit of its claim under the False Cl aims

Act as pleaded in the third amended complaint. We reject the trial judge's

determination that plaintiff was required to plead compliance with N.J.S.A.

2A:32C-5(d), which provided an alternative ground for dismissal. And, in light

of these determinations, we need not consider whether the claim set forth in the

third amended complaint was pleaded with the specificity required by Rule 4:5-

8(a).

We remand, however, for the entry of an order allowing plaintiff to file an

amended complaint to plead the cause of action referred to in Point II of its brief.

We neither express nor intimate any view of whether such a claim would be

barred by the Tax Procedure Law or otherwise subject to dismissal pursuant to

Rule 4:6-2. And we express no view on defendants' argument in their Point II,

in which they contend that the False Claims Act's "public disclosure bar," see

N.J.S.A. 2A:32C-9(c), is "an alternative ground on which this [c]ourt can affirm

the dismissal" of the complaint. As defendants recognize, this issue was "not

reached by the trial court"; we decline to address it now, leaving the matter for

further argument in the trial court, if necessary.

A-0825-19T2
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Affirmed in part, remanded in part. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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